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Aleid GM, Alshammari AS, Alomari AD, Ahmad A, Alaysuy O, Ibrahim MNM. Biomass and domestic waste: a potential resource combination for bioenergy generation and water treatment via benthic microbial fuel cell. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-29430-8. [PMID: 37632620 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29430-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
The benthic microbial fuel cell (BMFC) is one of the most efficient types of bioelectrochemical fuel cell systems. Modern bioelectrochemical fuel cells have several drawbacks, including an unstable organic substrate and a microorganism-unfriendly atmosphere. The recent literature to encounter such issues is one of the emerging talks. Researchers are focusing on the utilization of biomass and waste to encounter such challenges and make the technique more feasible at the pilot scale. This study investigated the combination of local bakery waste as an organic substrate with lignocellulosic biomass material. The whole experiment was conducted for 45 days. At an external resistance of 1000 ῼ and an internal resistance of 677 ῼ, the power density was found to be 3.51 mW/m2. Similarly, for Pb2+, Cd2+, Cr3+, Ni2+, and Co2+, the degradation efficiency was 84.40%, 81.21%, 80%, 89.50%, and 86.0%, respectively. The bacterial identification results showed that Liquorilactobacillus nagelii, Proteus mirabilis, Pectobacterium punjabense, and Xenorhabdus thuongxuanensis are the most prominent species found on anode biofilm. The method of electron generation in this study, which includes the degradation of metal ions, is also well described. Lastly, optimising the parameters showed that pH 7 provides a feasible environment for operation. A few future suggestions for practical steps are enclosed for the research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Mohamed Aleid
- Department, Preparatory Year College, University of Ha'il, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anoud Saud Alshammari
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma D Alomari
- Chemistry Department, Al-Qunfudah University College, Umm Al-Qura University, 1109, Al-7 Qunfudah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Akil Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, 11942, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Omaymah Alaysuy
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tabuk, 71474, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamad Nasir Mohamad Ibrahim
- Materials Technology Research Group (MaTRec), School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
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Palanisamy G, Muhammed AP, Thangarasu S, Oh TH. Investigating the Sulfonated Chitosan/Polyvinylidene Fluoride-Based Proton Exchange Membrane with fSiO 2 as Filler in Microbial Fuel Cells. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:758. [PMID: 37755180 PMCID: PMC10536340 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13090758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan (CS), a promising potential biopolymer with exquisite biocompatibility, economic viability, hydrophilicity, and chemical modifications, has drawn interest as an alternative material for proton exchange membrane (PEM) fabrication. However, CS in its original form exhibited low proton conductivity and mechanical stability, restricting its usage in PEM development. In this work, chitosan was functionalized (sulfonic acid (-SO3H) groups)) to enhance proton conductivity. The sulfonated chitosan (sCS) was blended with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymer, along with the incorporation of functionalized SiO2 (-OH groups), for fabricating chitosan-based composite proton exchange membranes to enhance microbial fuel cell (MFC) performances. The results show that adding functionalized inorganic fillers (fSiO2) into the membrane enhances the mechanical, thermal, and anti-biofouling behavior. From the results, the PVDF/sCS/fSiO2 composite membrane exhibited enhanced proton conductivity 1.0644 × 10-2 S cm-1 at room temperature and increased IEC and mechanical and chemical stability. Furthermore, this study presents a revolutionary way to generate environmentally friendly natural polymer-based membrane materials for developing PEM candidates for enhanced MFC performances in generating bioelectricity and wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tae Hwan Oh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 8541, Republic of Korea; (A.P.M.); (S.T.)
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Deka R, Shreya S, Mourya M, Sirotiya V, Rai A, Khan MJ, Ahirwar A, Schoefs B, Bilal M, Saratale GD, Marchand J, Saratale RG, Varjani S, Vinayak V. A techno-economic approach for eliminating dye pollutants from industrial effluent employing microalgae through microbial fuel cells: Barriers and perspectives. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113454. [PMID: 35597291 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microbial fuel cells are biochemical factories which besides recycling wastewater are electricity generators, if their low power density can be scaled up. This also adds up to work on many factors responsible to increase the cost of running a microbial fuel cell. As a result, the first step is to use environment friendly dead organic algae biomass or even living algae cells in a microbial fuel cell, also referred to as microalgal microbial fuel cells. This can be a techno-economic aspect not only for treating textile wastewater but also an economical way of obtaining value added products and bioelectricity from microalgae. Besides treating wastewater, microalgae in its either form plays an essential role in treating dyes present in wastewater which essentially include azo dyes rich in synthetic ions and heavy metals. Microalgae require these metals as part of their metabolism and hence consume them throughout the integration process in a microbial fuel cell. In this review a detail plan is laid to discuss the treatment of industrial effluents (rich in toxic dyes) employing microbial fuel cells. Efforts have been made by researchers to treat dyes using microbial fuel cell alone or in combination with catalysts, nanomaterials and microalgae have also been included. This review therefore discusses impact of microbial fuel cells in treating wastewater rich in textile dyes its limitations and future aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Deka
- Diatom Nanoengineering and Metabolism Laboratory (DNM), School of Applied Science, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar (MP), 470003, India
| | - Shristi Shreya
- Diatom Nanoengineering and Metabolism Laboratory (DNM), School of Applied Science, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar (MP), 470003, India
| | - Megha Mourya
- Diatom Nanoengineering and Metabolism Laboratory (DNM), School of Applied Science, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar (MP), 470003, India
| | - Vandana Sirotiya
- Diatom Nanoengineering and Metabolism Laboratory (DNM), School of Applied Science, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar (MP), 470003, India
| | - Anshuman Rai
- MMU, Deemed University, School of Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, Ambala, Haryana,133203, India
| | - Mohd Jahir Khan
- Diatom Nanoengineering and Metabolism Laboratory (DNM), School of Applied Science, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar (MP), 470003, India
| | - Ankesh Ahirwar
- Diatom Nanoengineering and Metabolism Laboratory (DNM), School of Applied Science, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar (MP), 470003, India
| | - Benoit Schoefs
- Metabolism, Bioengineering of Microalgal Metabolism and Applications (MIMMA), Mer Molecules Santé, Le Mans University, IUML - FR 3473 CNRS, Le Mans, France
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China
| | - Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggido, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Justine Marchand
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China
| | - Rijuta Ganesh Saratale
- Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggido, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382010, India.
| | - Vandana Vinayak
- Diatom Nanoengineering and Metabolism Laboratory (DNM), School of Applied Science, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar (MP), 470003, India.
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Rojas-Flores S, De La Cruz-Noriega M, Benites SM, Delfín-Narciso D, Luis AS, Díaz F, Luis CC, Moises GC. Electric Current Generation by Increasing Sucrose in Papaya Waste in Microbial Fuel Cells. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165198. [PMID: 36014437 PMCID: PMC9416207 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The accelerated increase in energy consumption by human activity has generated an increase in the search for new energies that do not pollute the environment, due to this, microbial fuel cells are shown as a promising technology. The objective of this research was to observe the influence on the generation of bioelectricity of sucrose, with different percentages (0%, 5%, 10% and 20%), in papaya waste using microbial fuel cells (MFCs). It was possible to generate voltage and current peaks of 0.955 V and 5.079 mA for the cell with 20% sucrose, which operated at an optimal pH of 4.98 on day fifteen. In the same way, the internal resistance values of all the cells were influenced by the increase in sucrose, showing that the cell without sucrose was 0.1952 ± 0.00214 KΩ and with 20% it was 0.044306 ± 0.0014 KΩ. The maximum power density was 583.09 mW/cm2 at a current density of 407.13 A/cm2 and with a peak voltage of 910.94 mV, while phenolic compounds are the ones with the greatest presence in the FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) absorbance spectrum. We were able to molecularly identify the species Achromobacter xylosoxidans (99.32%), Acinetobacter bereziniae (99.93%) and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (100%) present in the anode electrode of the MFCs. This research gives a novel use for sucrose to increase the energy values in a microbial fuel cell, improving the existing ones and generating a novel way of generating electricity that is friendly to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Segundo Rojas-Flores
- Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Autónoma del Perú, Lima 15842, Peru
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Santiago M. Benites
- Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Autónoma del Perú, Lima 15842, Peru
| | - Daniel Delfín-Narciso
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Aplicadas y Nuevas Tecnologías, Universidad Privada del Norte, Trujillo 13007, Peru
| | - Angelats-Silva Luis
- Laboratorio de Investigación Multidisciplinario, Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego (UPAO), Trujillo 13008, Peru
| | - Felix Díaz
- Escuela Académica Profesional de Medicina Humana, Universidad Norbert Wiener, Lima 15046, Peru
| | - Cabanillas-Chirinos Luis
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias y Tecnología de la Universidad Cesar Vallejo, Trujillo 13001, Peru
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Borja-Maldonado F, López Zavala MÁ. Contribution of configurations, electrode and membrane materials, electron transfer mechanisms, and cost of components on the current and future development of microbial fuel cells. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09849. [PMID: 35855980 PMCID: PMC9287189 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are a technology that can be applied to both the wastewater treatment and bioenergy generation. This work discusses the contribution of improvements regarding the configurations, electrode materials, membrane materials, electron transfer mechanisms, and materials cost on the current and future development of MFCs. Analysis of the most recent scientific publications on the field denotes that dual-chamber MFCs configuration offers the greatest potential due to the excellent ability to be adapted to different operating environments. Carbon-based materials show the best performance, biocompatibility of carbon-brush anode favors the formation of the biofilm in a mixed consortium and in wastewater as a substrate resembles the conditions of real scenarios. Carbon-cloth cathode modified with nanotechnology favors the conductive properties of the electrode. Ceramic clay membranes emerge as an interesting low-cost membrane with a proton conductivity of 0.0817 S cm-1, close to that obtained with the Nafion membrane. The use of nanotechnology in the electrodes also enhances electron transfer in MFCs. It increases the active sites at the anode and improves the interface with microorganisms. At the cathode, it favors its catalytic properties and the oxygen reduction reaction. These features together favor MFCs performance through energy production and substrate degradation with values above 2.0 W m-2 and 90% respectively. All the recent advances in MFCs are gradually contributing to enable technological alternatives that, in addition to wastewater treatment, generate energy in a sustainable manner. It is important to continue the research efforts worldwide to make MFCs an available and affordable technology for industry and society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Borja-Maldonado
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, 64849, N.L., Mexico
| | - Miguel Ángel López Zavala
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, 64849, N.L., Mexico
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Uria-Molto N, Costa RD, Nunziata C, Santiago S, Guirado G, Muñoz-Berbel X, Kowalski L. Self-contained and integral microbial fuel cells as portable and sustainable energy sources for low-power field devices. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Umar MF, Rafatullah M, Abbas SZ, Ibrahim MNM, Ismail N. Bioelectricity production and xylene biodegradation through double chamber benthic microbial fuel cells fed with sugarcane waste as a substrate. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 419:126469. [PMID: 34192640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Xylene, a recalcitrant compound present in wastewater from activities of petrochemical and chemical industries causes chronic problems for living organisms and the environment. Xylene contaminated wastewater may be biodegraded through a benthic microbial fuel cell (BMFC) as seen in this study. Xylene was oxidized into intermediate 3-methyl benzoic acid and entirely converted into non-toxic carbon dioxide. The highest voltage of the BMFC reactor was generated at 410 mV between 23 and 90 days when cell potential was 1 kΩ. The reactor achieved a maximum power density of about 63 mW/m2, and a current of 0.4 mA which was optimized from variable resistance (20 Ω - 1 kΩ). However, the maximum biodegradation efficiency of the BMFC was at 87.8%. The cyclic voltammetry curve helped to determine that the specific capacitance was 0.124 F/g after 30 days of the BMFC operation. Furthermore, the fitting equivalent circuit was observed with the help of Nyquist plot for calculating overall internal resistance of 65.82 Ω on 30th day and 124.5 Ω on 80th day. Staphylococcus edaphicus and Staphylococcus sparophiticus were identified by 16S rRNA sequencing as the dominant species in the control and BMFC electrode, presumably associated with xylene biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Faisal Umar
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Syed Zaghum Abbas
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, China
| | | | - Norli Ismail
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
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Electricity generation and heavy metal remediation by utilizing yam (Dioscorea alata) waste in benthic microbial fuel cells (BMFCs). Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Microbial Fuel Cell: Recent Developments in Organic Substrate Use and Bacterial Electrode Interaction. J CHEM-NY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/4570388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A new bioelectrochemical approach based on metabolic activities inoculated bacteria, and the microbial fuel cell (MFC) acts as biocatalysts for the natural conversion to energy of organic substrates. Among several factors, the organic substrate is the most critical challenge in MFC, which requires long-term stability. The utilization of unstable organic substrate directly affects the MFC performance, such as low energy generation. Similarly, the interaction and effect of the electrode with organic substrate are well discussed. The electrode-bacterial interaction is also another aspect after organic substrate in order to ensure the MFC performance. The conclusion is based on this literature view; the electrode content is also a significant challenge for MFCs with organic substrates in realistic applications. The current review discusses several commercial aspects of MFCs and their potential prospects. A durable organic substrate with an efficient electron transfer medium (anode electrode) is the modern necessity for this approach.
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Yaqoob AA, Ibrahim MNM, Yaakop AS, Ahmad A. Application of microbial fuel cells energized by oil palm trunk sap (OPTS) to remove the toxic metal from synthetic wastewater with generation of electricity. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-021-01885-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Umar MF, Rafatullah M, Abbas SZ, Mohamad Ibrahim MN, Ismail N. Advancement in Benthic Microbial Fuel Cells toward Sustainable Bioremediation and Renewable Energy Production. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3811. [PMID: 33917378 PMCID: PMC8038680 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities are largely responsible for the vast amounts of pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, cyanides, phenols, metal derivatives, sulphides, and other chemicals in wastewater. The excess benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) can cause severe toxicity to living organisms in wastewater. A novel approach to mitigate this problem is the benthic microbial fuel cell (BMFC) setup to produce renewable energy and bio-remediate wastewater aromatic hydrocarbons. Several mechanisms of electrogens have been utilized for the bioremediation of BTX through BMFCs. In the future, BMFCs may be significant for chemical and petrochemical industry wastewater treatment. The distinct factors are considered to evaluate the performance of BMFCs, such as pollutant removal efficiency, power density, and current density, which are discussed by using operating parameters such as, pH, temperature and internal resistance. To further upgrade the BMFC technology, this review summarizes prototype electrode materials, the bioremediation of BTX, and their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Faisal Umar
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (M.F.U.); (N.I.)
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (M.F.U.); (N.I.)
| | - Syed Zaghum Abbas
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
| | | | - Norli Ismail
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (M.F.U.); (N.I.)
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Electrodeposited Hybrid Biocathode-Based CO 2 Reduction via Microbial Electro-Catalysis to Biofuels. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11030223. [PMID: 33810075 PMCID: PMC8004817 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11030223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Microbial electrosynthesis is a new approach to converting C1 carbon (CO2) to more complex carbon-based products. In the present study, CO2, a potential greenhouse gas, was used as a sole carbon source and reduced to value-added chemicals (acetate, ethanol) with the help of bioelectrochemical reduction in microbial electrosynthesis systems (MES). The performance of MES was studied with varying electrode materials (carbon felt, stainless steel, and cobalt electrodeposited carbon felt). The MES performance was assessed in terms of acetic acid and ethanol production with the help of gas chromatography (GC). The electrochemical characterization of the system was analyzed with chronoamperometry and cyclic voltammetry. The study revealed that the MES operated with hybrid cobalt electrodeposited carbon felt electrode yielded the highest acetic acid (4.4 g/L) concentration followed by carbon felt/stainless steel (3.7 g/L), plain carbon felt (2.2 g/L), and stainless steel (1.87 g/L). The alcohol concentration was also observed to be highest for the hybrid electrode (carbon felt/stainless steel/cobalt oxide is 0.352 g/L) as compared to the bare electrodes (carbon felt is 0.22 g/L) tested, which was found to be in correspondence with the pH changes in the system. Electrochemical analysis revealed improved electrotrophy in the hybrid electrode, as confirmed by the increased redox current for the hybrid electrode as compared to plain electrodes. Cyclic voltammetry analysis also confirmed the role of the biocatalyst developed on the electrode in CO2 sequestration.
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Ionic Conductive Membranes for Fuel Cells. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11030159. [PMID: 33669138 PMCID: PMC7996502 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11030159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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