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Xu Y, Chen QB, Gao Y, Wang J, Fan H, Zhao F. Performance comparison of lithium fractionation from magnesium via continuous selective nanofiltration/electrodialysis. Chin J Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2022.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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2
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Zhou M. Preparation of Battery Grade Li
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CO
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from Defective Product by the Carbonation‐Decomposition Method. CRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/crat.202200112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhou
- Ningdu Ganfeng Lithium Co. Ltd. Ganzhou Jiangxi 341000 P. R. China
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3
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Zeng X, Xu L, Deng T, Zhang C, Xu W, Zhang W. Polymer Inclusion Membranes with P507-TBP Carriers for Lithium Extraction from Brines. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12090839. [PMID: 36135858 PMCID: PMC9505570 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12090839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The separation of lithium and magnesium from salt-lake brines with high Mg2+/Li+ ratios is a main challenge for lithium extraction. In this work, novel polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) were developed by incorporating 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono 2-ethylhexyl (P507) and tributyl phosphate (TBP) as the carriers into cellulose triacetate (CTA) polymers. The Li+ could be stripped from the P507-TBP extracting carriers using pure water eluents without adding concentrated hydrochloric acid, which can help decrease carriers’ leakage risk from membrane matrixes and keep the stability of PIMs. The morphology, composition, and wettability of P507-TBP-based PIMs were characterized systematically, and the carrier content in the PIM was also optimized. In the transport experiment with the feed of 0.1 mol/L LiCl and 4.0 mol/L MgCl2, the CTA/P507-TBP60% membrane exhibits a Li+ permeability of 4.76 × 10−3 mol·m−2·h−1 and a Li/Mg separation ratio of 10.2. After recycling seven times, the selectivity of the PIM is well-retained (>10), and the permeability of Li+ decreases slightly (less than 15%). With a decent selectivity and excellent stability, PIMs containing P507-TBP carriers show great potential for sustainable and efficient lithium recovery from brines with high Mg/Li ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjie Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science & Desalination Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Li Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science & Desalination Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Tao Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science & Desalination Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Chengyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science & Desalination Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Tianjin Mainland Hydrogen Equipment Co., Ltd., Tianjin 301609, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science & Desalination Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
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4
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Wu L, Zhang C, Kim S, Hatton TA, Mo H, Waite TD. Lithium recovery using electrochemical technologies: Advances and challenges. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 221:118822. [PMID: 35834973 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Driven by the electric-vehicle revolution, a sharp increase in lithium (Li) demand as a result of the need to produce Li-ion batteries is expected in coming years. To enable a sustainable Li supply, there is an urgent need to develop cost-effective and environmentally friendly methods to extract Li from a variety of sources including Li-rich salt-lake brines, seawater, and wastewaters. While the prevalent lime soda evaporation method is suitable for the mass extraction of Li from brine sources with low Mg/Li ratios, it is time-consuming (>1 year) and typically exhibits low Li recovery. Electrochemically-based methods have emerged as promising processes to recover Li given their ease of management, limited requirement for additional chemicals, minimal waste production, and high selectivity towards Li. This state-of-the-art review provides a comprehensive overview of current advances in two key electrochemical Li recovery technologies (electrosorption and electrodialysis) with particular attention given to advances in understanding of mechanism, materials, operational modes, and system configurations. We highlight the most pressing challenges these technologies encounter including (i) limited electrode capacity, poor electrode stability and co-insertion of impurity cations in the electrosorption process, and (ii) limited Li selectivity of available ion exchange membranes, ion leakage and membrane scaling in the electrodialysis process. We then systematically describe potentially effective strategies to overcome these challenges and, further, provide future perspectives, particularly with respect to the translation of innovation at bench-scale to industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wu
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Changyong Zhang
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Seoni Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - T Alan Hatton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Hengliang Mo
- Beijing Origin Water Membrane Technology Company Limited, Huairou, Beijing 101400, PR China
| | - T David Waite
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; UNSW Centre for Transformational Environmental Technologies, Yixing, Jiangsu Province 214206, PR China.
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5
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Butt FS, Lewis A, Chen T, Mazlan NA, Wei X, Hayer J, Chen S, Han J, Yang Y, Yang S, Huang Y. Lithium Harvesting from the Most Abundant Primary and Secondary Sources: A Comparative Study on Conventional and Membrane Technologies. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12040373. [PMID: 35448344 PMCID: PMC9025773 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12040373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The exponential rise in lithium demand over the last decade, as one of the largest sources for energy storage in terms of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), has posed a great threat to the existing lithium supply and demand balance. The current methodologies available for lithium extraction, separation and recovery, both from primary (brines/seawater) and secondary (LIBs) sources, suffer not only at the hands of excessive use of chemicals but complicated, time-consuming and environmentally detrimental design procedures. Researchers across the world are working to review and update the available technologies for lithium harvesting in terms of their economic and feasibility analysis. Following its excessive consumption of sustainable energy resources, its demand has risen sharply and therefore requires urgent attention. In this paper, different available methodologies for lithium extraction and recycling from the most abundant primary and secondary lithium resources have been reviewed and compared. This review also includes the prospects of using membrane technology as a promising replacement for conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraz Saeed Butt
- School of Engineering, Institute for Materials & Processes, The University of Edinburgh, Robert Stevenson Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, UK; (F.S.B.); (A.L.); (T.C.); (N.A.M.); (X.W.); (J.H.); (S.C.)
| | - Allana Lewis
- School of Engineering, Institute for Materials & Processes, The University of Edinburgh, Robert Stevenson Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, UK; (F.S.B.); (A.L.); (T.C.); (N.A.M.); (X.W.); (J.H.); (S.C.)
| | - Ting Chen
- School of Engineering, Institute for Materials & Processes, The University of Edinburgh, Robert Stevenson Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, UK; (F.S.B.); (A.L.); (T.C.); (N.A.M.); (X.W.); (J.H.); (S.C.)
| | - Nurul A. Mazlan
- School of Engineering, Institute for Materials & Processes, The University of Edinburgh, Robert Stevenson Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, UK; (F.S.B.); (A.L.); (T.C.); (N.A.M.); (X.W.); (J.H.); (S.C.)
| | - Xiuming Wei
- School of Engineering, Institute for Materials & Processes, The University of Edinburgh, Robert Stevenson Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, UK; (F.S.B.); (A.L.); (T.C.); (N.A.M.); (X.W.); (J.H.); (S.C.)
| | - Jasmeen Hayer
- School of Engineering, Institute for Materials & Processes, The University of Edinburgh, Robert Stevenson Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, UK; (F.S.B.); (A.L.); (T.C.); (N.A.M.); (X.W.); (J.H.); (S.C.)
| | - Siyu Chen
- School of Engineering, Institute for Materials & Processes, The University of Edinburgh, Robert Stevenson Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, UK; (F.S.B.); (A.L.); (T.C.); (N.A.M.); (X.W.); (J.H.); (S.C.)
| | - Jilong Han
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 051432, China
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yaohao Yang
- Jiangsu Dingying New Materials Co., Ltd., Changzhou 213031, China; (Y.Y.); (S.Y.)
| | - Shuiqing Yang
- Jiangsu Dingying New Materials Co., Ltd., Changzhou 213031, China; (Y.Y.); (S.Y.)
| | - Yi Huang
- School of Engineering, Institute for Materials & Processes, The University of Edinburgh, Robert Stevenson Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, UK; (F.S.B.); (A.L.); (T.C.); (N.A.M.); (X.W.); (J.H.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (Y.H.)
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Lee J, Chung E. The Effect of Silicate Ions on the Separation of Lithium From Geothermal Fluid. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.741281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In an enhanced geothermal system (EGS), geothermal energy in rocks with insufficient permeability or fluid saturation can be used by creating artificial geothermal reservoirs. Generally, EGS geothermal fluid contains high concentrations of total dissolved solids that originated from various geochemical reactions between the fluid in the reservoir and the minerals in the rock. For example, the concentration of lithium ions are measured approximately 150 mg/L, and several researchers have focused on the recovery of lithium in the geothermal fluid using various methods, one of which is liquid extraction. Solvent extraction has been used to recover lithium from various sources, and successful recovery efficiency have been attained. However, the geothermal fluid in EGS reservoirs contains high concentrations of SiO2, which might inhibit the selective recovery of lithium. Thus, in this study, two consecutive stages of solvent extraction were used to separate the lithium from the geothermal fluid that contained different concentrations of SiO2 ions. The divalent ions were removed in the first stage, and the lithium ions were extracted effectively in the second stage. The SiO2 inhibits the selective recovery of lithium in the first stage to a greater extent than it does in the second stage. The spectroscopy data shows a decrease of the organic solvents main functional group (P=O & P-O-H) absorbance that reacts with the metal ions of the geothermal water after extraction however the intensity difference was reduced as the SiO2 concentrations increases. Silicate ions can be problematic due to the formation of scaling in EGSs, so controlling its concentration in the geothermal reservoir would be beneficial for the long-term operation of EGSs and for the successful recovery of valuable metal resources from EGS reservoirs.
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Ounissi T, Belhadj Ammar R, Larchet C, Chaabane L, Baklouti L, Dammak L, Selmane Bel Hadj Hmida E. Lithium-Sodium Separation by a Lithium Composite Membrane Used in Electrodialysis Process: Concept Validation. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12020244. [PMID: 35207165 PMCID: PMC8876473 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The recent expansion of global Lithium Ion Battery (LIBs) production has generated a significant stress on the lithium demand. One of the means to produce this element is its extraction from different aqueous sources (salars, geothermal water etc.). However, the presence of other mono- and divalent cations makes this extraction relatively complex. Herein, we propose lithium-sodium separation by an electrodialysis (ED) process using a Lithium Composite Membrane (LCM), whose effectiveness was previously demonstrated by a Diffusion Dialysis process (previous work). LCM performances in terms of lithium Recovery Ratio (RR(Li+)) and Selectivity (S(Li/Na)) were investigated using different Li+/Na+ reconstituted solutions and two ED cells: a two-compartment cell was chosen for its simplicity, and a four-compartment one was selected for its potential to isolate the redox reactions at the electrodes. We demonstrated that the four-compartment cell use was advantageous since it provided membrane protection from protons and gases generated by the electrodes but that membrane selectivity was negatively affected. The impact of the applied current density and the concentration ratio of Na+ and Li+ in the feed compartment ([Na+]F/[Li+]F) were tested using the four-compartment cell. We showed that increasing the current density led to an improvement of RR(Li+) but to a reduction in the LCM selectivity towards Li+. Increasing the [Na+]F/[Li+]F ratios to 10 had a positive effect on the membrane performance. However, for high values of this ratio, both RR(Li+) and S(Li/Na) decreased. The optimal results were obtained at [Na+]F/[Li+]F near 10, where we succeeded in extracting more than 10% of the initial Li+ concentration with a selectivity value around 112 after 4 h of ED experiment at 0.5 mA·cm−2. Thus, we can objectively estimate that the concept of this selective extraction of Li+ from a mixture even when concentrated in Na+ using an ED process was validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takoua Ounissi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique et d'Électrochimie, Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Campus Universitaire, Tunis 2092, Tunisia
| | - Rihab Belhadj Ammar
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique et d'Électrochimie, Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Campus Universitaire, Tunis 2092, Tunisia
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, CNRS, ICMPE, UMR 7182, 2 Rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Christian Larchet
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, CNRS, ICMPE, UMR 7182, 2 Rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Lobna Chaabane
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, CNRS, ICMPE, UMR 7182, 2 Rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Lassaad Baklouti
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences and Arts at Ar Rass, Qassim University, Ar Rass 51921, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lasâad Dammak
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, CNRS, ICMPE, UMR 7182, 2 Rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Emna Selmane Bel Hadj Hmida
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique et d'Électrochimie, Département de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Campus Universitaire, Tunis 2092, Tunisia
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8
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Ionic Liquids for the Selective Solvent Extraction of Lithium from Aqueous Solutions: A Theoretical Selection Using COSMO-RS. MINERALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/min12020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the theoretical design of ionic liquids (ILs) for predicting selective extraction of lithium from brines has been conducted using COSMO-RS. A theoretical model for the solvent extraction (SX) of the metal species present in brines was established considering extraction stoichiometry, the distribution of the extractants between aqueous and IL phases, and IL dissociation in the aqueous phase. Theoretical results were validated using experimental extraction percentages from previous works. Results indicate that, in general, the theoretical results for lithium extraction follow experimental trends, except from magnesium extraction. Finally, based on the model, an IL was proposed that was based on the phosphonium cation as the extractant, along with the phase modifier tributylphosphate (TBP) in an organic diluent in order to improve selectivity for lithium extraction over sodium. These results provide an insight for the application of ILs in lithium processing, avoiding the long purification times reported in the conventional process.
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9
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Feng Y, Peng H, Zhao Q. Fabrication of high performance Mg2+/Li+ nanofiltration membranes by surface grafting of quaternized bipyridine. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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10
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Abdulazeez I, Salhi B, Baig N, Peng Q. The Role of Sulphonic and Phosphoric Pendant Groups on the Diffusion of Monovalent Ions in Polyelectrolyte Membranes: A Molecular Dynamics Study. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:940. [PMID: 34940441 PMCID: PMC8703909 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11120940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lithium-ion consumption has risen significantly in recent years due to its use in portable devices. Alternative sources of lithium, which include the recovery from brine using the sustainable and eco-friendly electrodialysis technology, has been explored. This technology, however, requires effective cation-exchange membranes that allow the selective permeation of lithium ions. In this study, we have investigated, via molecular dynamics simulations, the role of the two common charged groups, the sulfonic and the phosphoric groups, in promoting the adsorption of monovalent ions from brine comprising Li+, Na+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ ions. The analysis of the mean square displacement of the ions revealed that Li+ and Na+ ions exhibit superior diffusion behaviors within the polyelectrolyte system. The O-atoms of the charged groups bind strongly with the divalent ions (Mg2+ and Ca2+), which raises their diffusion energy barrier and consequently lowers their rate of permeation. In contrast, the monovalent ions exhibit weaker interactions, with Na+ being slightly above Li+, enabling the permeation of Li+ ions. The present study demonstrates the role of both charged groups in cation-exchange membranes in promoting the diffusion of Li+ and Na+ ions, and could serve as a guide for the design of effective membranes for the recovery of these ions from brine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Abdulazeez
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Membranes and Water Security, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; (B.S.); (N.B.)
| | - Billel Salhi
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Membranes and Water Security, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; (B.S.); (N.B.)
| | - Nadeem Baig
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Membranes and Water Security, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; (B.S.); (N.B.)
| | - Qing Peng
- Physics Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
- KACARE Energy Research and Innovation Center at Dhahran, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
- Hydrogen and Energy Storage Center, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Luo Q, Dong M, Nie G, Liu Z, Wu Z, Li J. Extraction of lithium from salt lake brines by granulated adsorbents. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Electromembrane Processes: Experiments and Modelling. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11020149. [PMID: 33672745 PMCID: PMC7924634 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11020149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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