1
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Amengual J, Notaro-Roberts L, Nieh MP. Morphological control and modern applications of bicelles. Biophys Chem 2023; 302:107094. [PMID: 37659154 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2023.107094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Bicellar systems have become popularized as their rich morphology can be applied in biochemistry, physical chemistry, and drug delivery technology. To the biochemical field, bicelles are powerful model membranes for the study of transmembrane protein behavior, membrane transport, and environmental interactions with the cell. Their morphological responses to environmental changes reveal a profound fundamental understanding of physical chemistry related to the principle of self-assembly. Recently, they have also drawn significant attention as theranostic nanocarriers in biopharmaceutical and diagnostic research due to their superior cellular uptake compared to liposomes. It is evident that applications are becoming broader, demanding to understand how the bicelle will form and behave in various environments. To consolidate current works on the bicelle's modern applications, this review will discuss various effects of composition and environmental conditions on the morphology, phase behavior, and stability. Furthermore, various applications such as payload entrapment and polymerization templating are presented to demonstrate their versatility and chemical nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Amengual
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
| | - Luke Notaro-Roberts
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
| | - Mu-Ping Nieh
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States.
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2
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Dziubak D, Sęk S. Sparsely tethered bilayer lipid membranes formed by self-assembly of bicelles: Spectroelectrochemical characterization and incorporation of transmembrane protein. Bioelectrochemistry 2023; 153:108482. [PMID: 37271008 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Many biochemical processes related to proper homeostasis take place in cell membranes. The key molecules involved in these processes are proteins, including transmembrane proteins. These macromolecules still challenge the understanding of their function within the membrane. Biomimetic models that mimic the properties of the cell membrane can help understand their functionality. Unfortunately, preserving the native protein structure in such systems is problematic. A possible solution to this problem involves the use of bicelles. Their unique properties make integrating bicelles with transmembrane proteins manageable while preserving their native structure. Hitherto, bicelles have not been used as precursors for protein-hosting lipid membranes deposited on solid substrates like pre-modified gold. Here, we demonstrated that bicelles can be self-assembled to form sparsely tethered bilayer lipid membranes and the properties of the resulting membrane satisfy the conditions suitable for transmembrane protein insertion. We showed that the incorporation of α-hemolysin toxin in the lipid membrane leads to a decrease in membrane resistance due to pore formation. Simultaneously, the insertion of the protein causes a drop in the capacitance of the membrane-modified electrode, which can be explained by the dehydration of the polar region of the lipid bilayer and the loss of water from the submembrane region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Dziubak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Sławomir Sęk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland.
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3
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Martin A, Jemmett PN, Howitt T, Wood MH, Burley AW, Cox LR, Dafforn TR, Welbourn RJL, Campana M, Skoda MW, Thompson JJ, Hussain H, Rawle JL, Carlà F, Nicklin CL, Arnold T, Horswell SL. Effect of Anionic Lipids on Mammalian Plasma Cell Membrane Properties. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:2676-2691. [PMID: 36757323 PMCID: PMC9948536 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The effect of lipid composition on models of the inner leaflet of mammalian cell membranes has been investigated. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and X-ray and neutron reflectivity have been used to characterize lipid packing and solvation, while electrochemical and infrared spectroscopic methods have been employed to probe phase behavior in an applied electric field. Introducing a small quantity of the anionic lipid dimyristoylphosphatidylserine (DMPS) into bilayers of zwitterionic dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE) results in a significant change in the bilayer response to an applied field: the tilt of the hydrocarbon chains increases before returning to the original tilt angle on detachment of the bilayer. Equimolar mixtures, with slightly closer chain packing, exhibit a similar but weaker response. The latter also tend to incorporate more solvent during this electrochemical phase transition, at levels similar to those of pure DMPS. Reflectivity measurements reveal greater solvation of lipid layers for DMPS > 30 mol %, matching the greater propensity for DMPS-rich bilayers to incorporate water. Taken together, the data indicate that the range of 10-35 mol % DMPS provides optimum bilayer properties (in flexibility and function as a barrier), which may explain why the DMPS content of cell membranes tends to be found within this range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra
L. Martin
- School of
Chemistry and School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, BirminghamB15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Philip N. Jemmett
- School of
Chemistry and School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, BirminghamB15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Thomas Howitt
- School of
Chemistry and School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, BirminghamB15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Mary H. Wood
- School of
Chemistry and School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, BirminghamB15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Andrew W. Burley
- School of
Chemistry and School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, BirminghamB15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Liam R. Cox
- School of
Chemistry and School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, BirminghamB15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Timothy R. Dafforn
- School of
Chemistry and School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, BirminghamB15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Rebecca J. L. Welbourn
- ISIS
Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source, Science
and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell, OxfordshireOX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Mario Campana
- ISIS
Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source, Science
and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell, OxfordshireOX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Maximilian W.
A. Skoda
- ISIS
Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source, Science
and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell, OxfordshireOX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Joseph J. Thompson
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation
Campus, Chilton, Didcot, OxfordshireOX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Hadeel Hussain
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation
Campus, Chilton, Didcot, OxfordshireOX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Jonathan L. Rawle
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation
Campus, Chilton, Didcot, OxfordshireOX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Francesco Carlà
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation
Campus, Chilton, Didcot, OxfordshireOX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Christopher L. Nicklin
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation
Campus, Chilton, Didcot, OxfordshireOX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Thomas Arnold
- ISIS
Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source, Science
and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell, OxfordshireOX11 0QX, U.K.
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation
Campus, Chilton, Didcot, OxfordshireOX11 0DE, U.K.
- European
Spallation Source ERIC PO Box 176, SE-221 00Lund, Sweden
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BathBA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Sarah L. Horswell
- School of
Chemistry and School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, BirminghamB15 2TT, U.K.
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4
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Jemmett P, Milan DC, Nichols RJ, Howitt T, Martin AL, Arnold T, Rawle JL, Nicklin CL, Dafforn TR, Cox LR, Horswell SL. Influence of the Lipid Backbone on Electrochemical Phase Behavior. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:14290-14301. [PMID: 36354380 PMCID: PMC9686133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are an important class of lipids found in mammalian cell membranes with important structural and signaling roles. They differ from another major group of lipids, the glycerophospholipids, in the connection of their hydrocarbon chains to their headgroups. In this study, a combination of electrochemical and structural methods has been used to elucidate the effect of this difference on sphingolipid behavior in an applied electric field. N-Palmitoyl sphingomyelin forms bilayers of similar coverage and thickness to its close analogue di-palmitoyl phosphatidylcholine. Grazing incidence diffraction data show slightly closer packing and a smaller chain tilt angle from the surface normal. Electrochemical IR results at low charge density show that the difference in tilt angle is retained on deposition to form bilayers. The bilayers respond differently to increasing electric field strength: chain tilt angles increase for both molecules, but sphingomyelin chains remain tilted as field strength is further increased. This behavior is correlated with disruption of the hydrogen-bonding network of small groups of sphingomyelin molecules, which may have significance for the behavior of molecules in lipid rafts in the presence of strong fields induced by ion gradients or asymmetric distribution of charged lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip
N. Jemmett
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, BirminghamB15 2TT, UK
| | - David C. Milan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, LiverpoolL69 7ZD, UK
| | - Richard J. Nichols
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, LiverpoolL69 7ZD, UK
| | - Thomas Howitt
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, BirminghamB15 2TT, UK
| | - Alexandra L. Martin
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, BirminghamB15 2TT, UK
| | - Thomas Arnold
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Didcot, OxfordshireOX11
0DE, UK
- European
Spallation Source ERICPO Box 176, LundSE-221
00, Sweden
- ISIS
Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source, Science and Technology Facilities
Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell, OxfordshireOX11 0QX, UK
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BathBA2 7AY, UK
| | - Jonathan L. Rawle
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Didcot, OxfordshireOX11
0DE, UK
| | - Christopher L. Nicklin
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Didcot, OxfordshireOX11
0DE, UK
| | - Timothy R. Dafforn
- School
of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, BirminghamB15 2TT, UK
| | - Liam R. Cox
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, BirminghamB15 2TT, UK
| | - Sarah L. Horswell
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, BirminghamB15 2TT, UK
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5
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Naumowicz M. Electrical Properties of Model Lipid Membranes. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12020248. [PMID: 35207169 PMCID: PMC8880774 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Naumowicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, K. Ciolkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
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6
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Jemmett PN, Milan DC, Nichols RJ, Cox LR, Horswell SL. Effect of Molecular Structure on Electrochemical Phase Behavior of Phospholipid Bilayers on Au(111). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:11887-11899. [PMID: 34590852 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lipid bilayers form the basis of biological cell membranes, selective and responsive barriers vital to the function of the cell. The structure and function of the bilayer are controlled by interactions between the constituent molecules and so vary with the composition of the membrane. These interactions also influence how a membrane behaves in the presence of electric fields they frequently experience in nature. In this study, we characterize the electrochemical phase behavior of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), a glycerophospholipid prevalent in nature and often used in model systems and healthcare applications. DPPC bilayers were formed on Au(111) electrodes using Langmuir-Blodgett and Langmuir-Schaefer deposition and studied with electrochemical methods, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and in situ polarization-modulated infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS). The coverage of the substrate determined with AFM is in accord with that estimated from differential capacitance measurements, and the bilayer thickness is slightly higher than for bilayers of the similar but shorter-chained lipid, dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC). DPPC bilayers exhibit similar electrochemical response to DMPC bilayers, but the organization of molecules differs, particularly at negative charge densities. Infrared spectra show that DPPC chains tilt as the charge density on the metal is increased in the negative direction, but, unlike in DMPC, the chains then return to their original tilt angle at the most negative potentials. The onset of the increase in the chain tilt angle coincides with a decrease in solvation around the ester carbonyl groups, and the conformation around the acyl chain linkage differs from that in DMPC. We interpret the differences in behavior between bilayers formed from these structurally similar lipids in terms of stronger dispersion forces between DPPC chains and conclude that relatively subtle changes in molecular structure may have a significant impact on a membrane's response to its environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip N Jemmett
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - David C Milan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Richard J Nichols
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Liam R Cox
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Sarah L Horswell
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
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7
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Zaborowska M, Dziubak D, Matyszewska D, Sek S, Bilewicz R. Designing a Useful Lipid Raft Model Membrane for Electrochemical and Surface Analytical Studies. Molecules 2021; 26:5483. [PMID: 34576954 PMCID: PMC8467995 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A model biomimetic system for the study of protein reconstitution or drug interactions should include lipid rafts in the mixed lipid monolayer, since they are usually the domains embedding membrane proteins and peptides. Four model lipid films composed of three components: 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC), cholesterol (Chol) and sphingomyelin (SM) mixed in different molar ratios were proposed and investigated using surface pressure measurements and thermodynamic analysis of the monolayers at the air-water interface and imaged by Brewster angle microscopy. The ternary monolayers were transferred from the air-water onto the gold electrodes to form bilayer films and were studied for the first time by electrochemical methods: alternative current voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and imaged by atomic force microscopy. In excess of DOPC, the ternary systems remained too liquid for the raft region to be stable, while in the excess of cholesterol the layers were too solid. The layers with SM in excess lead to the formation of Chol:SM complexes but the amount of the fluid matrix was very low. The equimolar content of the three components lead to the formation of a stable and well-organized assembly with well-developed raft microdomains of larger thickness, surrounded by the more fluid part of the bilayer. The latter is proposed as a convenient raft model membrane for further physicochemical studies of interactions with drugs or pollutants or incorporation of membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Damian Dziubak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02089 Warsaw, Poland; (D.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Dorota Matyszewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02089 Warsaw, Poland; (D.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Slawomir Sek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02089 Warsaw, Poland; (D.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Renata Bilewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02093 Warsaw, Poland;
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8
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Savenko M, Rivel T, Yesylevskyy S, Ramseyer C. Influence of Substrate Hydrophilicity on Structural Properties of Supported Lipid Systems on Graphene, Graphene Oxides, and Silica. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:8060-8074. [PMID: 34284579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c04615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pristine graphene, a range of graphene oxides, and silica substrates were used to investigate the effect of surface hydrophilicity on supported lipid bilayers by means of all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. Supported 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine lipid bilayers were found in close-contact conformations with hydrophilic substrates with as low as 5% oxidation level, while self-assembled monolayers occur on pure hydrophobic graphene only. Lipids and water at the surface undergo large redistribution to maintain the stability of the supported bilayers. Deposition of bicelles on increasingly hydrophilic substrates shows the continuous process of reshaping of the supported system and makes intermediate stages between self-assembled monolayers and supported bilayers. The bilayer thickness changes with hydrophilicity in a complex manner, while the number of water molecules per lipid in the hydration layer increases together with hydrophilicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Savenko
- Laboratoire Chrono Environnement UMR CNRS 6249, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Timothée Rivel
- Laboratoire Chrono Environnement UMR CNRS 6249, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France.,CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic.,National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Semen Yesylevskyy
- Laboratoire Chrono Environnement UMR CNRS 6249, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France.,Department of Physics of Biological Systems, Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Prospect Nauky 46, 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Christophe Ramseyer
- Laboratoire Chrono Environnement UMR CNRS 6249, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France
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9
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Dziubak D, Sek S. Physicochemical Characterization of Sparsely Tethered Bilayer Lipid Membranes: Structure of Submembrane Water and Nanomechanical Properties. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damian Dziubak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological & Chemical Research Centre University of Warsaw Zwirki i Wigury 101 02-089 Warsaw Poland
| | - Slawomir Sek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological & Chemical Research Centre University of Warsaw Zwirki i Wigury 101 02-089 Warsaw Poland
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10
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Petelska AD, Szeremeta M, Kotyńska J, Niemcunowicz-Janica A. Experimental and Theoretical Approaches to Describing Interactions in Natural Cell Membranes Occurring as a Result of Fatal Alcohol Poisoning. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11030189. [PMID: 33803418 PMCID: PMC7998942 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11030189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We propose herein a theoretical model describing the effect of fatal ethanol poisoning on the equilibria between cell membranes and the surrounding ions. Using this model, we determined the parameters characterizing the interaction between the electrolyte solution’s ions and the functional groups on the blood cells’ surface. Via the application of mathematical equations, we calculated the total surface concentrations of the acidic and basic groups, cA and cB, and their association constants with solution ions, KAH and KBOH. Using the determined parameters and mathematical equations’ values, we calculated the theoretical surface charge density values. We verified the proposed model by comparing these values with experimental data, which were selected based on measurements of the electrophoretic mobility of erythrocyte and thrombocyte membranes. Compatibility of the experimental and theoretical surface charge density values was observed in the range of pH 2–8, while deviations were observed at higher pH values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta D. Petelska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Michał Szeremeta
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona St. 13, 15-230 Bialystok, Poland; (M.S.); (A.N.-J.)
| | - Joanna Kotyńska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Anna Niemcunowicz-Janica
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona St. 13, 15-230 Bialystok, Poland; (M.S.); (A.N.-J.)
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