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Zagórska-Dziok M, Nowak A, Zgadzaj A, Oledzka E, Kędra K, Wiącek AE, Sobczak M. New Polymeric Hydrogels with Cannabidiol and α-Terpineol as Potential Materials for Skin Regeneration-Synthesis and Physicochemical and Biological Characterization. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5934. [PMID: 38892121 PMCID: PMC11173307 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Dermatology and cosmetology currently prioritize healthy, youthful-looking skin. As a result, research is being conducted worldwide to uncover natural substances and carriers that allow for controlled release, which could aid in the battle against a variety of skin illnesses and slow the aging process. This study examined the biological and physicochemical features of novel hydrogels containing cannabidiol (CBD) and α-terpineol (TER). The hydrogels were obtained from ε-caprolactone (CL) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) copolymers, diethylene glycol (DEG), poly(tetrahydrofuran) (PTHF), 1,6-diisocyanatohexane (HDI), and chitosan (CHT) components, whereas the biodegradable oligomers were synthesized using the enzyme ring-opening polymerization (e-ROP) method. The in vitro release rate of the active compounds from the hydrogels was characterized by mainly first-order kinetics, without a "burst release". The antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, antioxidant, and anti-aging qualities of the designed drug delivery systems (DDSs) were evaluated. The findings indicate that the hydrogel carriers that were developed have the ability to scavenge free radicals and impact the activity of antioxidant enzymes while avoiding any negative effects on keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Furthermore, they have anti-inflammatory qualities by impeding protein denaturation as well as the activity of proteinase and lipoxygenase. Additionally, their ability to reduce the multiplication of pathogenic bacteria and inhibit the activity of collagenase and elastase has been demonstrated. Thus, the developed hydrogel carriers may be effective systems for the controlled delivery of CBD, which may become a valuable tool for cosmetologists and dermatologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Zagórska-Dziok
- Department of Technology of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, 2 Sucharskiego St., 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Anna Nowak
- Department of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Anna Zgadzaj
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Ewa Oledzka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Karolina Kędra
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 44/52 Kasprzaka St., 01-224 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Ewa Wiącek
- Department of Interfacial Phenomena, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, pl. Sq. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Marcin Sobczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
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Wroński A, Dobrzyńska I, Sękowski S, Łuczaj W, Olchowik-Grabarek E, Skrzydlewska E. Cannabidiol and Cannabigerol Modify the Composition and Physicochemical Properties of Keratinocyte Membranes Exposed to UVA. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12424. [PMID: 37569799 PMCID: PMC10418984 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The action of UVA radiation (both that derived from solar radiation and that used in the treatment of skin diseases) modifies the function and composition of keratinocyte membranes. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effects of phytocannabinoids (CBD and CBG), used singly and in combination, on the contents of phospholipids, ceramides, lipid rafts and sialic acid in keratinocyte membranes exposed to UVA radiation, together with their structure and functionality. The phytocannabinoids, especially in combination (CBD+CBG), partially prevented increased levels of phosphatidylinositols and sialic acid from occurring and sphingomyelinase activity after the UVA exposure of keratinocytes. This was accompanied by a reduction in the formation of lipid rafts and malondialdehyde, which correlated with the parameters responsible for the integrity and functionality of the keratinocyte membrane (membrane fluidity and permeability and the activity of transmembrane transporters), compared to UVA-irradiated cells. This suggests that the simultaneous use of two phytocannabinoids may have a protective effect on healthy cells, without significantly reducing the therapeutic effect of UV radiation used to treat skin diseases such as psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Wroński
- Dermatological Specialized Center “DERMAL” NZOZ in Białystok, Nowy Swiat 17/5, 15-453 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Izabela Dobrzyńska
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University in Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Szymon Sękowski
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University in Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1J, 15-245 Białystok, Poland; (S.S.); (E.O.-G.)
| | - Wojciech Łuczaj
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Ewa Olchowik-Grabarek
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University in Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1J, 15-245 Białystok, Poland; (S.S.); (E.O.-G.)
| | - Elżbieta Skrzydlewska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Białystok, Poland;
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Wroński A, Gęgotek A, Skrzydlewska E. Protein adducts with lipid peroxidation products in patients with psoriasis. Redox Biol 2023; 63:102729. [PMID: 37150149 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis, one of the most frequent immune-mediated skin diseases, is manifested by numerous psoriatic lessons on the skin caused by excessive proliferation and keratinization of epidermal cells. These disorders of keratinocyte metabolism are caused by a pathological interaction with the cells of the immune system, including lymphocytes, which in psoriasis are also responsible for systemic inflammation. This is accompanied by oxidative stress, which promotes the formation of lipid peroxidation products, including reactive aldehydes and isoprostanes, which are additional pro-inflammatory signaling molecules. Therefore, the presented review is focused on highlighting changes that occur during psoriasis development at the level of lipid peroxidation products, including 4-hydroxynonenal, 4-oxononenal, malondialdehyde, and acrolein, and their influence on protein structures. Furthermore, we will examine inducing agents of cellular functioning, as well as intercellular signaling. These lipid peroxidation products can form adducts with a variety of proteins with different functions in the body, including proteins within skin cells and cells of the immune system. This is especially true in autoimmune diseases such as psoriasis. For example, these changes concern proteins involved in maintaining redox homeostasis or pro-inflammatory signaling. Therefore, the formation of such adducts should attract attention, especially during the design of preventive cosmetics or anti-psoriasis therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Wroński
- Dermatological Specialized Center "DERMAL" NZOZ in Bialystok, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gęgotek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland.
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Cannabidiol-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) for Dermal Delivery: Enhancement of Photostability, Cell Viability, and Anti-Inflammatory Activity. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020537. [PMID: 36839859 PMCID: PMC9964291 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to encapsulate cannabidiol (CBD) extract in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) to improve the chemical stability and anti-inflammatory activity of CBD for dermal delivery. CBD-loaded NLCs (CBD-NLCs) were prepared using cetyl palmitate (CP) as a solid lipid and stabilized with Tego® Care 450 (TG450) or poloxamer 188 (P188) by high-pressure homogenization (HPH). The CBD extract was loaded at 1% w/w. Three different oils were employed to produce CBD-NLCs, including Transcutol® P, medium-chain triglycerides (MCT), and oleic acid (OA). CBD-NLCs were successfully prepared with an entrapment efficiency (E.E.) of 100%. All formulations showed particle sizes between 160 and 200 nm with PDIs less than 0.10. The type of surfactant and oil used affected the particle sizes, zeta potential, and crystallinity of the CBD-NLCs. CBD-NLCs stabilized with TG450 showed higher crystallinity after production and storage at 30 °C for 30 days as compared to those with P188. Encapsulation of the CBD extract in NLCs enhanced its chemical stability after exposure to simulated sunlight (1000 kJ/m2) compared to that of the CBD extract in ethanolic solution. The CBD-NLCs prepared from MCT and OA showed slower CBD release compared with that from Transcutol® P, and the kinetic data for release of CBD from CBD-NLCs followed Higuchi's release model with a high coefficient of determination (>0.95). The extent of CBD permeation through Strat-M® depended on the oil type. The cytotoxicity of the CBD extract on HaCaT and HDF cells was reduced by encapsulation in the NLCs. The anti-inflammatory activity of the CBD extract in RAW264.7 cell macrophages was enhanced by encapsulation in CBD-NLCs prepared from MCT and OA.
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Phytocannabinoids in the Pharmacotherapy of Psoriasis. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031192. [PMID: 36770858 PMCID: PMC9920113 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytocannabinoids are naturally occurring compounds, the main source of which is Cannabis sativa L. Through direct action or interaction with G protein-coupled receptors, they affect ROS and pro-inflammatory cytokines levels and modify the effectiveness of transcription factor responsible for the biosynthesis of antioxidants which lead to oxidative stress and its consequences. Due to the modification of the redox balance and inflammation, phytocannabinoids are used in the treatment of various diseases, including autoimmune dermatoses, such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Psoriasis is one of the most common dermatoses, and one of unknown etiology. A disturbed redox balance with a shift towards the oxidation leads to oxidative stress, resulting in oxidative modifications, mainly of lipids and proteins, and prolonged activation of immune cells and increased generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in chronic inflammation. Given the biological activity of phytocannabinoids, they have become the focus of research as components of pharmacotherapy for psoriasis. Beneficial effects were shown by various representatives of phytocannabinoids, but the effect of cannabidiol (CBD) on skin cells (in vitro and ex vivo) and on blood cells from patients with psoriasis vulgaris and psoriatic arthritis has been most often evaluated in recent years.
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Phytocannabinoids Stimulate Rejuvenation and Prevent Cellular Senescence in Human Dermal Fibroblasts. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233939. [PMID: 36497198 PMCID: PMC9738082 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In light of the increased popularity of phytocannabinoids (pCBs) and their appearance in beauty products without rigorous research on their rejuvenation efficacy, we decided to investigate the potential role of pCBs in skin rejuvenation. Utilizing healthy and stress-induced premature senescent (SIPS) CCD-1064Sk skin fibroblasts, the effects of pCBs on cellular viability, functional activity, metabolic function, and nuclear architecture were tested. Both delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) within the range of 0.5 µM to 2.0 µM increased cell growth in a dose-dependent manner while significantly decreasing senescence as measured by beta-galactosidase activity. Utilizing a scratch assay, both THC and CBD (2.0 µM) significantly improved wound healing in both healthy and SIPS fibroblasts. THC and CBD altered nuclear architecture and mRNA levels of cell cycle regulators and genes involved in ECM production. Subsequently, we found ELN, Cyclin D1, PCNA, and BID protein levels altered by SIPS but ameliorated after pCBs exposure in human dermal fibroblasts. Lastly, we compared the efficacy of THC and CBD with common anti-aging nutrient signaling regulators in replicative senescent adult human dermal fibroblasts, CCD-1135Sk. Both THC and CBD were found to improve wound healing better than metformin, rapamycin, and triacetylresveratrol in replicative senescent CCD-1135Sk fibroblasts. Therefore, pCBs can be a valuable source of biologically active substances used in cosmetics, and more studies using clinical trials should be performed to confirm the efficacy of phytocannabinoids.
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Kupczyk P, Rykala M, Serek P, Pawlak A, Slowikowski B, Holysz M, Chodaczek G, Madej JP, Ziolkowski P, Niedzwiedz A. The cannabinoid receptors system in horses: Tissue distribution and cellular identification in skin. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:1508-1524. [PMID: 35801813 PMCID: PMC9308437 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is composed of cannabinoid receptors type 1 (CBR1) and type 2 (CBR2), cannabinoid-based ligands (endogenous chemically synthesized phytocannabinoids), and endogenous enzymes controlling their concentrations. Cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) have been identified in invertebrates and in almost all vertebrate species in the central and peripheral nervous system as well as in immune cells, where they control neuroimmune homeostasis. In humans, rodents, dogs, and cats, CBRs expression has been confirmed in the skin, and their expression and tissue distribution become disordered in pathological conditions. Cannabinoid receptors may be a possible therapeutic target in skin diseases. OBJECTIVES To characterize the distribution and cellular expression of CBRs in the skin of horses under normal conditions. ANIMALS Fifteen healthy horses. METHODS Using full-thickness skin punch biopsy samples, skin-derived primary epidermal keratinocytes and dermal-derived cells, we performed analysis of Cnr1 and Cnr2 genes using real-time PCR and CBR1 and CBR2 protein expression by confocal microscopy and Western blotting. RESULTS Normal equine skin, including equine epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblast-like cells, all exhibited constant gene and protein expression of CBRs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Our results represent a starting point for developing and translating new veterinary medicine-based pharmacotherapies using ECS as a possible target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kupczyk
- Division of General and Experimental Pathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marta Rykala
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Serek
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Pawlak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Slowikowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Karol Marcinkowski Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marcin Holysz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Karol Marcinkowski Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Chodaczek
- Bioimaging Laboratory, Lukasiewicz Research Network - PORT Polish Center for Technology Development, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jan P Madej
- Department of Immunology, Pathophysiology and Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Ziolkowski
- Division of General and Experimental Pathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Artur Niedzwiedz
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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Rynkowska A, Stępniak J, Karbownik-Lewińska M. Melatonin and Indole-3-Propionic Acid Reduce Oxidative Damage to Membrane Lipids Induced by High Iron Concentrations in Porcine Skin. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11080571. [PMID: 34436334 PMCID: PMC8400501 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11080571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Iron excess in tissues results in increased oxidative damage. Among different tissues, the skin can particularly be severely damaged by oxidative stress, as it is exposed not only to endogenous but also directly to exogenous pro-oxidants. The skin is especially vulnerable to harmful oxidative stress. Melatonin and indole-3-propionic acid (IPA), two indole substances, are efficient antioxidants. This study aims to evaluate the potential protective effects of melatonin and IPA against oxidative damage to membrane lipids (lipid peroxidation (LPO)), induced in porcine skin homogenates by the Fenton reaction (Fe2+ + H2O2 → Fe3+ + •OH + OH−) when iron is used in extremely high concentrations. Skin homogenates were incubated in the presence of FeSO4 (2400, 1200, 600, 300, 150 and 75 µM) + H2O2 (5 mM) with/without melatonin or IPA. LPO level (MDA + 4-HDA/mg protein) was measured spectrophotometrically. Melatonin, in its highest used concentration (5.0 mM), prevented FeSO4 (1200 mM)-induced LPO, whereas it was effective in concentrations as low as 2.5 mM against all lower iron concentrations. IPA was protective in concentrations as low as 2.5 mM independently of FeSO4 concentration. In conclusion, melatonin and IPA effectively protect against oxidative damage to membrane lipids induced by high concentrations of iron in porcine skin; therefore, both can be considered pharmacological agents in the case of disorders associated with excessive iron accumulation in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Rynkowska
- Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Łódź, Poland; (A.R.); (J.S.)
| | - Jan Stępniak
- Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Łódź, Poland; (A.R.); (J.S.)
| | - Małgorzata Karbownik-Lewińska
- Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Łódź, Poland; (A.R.); (J.S.)
- Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital—Research Institute, 93-338 Łódź, Poland
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +48-42-272-5249
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