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Maity S, Dokania P, Goenka M, Rahul S, Are RP, Sarkar A. Techno-economic feasibility and life cycle assessment analysis for a developed novel biosorbent-based arsenic bio-filter system. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:79. [PMID: 38367087 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01839-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Significant aquifers around the world is contaminated by arsenic (As), that is regarded as a serious inorganic pollution. In this study, a biosorbent-based bio-filter column has been developed using two different plant biomasses (Colocasia esculenta stems and Artocarpus heterophyllus seeds) to remove total As from the aqueous system. Due to its natural origin, affordability, adaptability, removal effectiveness, and possibility for integration with existing systems, the biosorbent-based bio-filter column presents an alluring and promising method. It offers a practical and eco-friendly way to lessen the damaging impacts of heavy metal contamination on ecosystems and public health. In this system, As (III) is oxidized to As (V) using chlorine as an oxidant, after this post-oxidized As-contaminated water is passed through the bio-filter column to receive As-free water (or below World Health Organization permissible limit for As in drinking water). Optimization of inlet flow rate, interference of co-existing anions and cations, and life cycle of the column were studied. The maximum removal percent of As was identified to be 500 µg L-1 of initial concentration at a flow rate of 1.5 L h-1. Furthermore, the specifications of the biosorbent material was studied using elemental analysis and Zeta potential. The particle size distribution, morphological structures, and chemical composition before and after binding with As were studied using dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), and fourier's transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, respectively. SuperPro 10 software was used to analyze the techno-economic viability of the complete unit and determine its ideal demand and potential. Life cycle assessment was studied to interpret the environmental impacts associated alongside the process system. Therefore, this bio-filtration system could have a potential application in rural, urban, and industrial sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Maity
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Puja Dokania
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Manav Goenka
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - S Rahul
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, 600036, India
| | - Ramakrishna P Are
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Angana Sarkar
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India.
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Ruiz-García A, Al-Obaidi MA, Nuez I, Mujtaba IM. Impact of SWMM Fouling and Position on the Performance of SWRO Systems in Operating Conditions of Minimum SEC. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:676. [PMID: 37505042 PMCID: PMC10385730 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13070676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Due to water stress in the world in general desalination technologies are becoming increasingly important. Among the available technologies, reverse osmosis (RO) is the most widespread due to its reliability and efficiency compared to other technologies. The main weakness of RO is the loss of performance due to membrane fouling, which usually affects the water permeability coefficient (A), causing it to decrease. In RO desalination plants, fouling does not affect all spiral wound membrane modules (SWMMs) in the pressure vessels (PVs) in the same way. This will depend on the type of fouling and the position of the SWMM inside the PV. In this study, the impact of A and the position of the SWMM on the performance of the RO system is analyzed. For this purpose, decrements of up to 50% have been assumed for the seven SWMMs in series considering nine commercial SWMM models. The operating point analyzed is that which minimizes the specific energy consumption (SEC), a point obtained in a previous work carried out by the authors. The results show how the impact of A on the SWMM in the first position is more significant than the impact on modules that are in another position for the nine SWRO models studied. A drop of 50% in the coefficient A of the first element produces a permeate loss in the pressure pipe between 0.67 and 1.35 m3 d-1. Furthermore, it was observed that the models with the lowest coefficient A exhibited the highest performance losses in terms of permeate production when A was decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Ruiz-García
- Department of Electronic Engineering and Automation, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Mudhar A Al-Obaidi
- Department of Computer Techniques, Technical Institute of Baquba, Middle Technical University, Baquba 00964, Iraq
| | - Ignacio Nuez
- Department of Electronic Engineering and Automation, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Iqbal M Mujtaba
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
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Gtari O, Hamdi M, Hazami M. Energy behaviour and economic analysis of a photovoltaic-thermal (PV/T) collector coupled with a reverse osmosis (RO) desalination unit in Tunisian climatic conditions: a feasibility study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27929-8. [PMID: 37286824 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27929-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Water scarcity affects about one billion people in the world. Around two billion people could be living in water-stressed areas by 2050. For this reason, the desalination is always evolving due to the importance of the water resources found in the seas and brackish water. As these systems are generally energy intensive, the use of a renewable energy source is among the most appropriate solution. In this paper, both experimental and numerical investigations have been conducted to evaluate the performances and the economic viability of a photovoltaic-thermal collector intended to supply a reverse osmosis (RO) unit. Experimental study is based on the input-output and dynamic system testing (DST) according to ISO 9459-5 standard method and computations use the energy and mass balances of the PV/T collector and the RO plant. Results of DST testing showed that the loss coefficient of the PV/T, the tank loss coefficient and the total tank heat capacity are 10.46 W.m-2.K-1, 1.596 W.K-1 and 388 MJ.K-1, respectively. The ability to couple the RO technology to PV/T systems has been demonstrated. The complete system has been simulated for a water salinity of 10,000 ppm and climatic data of Borj-Cedria (Tunisia) site (longitude 10° 25' 41″ E and latitude 36° 43' 04″ N). Numerical investigations showed that the electricity needs of a small off-grid desalination unit could be met by using a 6.48 m2 PV/T panel surface area. In this case, the purified water produced has a salinity of 1500 ppm and the flow rate is 24,000 l/day. For a grid connected site, the produced and auxiliary powers are found to be equal to 54% and 21%, respectively. Moreover, the economic cost of adding a PV/T system into an existing RO unit has been evaluated and the results showed that the payback period is 6 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oumayma Gtari
- Thermal Process Laboratory, Research and Technologies Centre of Energy, Box 95, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia.
| | - Mohamed Hamdi
- Laboratory of Wind Power Control and Waste Energy Recovery, Research and Technologies Centre of Energy, Box 95, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Majdi Hazami
- Thermal Process Laboratory, Research and Technologies Centre of Energy, Box 95, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
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Nambikkattu J, Thomas AA, Kaleekkal NJ, Arumugham T, Hasan SW, Vigneswaran S. ZnO/PDA/Mesoporous Cellular Foam Functionalized Thin-Film Nanocomposite Membrane towards Enhanced Nanofiltration Performance. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:membranes13050486. [PMID: 37233547 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13050486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes are the third-generation membranes being explored for nanofiltration applications. Incorporating nanofillers in the dense selective polyamide (PA) layer improves the permeability-selectivity trade-off. The mesoporous cellular foam composite Zn-PDA-MCF-5 was used as a hydrophilic filler in this study to prepare TFN membranes. Incorporating the nanomaterial onto the TFN-2 membrane resulted in a decrease in the water contact angle and suppression of the membrane surface roughness. The pure water permeability of 6.40 LMH bar-1 at the optimal loading ratio of 0.25 wt.% obtained was higher than the TFN-0 (4.20 LMH bar-1). The optimal TFN-2 demonstrated a high rejection of small-sized organics (>95% rejection for 2,4-dichlorophenol over five cycles) and salts-Na2SO4 (≈95%) > MgCl2 (≈88%) > NaCl (86%) through size sieving and Donnan exclusion mechanisms. Furthermore, the flux recovery ratio for TFN-2 increased from 78.9 to 94.2% when challenged with a model protein foulant (bovine serum albumin), indicating improved anti-fouling abilities. Overall, these findings provided a concrete step forward in fabricating TFN membranes that are highly suitable for wastewater treatment and desalination applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Nambikkattu
- Membrane Separation Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut (NITC), Kozhikode 673601, India
| | - Anoopa Ann Thomas
- Membrane Separation Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut (NITC), Kozhikode 673601, India
| | - Noel Jacob Kaleekkal
- Membrane Separation Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut (NITC), Kozhikode 673601, India
| | - Thanigaivelan Arumugham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Membranes and Advanced Water Technology (CMAT), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shadi W Hasan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Membranes and Advanced Water Technology (CMAT), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saravanamuthu Vigneswaran
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
- Faculty of Sciences &, Technology (RealTek), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 As, Norway
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Wei C, Lao Y, Ouyang R, Zhang G, Huang G, Deng F, Tan Q, Lin G, Zhou H. Evaluation of Different Reverse Osmosis Membranes for Textile Dyeing and Finishing Wastewater Reuse. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:420. [PMID: 37103847 PMCID: PMC10142955 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13040420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Different commercial reverse osmosis (RO) membranes from Vontron and DuPont Filmtec were evaluated for textile dyeing and finishing wastewater (TDFW) reuse in China. All six tested RO membranes produced qualified permeate meeting TDFW reuse standards at a water recovery ratio (WRR) of 70% in single batch tests. The rapid decline of apparent specific flux at WRR over 50% was mainly ascribed to feed osmotic pressure increase caused by concentrating effects. Multiple batch tests using Vontron HOR and DuPont Filmtec BW RO membranes with comparable permeability and selectivity demonstrated the reproducibility and showed low fouling development. The occurrence of carbonate scaling on both RO membranes was identified by scanning electron microscopy and energy disperse spectroscopy. No obvious organic fouling was detected on both RO membranes by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. From the orthogonal tests, with an integrated RO membrane performance index (i.e., 25% rejection ratio of total organic carbon + 25% rejection ratio of conductivity + 50% flux ratio of final to initial) as a target, the optimal parameters were determined as WRR of 60%, cross-flow velocity (CFV) of 1.0 m/s, temperature (T) of 20 °C for both RO membranes, while trans-membrane pressures (TMP) of 2 and 4 MPa were optimal for Vontron HOR RO membrane and DuPont Filmtec BW RO membrane, respectively. Both RO membranes with the optimal parameters produced good permeate quality for TDFW reuse and kept a high flux ratio of final to initial, demonstrating the effectiveness of the orthogonal tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhai Wei
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Y.L.); (R.O.); (G.H.); (F.D.); (Q.T.); (G.L.)
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yequan Lao
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Y.L.); (R.O.); (G.H.); (F.D.); (Q.T.); (G.L.)
| | - Rulu Ouyang
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Y.L.); (R.O.); (G.H.); (F.D.); (Q.T.); (G.L.)
| | - Guorui Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3122, USA;
| | - Guijing Huang
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Y.L.); (R.O.); (G.H.); (F.D.); (Q.T.); (G.L.)
| | - Feilong Deng
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Y.L.); (R.O.); (G.H.); (F.D.); (Q.T.); (G.L.)
| | - Qicheng Tan
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Y.L.); (R.O.); (G.H.); (F.D.); (Q.T.); (G.L.)
| | - Genghao Lin
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Y.L.); (R.O.); (G.H.); (F.D.); (Q.T.); (G.L.)
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Y.L.); (R.O.); (G.H.); (F.D.); (Q.T.); (G.L.)
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China
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He X, Chen W, Jiang Z, Wang Q, Li B, Li XY, Lin L. Importance of the conductivity and specific surface area of electrode particles to the desalination performance and energy efficiency of flow-electrode capacitive deionization. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Lester Y, Hazut A, Spanier A. Formation of Organic Fouling during Membrane Desalination: The Effect of Divalent Cations and the Use of an Online Visual Monitoring Method. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1177. [PMID: 36557084 PMCID: PMC9783477 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12121177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Reverse osmosis (RO) is the most popular technology for brackish, seawater and wastewater desalination. An important drawback of RO is membrane fouling, which reduces filtration effectiveness and increase the cost of produced water. This study addresses two important topics of membrane fouling: (i) the impact of different divalent ions on the formation of organic fouling and (ii) online monitoring and prediction of fouling formation. In the absence of divalent ions, dissolved organic matter had little effect on fouling formation, even at 3.5 mgC/L, in the upper range of groundwater concentration. Calcium, strontium and iron enhanced (organic) fouling formation, whereas barium had negligible effect. However, while iron affected fouling throughout the entire tested range (0-0.5 mg/L), calcium and strontium enhanced organic fouling only at high concentrations: more than 140 mg/L and 10 mg/L for calcium and strontium, respectively. An online system was developed for monitoring the formation of organic fouling, consisting of (i) an ex-situ RO cell with a transparent cover, (ii) a video camera continually monitoring the surface of the membrane and (iii) an algorithm which automatically identified changes in the color of the membrane caused by fouling, using a specially designed membrane spacer with colored reference dots. Changes in the color of the membrane surface were normalized to the reference colors, to eliminate all non-fouling related interference. The system was used to record and analyze changes in membrane color during numerous filtration tests. The data was successfully correlated to changes in specific flux (and subsequently to fouling formation rate) and can be applied to monitor and predict the formation of membrane fouling during desalination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaal Lester
- Environmental Technologies, Department of Materials Engineering, Azrieli College of Engineering, Jerusalem 9103501, Israel
| | - Amit Hazut
- Environmental Technologies, Department of Materials Engineering, Azrieli College of Engineering, Jerusalem 9103501, Israel
| | - Assaf Spanier
- Department of Software Engineering, Azrieli College of Engineering, Jerusalem 9103501, Israel
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Rybalkina O, Solonchenko K, Chuprynina D, Pismenskaya N, Nikonenko V. Effect of Pulsed Electric Field on the Electrodialysis Performance of Phosphate-Containing Solutions. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1107. [PMID: 36363662 PMCID: PMC9693851 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12111107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A comparative analysis of mass transfer characteristics and energy consumption was carried out for the electrodialysis recovery of PV from of NaH2PO4 solutions and multicomponent (0.045 M NaxH(3-x)PO4, 0.02 M KCl, 0.045 M KOH, 0.028 M CaCl2, and 0.012 M MgCl2, pH 6.0 ± 0.1) solution in conventional continuous current (CC) and pulsed electric field (PEF) modes. The advantages of using PEF in comparison with CC mode are shown to increase the current efficiency and reduce energy consumption, as well as reduce scaling on heterogeneous anion-exchange membranes. It has been shown that PEF contributes to the suppression of the "acid dissociation" phenomenon, which is specific for anion-exchange membranes in phosphate-containing solutions. Pulse and pause lapse 0.1 s-0.1 s and duty cycle 1/2 were found to be optimal among the studied PEF parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olesya Rybalkina
- Physical Chemistry Department, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya Str., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Ksenia Solonchenko
- Physical Chemistry Department, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya Str., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Daria Chuprynina
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya Str., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Natalia Pismenskaya
- Physical Chemistry Department, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya Str., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Victor Nikonenko
- Physical Chemistry Department, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya Str., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
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Ataei Far H, Hassani AH, Taghavi L, Fazeli M, Rashidi Mehrabadi A. Electro dialysis reversal (EDR) performance for reject brine treatment of reverse osmosis desalination system. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273240. [PMID: 36001606 PMCID: PMC9401187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the performance of bench-scale EDR was evaluated using the samples taken from the 1st and the 2nd stage RO from the Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis (BWRO) plant in Eshtehard, Iran. The measurements indicated that original TDS of the aquifer brackish water was equal to 3,229–3,664 mg/L, whereas TDS of the 1st stage RO brine was between 5,500 and 7,700 mg/L, that TDS of the 2nd stage RO brine was in the range of 9,500–10,600 mg/L. A batch bench-scale EDR system of 12 l/h was used with a direct electric current at three different scenarios. In the first, the brine was fed at 20°C (as a reference regulated point). In the second, temperature (14, 20, 26.5°C), and in the third, voltage were changed (6, 12, 18, 24 V) to investigate their influences on performance of the EDR process, while the other operational parameters (feed flow rate, recovery ratio, quality of feed brine)were kept constant. Based on the data analysis using the ANOVA and DUNCAN tests for the second and third scenarios, it was observed that the optimum TDS removal efficiency of the EDR process can be at temperature of 26.5°C and voltage of 18 V. On the other hand, the successful performance of the bench-scale EDR in reducing the 29,000 mg/L TDS and the 45,000 μmhos/cm EC of the 2nd stage brine to 1,716 mg/L (TDS) and 2,640 μmhos/cm (EC) (at 26.5°C and 24V) could be considered as the main achievement of this research. Overall, the hybrid process RO-EDR-RO can be considered as the best technical, environmental and economical scenario for the development of Eshtehard Desalination Plant phase 2 at full scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Ataei Far
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hessam Hassani
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lobat Taghavi
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Mojtaba Fazeli
- Department of Water and Wastewater Engineering, Faculty of Civil, Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdollah Rashidi Mehrabadi
- Department of Water and Wastewater Engineering, Faculty of Civil, Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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Saud A, Saleem H, Zaidi SJ. Progress and Prospects of Nanocellulose-Based Membranes for Desalination and Water Treatment. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12050462. [PMID: 35629789 PMCID: PMC9147932 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12050462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-based desalination has proved to be the best solution for solving the water shortage issues globally. Membranes are extremely beneficial in the effective recovery of clean water from contaminated water sources, however, the durability as well as the separation efficiency of the membranes are restricted by the type of membrane materials/additives used in the preparation processes. Nanocellulose is one of the most promising green materials for nanocomposite preparation due to its biodegradability, renewability, abundance, easy modification, and exceptional mechanical properties. This nanocellulose has been used in membrane development for desalination application in the recent past. The study discusses the application of membranes based on different nanocellulose forms such as cellulose nanocrystals, cellulose nanofibrils, and bacterial nanocellulose for water desalination applications such as nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, pervaporation, forward osmosis, and membrane distillation. From the analysis of studies, it was confirmed that the nanocellulose-based membranes are effective in the desalination application. The chemical modification of nanocellulose can definitely improve the surface affinity as well as the reactivity of membranes for the efficient separation of specific contaminants/ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Saud
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; (A.S.); (H.S.)
- Industrial Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Haleema Saleem
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; (A.S.); (H.S.)
| | - Syed Javaid Zaidi
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; (A.S.); (H.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +974-44037723
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Desalination and Detoxification of Textile Wastewater by Novel Photocatalytic Electrolysis Membrane Reactor for Ecosafe Hydroponic Farming. MEMBRANES 2021; 12:membranes12010010. [PMID: 35054537 PMCID: PMC8777688 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel photoelectrocatalytic membrane (PECM) reactor was tested as an option for the desalination, disinfection, and detoxification of biologically treated textile wastewater (BTTWW), with the aim to reuse it in hydroponic farming. The anionic ion exchange (IEX) process was used before PECM treatment to remove toxic residual dyes. The toxicity evaluation for every effluent was carried out using the Vibrio fischeri, Microtox® test protocol. The disinfection effect of the PECM reactor was studied against E. coli. After PECM treatment, the 78.7% toxicity level of the BTTWW was reduced to 14.6%. However, photocatalytic desalination during treatment was found to be slow (2.5 mg L-1 min-1 at 1 V potential). The reactor demonstrated approximately 52% COD and 63% TOC removal efficiency. The effects of wastewater reuse on hydroponic production were comparatively investigated by following the growth of the lettuce plant. A detrimental effect was observed on the lettuce plant by the reuse of BTTWW, while no negative impact was reported using the PECM treated textile wastewater. In addition, all macro/micronutrient elements in the PECM treated textile wastewater were recovered by hydroponic farming, and the PECM treatment may be an eco-safe wastewater reuse method for crop irrigation.
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Effect of Temperature on Diluate Water in Batch Electrodialysis Reversal. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8120229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A high percentage of the agricultural wells in the state of Sonora are overexploited, thus generating a significant degree of saline intrusion and abandonment by nearby communities. In this paper, the effect of temperature on the final concentration of diluted water was evaluated with variations in voltage and input concentration in a batch electrodialysis reversal (EDR) process in order to find the optimal operating conditions, with an emphasis on reducing the energy consumption and cost of desalinated water. Thirty-six samples were prepared: eighteen samples of 2000 mg/L total dissolved solids (TDS) and eighteen samples of 5000 mg/L TDS; brackish well water of 639 mg/L TDS and synthetic salt were mixed to obtain these concentrations. Three different temperatures (25, 30, and 35 °C) and two different voltages (10 and 20 V) were tested for each sample after evaluating the limiting current density. The best salt removal occurred in the 20 V sets, with 18.34% higher removal for the 2000 mg/L TDS experiments and 25.05% for the 5000 mg/L experiments (average between the 25 to 35 °C tests). The temperature positively affected the EDR, especially in the experiments at 10 V, where increasing by 10 °C increased the efficiency by 10.83% and 24.69% for 2000 and 5000 mg/L TDS, respectively. The energy consumption was lower with increasing temperature (35 °C), as it decreased by 1.405% and 1.613% for the 2000 and 5000 mg/L TDS concentrations, respectively (average between the 10 and 20 V tests), thus decreasing the cost per m3 of water.
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A Review on Promising Membrane Technology Approaches for Heavy Metal Removal from Water and Wastewater to Solve Water Crisis. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13223241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to the impacts of water scarcity, the world is looking at all possible solutions for decreasing the over-exploitation of finite freshwater resources. Wastewater is one of the most reliable and accessible water supplies. As the population expands, so do industrial, agricultural, and household operations in order to meet man’s enormous demands. These operations generate huge amounts of wastewater, which may be recovered and used for a variety of reasons. Conventional wastewater treatment techniques have had some success in treating effluents for discharge throughout the years. However, advances in wastewater treatment techniques are required to make treated wastewater suitable for industrial, agricultural, and household use. Diverse techniques for removing heavy metal ions from various water and wastewater sources have been described. These treatments can be categorized as adsorption, membrane, chemical, or electric. Membrane technology has been developed as a popular alternative for recovering and reusing water from various water and wastewater sources. This study integrates useful membrane technology techniques for water and wastewater treatment containing heavy metals, with the objective of establishing a low-cost, high-efficiency method as well as ideal production conditions: low-cost, high-efficiency selective membranes, and maximum flexibility and selectivity. Future studies should concentrate on eco-friendly, cost-effective, and long-term materials and procedures.
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Tian J, Zhao X, Gao S, Wang X, Zhang R. Progress in Research and Application of Nanofiltration (NF) Technology for Brackish Water Treatment. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:662. [PMID: 34564479 PMCID: PMC8468185 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11090662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Brackish water is a potential fresh water resource with lower salt content than seawater. Desalination of brackish water is an important option to alleviate the prevalent water crisis around the world. As a membrane technology ranging between UF and RO, NF can achieve the partial desalination via size exclusion and charge exclusion. So, it has been widely concerned and applied in treatment of brackish water during the past several decades. Hereon, an overview of the progress in research on and application of NF technology for brackish water treatment is provided. On the basis of expounding the features of brackish water, the factors affecting NF efficiency, including the feed water characteristics, operating conditions and NF membrane properties, are analyzed. For the ubiquitous membrane fouling problem, three preventive fouling control strategies including feed water pretreatment, optimization of operating conditions and selection of anti-fouling membranes are summarized. In addition, membrane cleaning methods for restoring the fouled membrane are discussed. Furthermore, the combined utilization of NF with other membrane technologies is reviewed. Finally, future research prospects are proposed to deal with the current existing problems. Lessons gained from this review are expected to promote the sustainable development of brackish water treatment with NF technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Tian
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China; (J.T.); (X.Z.); (S.G.)
| | - Xingrui Zhao
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China; (J.T.); (X.Z.); (S.G.)
| | - Shanshan Gao
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China; (J.T.); (X.Z.); (S.G.)
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- School of Architectural Engineering, Sanming University, Sanming 365004, China;
| | - Ruijun Zhang
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China; (J.T.); (X.Z.); (S.G.)
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Economics and Energy Consumption of Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis Desalination: Innovations and Impacts of Feedwater Quality. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11080616. [PMID: 34436379 PMCID: PMC8399043 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11080616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Brackish water desalination, using the reverse osmosis (BWRO) process, has become common in global regions, where vast reserves of brackish groundwater are found (e.g., the United States, North Africa). A literature survey and detailed analyses of several BWRO facilities in Florida have revealed some interesting and valuable information on the costs and energy use. Depending on the capacity, water quality, and additional scope items, the capital cost (CAPEX) ranges from USD 500 to USD 2947/m3 of the capacity (USD 690-USD 4067/m3 corrected for inflation to 2020). The highest number was associated with the City of Cape Coral North Plant, Florida, which had an expanded project scope. The general range of the operating cost (OPEX) is USD 0.39 to USD 0.66/m3 (cannot be corrected for inflation), for a range of capacities from 10,000 to 70,000 m3/d. The feed-water quality, in the range of 2000 to 6000 mg/L of the total dissolved solids, does not significantly impact the OPEX. There is a significant scaling trend, with OPEX cost reducing as plant capacity increases, but there is considerable scatter based on the pre- and post-treatment complexity. Many BWRO facilities operate with long-term increases in the salinity of the feedwater (groundwater), caused by pumping-induced vertical and horizontal migration of the higher salinity water. Any cost and energy increase that is caused by the higher feed water salinity, can be significantly mitigated by using energy recovery, which is not commonly used in BWRO operations. OPEX in BWRO systems is likely to remain relatively constant, based on the limitation on the plant capacity, caused by the brackish water availability at a given site. Seawater reverse osmosis facilities, with a very large capacity, have a lower OPEX compared to the upper range of BWRO, because of capacity scaling, special electrical energy deals, and process design certainty.
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Saravi SH, Panagiotopoulos AZ. Individual Ion Activity Coefficients in Aqueous Electrolytes from Explicit-Water Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:8511-8521. [PMID: 34319101 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c04019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We compute individual ion activity coefficients (IIACs) in aqueous NaCl, KCl, NaF, and KF solutions from explicit-water molecular dynamics simulations. Free energy changes are obtained from insertion of single ions-accompanied by uniform neutralizing backgrounds-into solution by gradually turning on first Lennard-Jones interactions, followed by Coulombic interactions using Ewald electrostatics. Simulations are performed at multiple system sizes, and all results are extrapolated to the thermodynamic limit, thus eliminating any possible artifacts from the neutralizing backgrounds. Because of controversies associated with measurements of IIACs from electrochemical cells with ion-selective electrodes, the reported experimental data are not widely accepted; thus there remains a knowledge gap with respect to the contributions of individual ions to solution nonidealities. Our results are in good qualitative agreement with these reported measurements, though significantly larger in magnitude. In particular, the relative positioning for the activity coefficients of anions and cations matches the experimental ordering for all four systems. This work establishes a robust thermodynamic framework, without a need to invoke extra hypotheses, that sheds light on the behavior of individual ions and their contributions to nonidealities of aqueous electrolyte solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Hassanjani Saravi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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Ling B, Xie P, Ladner D, Battiato I. Dynamic Modeling of Fouling in Reverse Osmosis Membranes. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:349. [PMID: 34068543 PMCID: PMC8151604 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11050349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
During reverse osmosis (RO) membrane filtration, performance is dramatically affected by fouling, which concurrently decreases the permeate flux while increasing the energy required to operate the system. Comprehensive design and optimization of RO systems are best served by an understanding of the coupling between membrane shape, local flow field, and fouling; however, current studies focus exclusively on simplified steady-state models that ignore the dynamic coupling between fluid flow, solute transport, and foulant accumulation. We developed a customized solver (SUMs: Stanford University Membrane Solver) under the open source finite volume simulator OpenFOAM to solve transient Navier-Stokes, advection-diffusion, and adsorption-desorption equations for foulant accumulation. We implemented two permeate flux reduction models at the membrane boundary: the resistance-in-series (RIS) model and the effective-pressure-drop (EPD) model. The two models were validated against filtration experiments by comparing the equilibrium flux, pressure drop, and fouling pattern on the membrane. Both models not only predict macroscopic quantities (e.g., permeate flux and pressure drop) but also the fouling pattern developed on the membrane, with a good match with experimental results. Furthermore, the models capture the temporal evolution of foulant accumulation and its coupling with flux reduction.
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Ivić I, Kopjar M, Obhođaš J, Vinković A, Pichler D, Mesić J, Pichler A. Concentration with Nanofiltration of Red Wine Cabernet Sauvignon Produced from Conventionally and Ecologically Grown Grapes: Effect on Volatile Compounds and Chemical Composition. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11050320. [PMID: 33925755 PMCID: PMC8145285 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11050320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ecological viticulture represent an upward trend in many countries. Unlike conventional viticulture, it avoids the use of chemical fertilizers and other additives, minimizing the impact of chemicals on the environment and human health. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of nanofiltration (NF) process on volatiles and chemical composition of conventional and ecological Cabernet Sauvignon red wine. The NF process was conducted on laboratory Alfa Laval LabUnit M20 (De Danske Sukkerfabrikker, Nakskov, Denmark) equipped with six NF M20 membranes in a plate module, at two temperature regimes, with and without cooling and four pressures (2.5, 3.5, 4.5 and 5.5 MPa). Different processing parameters significantly influenced the permeate flux which increased when higher pressure was applied. In initial wines and obtained retentates, volatile compounds, chemical composition and elements concentration were determined. The results showed that the higher pressure and retentate cooling was more favourable for total volatiles retention than lower pressure and higher temperature. Individual compound retention depended on its chemical properties, applied processing parameters and wine composition. Nanofiltration process resulted in lower concentrations of ethanol, acetic acid (>50%), 4-ethylphenol and 4-ethylguaiacol (>90%). Different composition of initial feed (conventional and ecological wine) had an important impact on retention of elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Ivić
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University, F. Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (I.I.); (M.K.)
| | - Mirela Kopjar
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University, F. Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (I.I.); (M.K.)
| | - Jasmina Obhođaš
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (J.O.); (A.V.)
| | - Andrija Vinković
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (J.O.); (A.V.)
| | | | - Josip Mesić
- Polytechnic in Požega, Vukovarska 17, 34000 Požega, Croatia;
| | - Anita Pichler
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University, F. Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (I.I.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence:
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