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Venkatesh SS, Vellaichamy P, Thirumalachari S, Ramalingam V, Doraiswamy Raju M. Experimental investigation and comparison of PBI/MWCNT and PSF/MWCNT membranes for recovering water from RO reject of brackish water by FO. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28455. [PMID: 38586360 PMCID: PMC10998056 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The performances of polybenzimidazole (PBI) and polysulfone (PSF) membranes for recovering water from reverse osmosis (RO) reject of brackish water through forward osmosis (FO) were assessed and compared. Non-functionalised multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were added to the membrane casting solutions, with concentrations ranging from 0 to 3 wt%. The experiment was conducted for eight samples using RO reject of brackish water as the feed solution (FS) and 2 M analytical grade MgCl2 as the draw solution (DS). The hydrophilicity, water permeability, salt rejection rate (Rs), water flux (WF) and porosity of the membranes improved with increasing MWCNT content up to 2 wt%. Also, the structural parameter, salt permeability and reverse solute flux decreased. PBI/MWCNT2 wt% exhibited the best performance among the membranes tested compared with porosity of 70 ± 4 %, structural parameter of 0.36 ± 0.2 μm, and Rs of 93.5 %. In contrast with the pristine PBI membrane, an average water flux enhancement of 15 % and 49 % was observed for the FS and DS sides, respectively, for PBI/MWCNT2 wt%. It is evident from the results that including MWCNT improves the performance of both membranes, with better relative performance for PBI membranes than PSF membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pandiyarajan Vellaichamy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, AC Tech, Anna University, Chennai, 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sundararajan Thirumalachari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Velraj Ramalingam
- Institute for Energy Studies, Anna University, Chennai, 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohan Doraiswamy Raju
- Department of Chemical Engineering, AC Tech, Anna University, Chennai, 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
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Yasmeen M, Nawaz MS, Manzoor K, Khan SJ, Ghaffour N. Evaluating dye recovery and reusability potential from dyebath effluent using forward osmosis membranes for minimum liquid discharge. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 338:139433. [PMID: 37419149 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the evaluation of dye recovery and reuse potential from denim and polyester effluents using forward osmosis (FO). A cationic surfactant, tetraethylammonium bromide (TEAB), was used as the draw solution (DS). After optimizing the DS and feed solution (FS) concentrations and temperatures in batch experiments, a DS concentration of 0.75 M was selected at a 60 °C temperature for the semi-continuous mode. It generated a high flux of 18 L/m2/h and a low reverse solute flux (RSF) of 0.4 g/m2/h with 100% dye rejection. Dye reconcentration of 82-98% was achieved in the dyebath effluents. The unique property of surfactants to combine hundreds of monomers into micelle resulted in negligible RSF. Reversible fouling was observed on the membrane active layer, and NaOH and citric acid cleaning achieved about 95% of flux recovery. The functional groups on the membrane's active layer remained undisturbed due to foulant interactions showing its chemical stability against reactive dyes. Recovered dye characterization using 1D proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR) analysis depicted a 100% structural resemblance to the original dye. Hence, it can be reused for dyeing the next batch. Diluted TEAB solution can be used as fabric detergent and softener within the same textile industry in the finishing process. A minimum liquid and persistent pollutant (dyes) discharge is achieved by adopting the methodology proposed in this work with a strong potential of translating it to an industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Yasmeen
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (IESE), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saqib Nawaz
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kamran Manzoor
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (IESE), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sher Jamal Khan
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (IESE), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Noreddine Ghaffour
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; Environmental Science and Engineering Program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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Yasmeen M, Nawaz MS, Khan SJ, Ghaffour N, Khan MZ. Recovering and reuse of textile dyes from dyebath effluent using surfactant driven forward osmosis to achieve zero hazardous chemical discharge. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 230:119524. [PMID: 36584660 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This experimental study explores the feasibility of the reuse of dyes recovered from denim and polyester dyebath effluents using forward osmosis (FO) system to achieve zero hazardous material discharge. In batch experiments, the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at 0.5 M concentration generated an average flux of 3.5 L/m2/h (LMH) and reverse salt flux (RSF) of only 0.012 g/m2/h (GMH), while maintaining 100% dye rejection. This flux stability comes from the property of surfactants to form micelles and exert a stable osmotic pressure (π) above their critical micelle concentration (CMC). The low RSF is due to the greater micelle size. A colored fouling layer was formed on the membrane active layer (AL), which was easily removed using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and citric acid. According to Fourier transform infrared spectra and atomic forces microscopy images of the AL, the interaction between foulants and membrane active groups did not significantly affect the physiochemical properties of the membrane. In the semi-continuous experiment, a very stable average flux of 7.3 LMH and RSF of 0.03 GMH was obtained using 0.75 M SDS as draw solution. The stacked 1D proton nuclear magnetic resonance analysis (1HNMR) spectra of both original and recovered disperse dyes showed 100% similarity, which validates the concept that the recovered dyes maintained their integrity during reconcentration and can be reused in the next batch dyeing process. Importantly, the diluted SDS concentration can be directly reused within the same textile industry in scouring and finishing processes. The processes of dye recovery and reuse developed in this study do not produce any waste or hazardous by-products and are suitable for scale-up and onsite industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Yasmeen
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (IESE), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saqib Nawaz
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sher Jamal Khan
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (IESE), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Noreddine Ghaffour
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; Environmental Science and Engineering Program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Zafar Khan
- School of Chemicals and Materials Engineering (SCME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
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A. Aziz SNS, Abu Seman MN, Saufi SM, Mohammad AW, Khayet M. Effect of Methacrylic Acid Monomer on UV-Grafted Polyethersulfone Forward Osmosis Membrane. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:232. [PMID: 36837735 PMCID: PMC9967052 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13020232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
UV irradiation is one of the procedures that has been considered for membrane surface graft polymerization. It is commonly utilized for enhancing the wettability of polyethersulfone (PES) membranes. In this research study, the monomer methacrylic acid (MAA) was used for the UV grafting process of a commercial NF2 PES membrane for the preparation of a forward osmosis (FO) membrane. Three different monomer concentrations and three different UV irradiation times were considered. The intrinsic characteristics of both the surface-modified and pristine membranes were determined via a non-pressurized test method. Compared to the NF2 PES, the surface of the modified membranes was rendered more hydrophilic, as the measured water contact angle was reduced considerably from 65° to 32-58°. The membrane surface modification was also confirmed by the data collected from other techniques, such as atomic force microscopy (AFM), field emission-scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR). Additionally, the modified membranes exhibited a greater water permeate flux (Jw) compared to the NF2 PES membrane. In this study, the water permeability (A), solute permeability (B) and structural parameter (S) were determined via a two-stage FO non-pressurized test method, changing the membrane orientation. Compared to the FO pressurized test, smaller S values were obtained with significantly high A and B values for the two non-pressurized tests. The adopted method in the current study is more adequate for determining the intrinsic characteristics of FO membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. N. S. A. Aziz
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob, Kuantan, Gambang 26300, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - M. N. Abu Seman
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob, Kuantan, Gambang 26300, Pahang, Malaysia
- Earth Resources and Sustainability (ERAS) Centre, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob, Kuantan, Gambang 26300, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - S. M. Saufi
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob, Kuantan, Gambang 26300, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - A. W. Mohammad
- Chemical and Water Desalination Program, College of Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M. Khayet
- Department of Structure of Matter, Thermal Physics and Electronics, Faculty of Physics, University Complutense of Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies of Water (IMDEA Water Institute), Calle Punto Net No 4, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain
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Effect of the Incorporation of ZIF-8@GO into the Thin-Film Membrane on Salt Rejection and BSA Fouling. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12040436. [PMID: 35448406 PMCID: PMC9027943 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12040436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
A series of Zeolitic imidazole framework-8 (ZIF-8) clusters supported on graphene oxide (ZIF-8@GO) nanocomposites were prepared by varying the ratios of ZIF-8 to GO. The resultant nanocomposites were characterized using various techniques, such as Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy. These nanocomposites were incorporated into the thin film layer during interfacial polymerisation process of m-phenylenediamine (aqueous phase which contained the dispersed nanocomposites) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC, organic phase) at room temperature onto polyethersulfone (PES) ultrafiltration (UF) support membrane. The membrane surface morphology, cross section and surface roughness were characterized using SEM and AFM, respectively. Compared to the baseline membranes, the thin film nanofiltration (TFN) membranes exhibited improved pure water flux (from 1.66 up to 7.9 L.m-2h-1), salt rejection (from 40 to 98%) and fouling resistance (33 to 88%). Optimum ZIF-8 to GO ratio was established as indicated in observed pure water flux, salt rejection and BSA fouling resistance. Therefore, a balance in hydrophilic and porous effect of the filler was observed to lead to this observed membrane behaviour suggesting that careful filler design can result in performance gain for thin film composite (TFC) membranes for water treatment application.
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Idris SNA, Jullok N, Lau WJ, Ma’Radzi AH, Ong HL, Ramli MM, Dong CD. Modification of Thin Film Composite Pressure Retarded Osmosis Membrane by Polyethylene Glycol with Different Molecular Weights. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:282. [PMID: 35323758 PMCID: PMC8954429 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12030282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An investigation of the effect of the molecular weight of polyethylene glycol (PEG) on thin-film composite (TFC) flat sheet polysulfone membrane performance was conducted systematically, for application in forward osmosis (FO) and pressure retarded osmosis (PRO). The TFC flat sheet PSf-modified membranes were prepared via a non-solvent phase-separation technique by introducing PEGs of different molecular weights into the dope solution. The TFC flat sheet PSf-PEG membranes were characterized by SEM, FTIR and AFM. The PSf membrane modified with PEG 600 was found to have the optimum composition. Under FO mode, this modified membrane had a water permeability of 12.30 Lm-2h-1 and a power density of 2.22 Wm-2, under a pressure of 8 bar in PRO mode, using 1 M NaCl and deionized water as the draw and feed solutions, respectively. The high water permeability and good mechanical stability of the modified TFC flat sheet PSF-PEG membrane in this study suggests that this membrane has great potential in future osmotically powered generation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Nur Amirah Idris
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 3, Kawasan Perindustrian Jejawi, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia; (S.N.A.I.); (A.H.M.); (H.L.O.)
- Centre of Excellence for Biomass Utilization & Taiwan-Malaysia Innovation Centre for Clean Water and Sustainable Energy (WISE Center), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Lot 17, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 2, Jejawi, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Nora Jullok
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 3, Kawasan Perindustrian Jejawi, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia; (S.N.A.I.); (A.H.M.); (H.L.O.)
- Centre of Excellence for Biomass Utilization & Taiwan-Malaysia Innovation Centre for Clean Water and Sustainable Energy (WISE Center), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Lot 17, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 2, Jejawi, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Woei Jye Lau
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia—UTM, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia;
| | - Akmal Hadi Ma’Radzi
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 3, Kawasan Perindustrian Jejawi, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia; (S.N.A.I.); (A.H.M.); (H.L.O.)
- Centre of Excellence for Biomass Utilization & Taiwan-Malaysia Innovation Centre for Clean Water and Sustainable Energy (WISE Center), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Lot 17, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 2, Jejawi, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Hui Lin Ong
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 3, Kawasan Perindustrian Jejawi, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia; (S.N.A.I.); (A.H.M.); (H.L.O.)
- Centre of Excellence for Biomass Utilization & Taiwan-Malaysia Innovation Centre for Clean Water and Sustainable Energy (WISE Center), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Lot 17, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 2, Jejawi, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Mahyidin Ramli
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Changlun—Kuala Perlis Highway, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia;
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, 142, Hai-Chuan Road, Nan-Tzu District, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan;
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Johnson TF, Jones K, Iacoviello F, Turner S, Jackson NB, Zourna K, Welsh JH, Shearing PR, Hoare M, Bracewell DG. Liposome Sterile Filtration Characterization via X-ray Computed Tomography and Confocal Microscopy. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11110905. [PMID: 34832134 PMCID: PMC8620169 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11110905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two high resolution, 3D imaging techniques were applied to visualize and characterize sterilizing grade dual-layer filtration of liposomes, enabling membrane structure to be related with function and performance. Two polyethersulfone membranes with nominal retention ratings of 650 nm and 200 nm were used to filter liposomes of an average diameter of 143 nm and a polydispersity index of 0.1. Operating conditions including differential pressure were evaluated. X-ray computed tomography at a pixel size of 63 nm was capable of resolving the internal geometry of each membrane. The respective asymmetry and symmetry of the upstream and downstream membranes could be measured, with pore network modeling used to identify pore sizes as a function of distance through the imaged volume. Reconstructed 3D digital datasets were the basis of tortuous flow simulation through each porous structure. Confocal microscopy visualized liposome retention within each membrane using fluorescent dyes, with bacterial challenges also performed. It was found that increasing pressure drop from 0.07 MPa to 0.21 MPa resulted in differing fluorescent retention profiles in the upstream membrane. These results highlighted the capability for complementary imaging approaches to deepen understanding of liposome sterilizing grade filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F. Johnson
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (T.F.J.); (M.H.)
| | - Kyle Jones
- Pall Corporation 5 Harbourgate Business Park, Southampton Road, Portsmouth PO6 4BQ, UK; (K.J.); (S.T.); (N.B.J.); (K.Z.); (J.H.W.)
| | - Francesco Iacoviello
- Electrochemical Innovation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK; (F.I.); (P.R.S.)
| | - Stephen Turner
- Pall Corporation 5 Harbourgate Business Park, Southampton Road, Portsmouth PO6 4BQ, UK; (K.J.); (S.T.); (N.B.J.); (K.Z.); (J.H.W.)
| | - Nigel B. Jackson
- Pall Corporation 5 Harbourgate Business Park, Southampton Road, Portsmouth PO6 4BQ, UK; (K.J.); (S.T.); (N.B.J.); (K.Z.); (J.H.W.)
| | - Kalliopi Zourna
- Pall Corporation 5 Harbourgate Business Park, Southampton Road, Portsmouth PO6 4BQ, UK; (K.J.); (S.T.); (N.B.J.); (K.Z.); (J.H.W.)
| | - John H. Welsh
- Pall Corporation 5 Harbourgate Business Park, Southampton Road, Portsmouth PO6 4BQ, UK; (K.J.); (S.T.); (N.B.J.); (K.Z.); (J.H.W.)
| | - Paul R. Shearing
- Electrochemical Innovation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK; (F.I.); (P.R.S.)
| | - Mike Hoare
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (T.F.J.); (M.H.)
| | - Daniel G. Bracewell
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (T.F.J.); (M.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-20-7679-2374
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