1
|
Sacher S, Mukherjee A, Ray A. Deciphering structural aspects of reverse cholesterol transport: mapping the knowns and unknowns. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:1160-1183. [PMID: 36880422 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a major contributor to the onset and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Cholesterol-loaded foam cells play a pivotal role in forming atherosclerotic plaques. Induction of cholesterol efflux from these cells may be a promising approach in treating CVD. The reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) pathway delivers cholesteryl ester (CE) packaged in high-density lipoproteins (HDL) from non-hepatic cells to the liver, thereby minimising cholesterol load of peripheral cells. RCT takes place via a well-organised interplay amongst apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), scavenger receptor-B1 (SR-B1), and the amount of free cholesterol. Unfortunately, modulation of RCT for treating atherosclerosis has failed in clinical trials owing to our lack of understanding of the relationship between HDL function and RCT. The fate of non-hepatic CEs in HDL is dependent on their access to proteins involved in remodelling and can be regulated at the structural level. An inadequate understanding of this inhibits the design of rational strategies for therapeutic interventions. Herein we extensively review the structure-function relationships that are essential for RCT. We also focus on genetic mutations that disturb the structural stability of proteins involved in RCT, rendering them partially or completely non-functional. Further studies are necessary for understanding the structural aspects of RCT pathway completely, and this review highlights alternative theories and unanswered questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sukriti Sacher
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Okhla Phase III, New Delhi, 110019, India
| | - Abhishek Mukherjee
- Dhiti Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, B-107, Okhla Phase I, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Arjun Ray
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Okhla Phase III, New Delhi, 110019, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wu A, Mazurkiewicz E, Donizy P, Kotowski K, Pieniazek M, Mazur AJ, Czogalla A, Trombik T. ABCA1 transporter promotes the motility of human melanoma cells by modulating their plasma membrane organization. Biol Res 2023; 56:32. [PMID: 37312227 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-023-00443-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma is one of the most aggressive and deadliest skin tumor. Cholesterol content in melanoma cells is elevated, and a portion of it accumulates into lipid rafts. Therefore, the plasma membrane cholesterol and its lateral organization might be directly linked with tumor development. ATP Binding Cassette A1 (ABCA1) transporter modulates physico-chemical properties of the plasma membrane by modifying cholesterol distribution. Several studies linked the activity of the transporter with a different outcome of tumor progression depending on which type. However, no direct link between human melanoma progression and ABCA1 activity has been reported yet. METHODS An immunohistochemical study on the ABCA1 level in 110 patients-derived melanoma tumors was performed to investigate the potential association of the transporter with melanoma stage of progression and prognosis. Furthermore, proliferation, migration and invasion assays, extracellular-matrix degradation assay, immunochemistry on proteins involved in migration processes and a combination of biophysical microscopy analysis of the plasma membrane organization of Hs294T human melanoma wild type, control (scrambled), ABCA1 Knockout (ABCA1 KO) and ABCA1 chemically inactivated cells were used to study the impact of ABCA1 activity on human melanoma metastasis processes. RESULTS The immunohistochemical analysis of clinical samples showed that high level of ABCA1 transporter in human melanoma is associated with a poor prognosis. Depletion or inhibition of ABCA1 impacts invasion capacities of aggressive melanoma cells. Loss of ABCA1 activity partially prevented cellular motility by affecting active focal adhesions formation via blocking clustering of phosphorylated focal adhesion kinases and active integrin β3. Moreover, ABCA1 activity regulated the lateral organization of the plasma membrane in melanoma cells. Disrupting this organization, by increasing the content of cholesterol, also blocked active focal adhesion formation. CONCLUSION Human melanoma cells reorganize their plasma membrane cholesterol content and organization via ABCA1 activity to promote motility processes and aggressiveness potential. Therefore, ABCA1 may contribute to tumor progression and poor prognosis, suggesting ABCA1 to be a potential metastatic marker in melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ambroise Wu
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Mazurkiewicz
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Piotr Donizy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Wrocław Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kotowski
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Wrocław Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Pieniazek
- Department of Oncology and Division of Surgical Oncology, Wrocław Medical University, Pl. Hirszfelda 12, 53-413, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Antonina J Mazur
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Aleksander Czogalla
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Trombik
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, 20-093, Lublin, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Juhl AD, Wüstner D. Pathways and Mechanisms of Cellular Cholesterol Efflux-Insight From Imaging. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:834408. [PMID: 35300409 PMCID: PMC8920967 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.834408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential molecule in cellular membranes, but too much cholesterol can be toxic. Therefore, mammalian cells have developed complex mechanisms to remove excess cholesterol. In this review article, we discuss what is known about such efflux pathways including a discussion of reverse cholesterol transport and formation of high-density lipoprotein, the function of ABC transporters and other sterol efflux proteins, and we highlight their role in human diseases. Attention is paid to the biophysical principles governing efflux of sterols from cells. We also discuss recent evidence for cholesterol efflux by the release of exosomes, microvesicles, and migrasomes. The role of the endo-lysosomal network, lipophagy, and selected lysosomal transporters, such as Niemann Pick type C proteins in cholesterol export from cells is elucidated. Since oxysterols are important regulators of cellular cholesterol efflux, their formation, trafficking, and secretion are described briefly. In addition to discussing results obtained with traditional biochemical methods, focus is on studies that use established and novel bioimaging approaches to obtain insight into cholesterol efflux pathways, including fluorescence and electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray tomography as well as mass spectrometry imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Dupont Juhl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, PhyLife, Physical Life Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Daniel Wüstner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, PhyLife, Physical Life Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zulueta Díaz YDLM, Arnspang EC. Special Issue: Dynamics and Nano-Organization in Plasma Membranes. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11110828. [PMID: 34832057 PMCID: PMC8621330 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11110828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cell membranes develop extraordinarily complex lipids and proteins geared to perform functions required by cells [...].
Collapse
|