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Liu Q, Liu H, Zhang W, Ma Q, Xu Q, Hooshyari K, Su H. Enhancing Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells with Ionic Liquids: A Review. Chemistry 2023:e202303525. [PMID: 38149791 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) represent a promising clean energy solution. However, their widespread adoption faces hurdles related to component optimization. This review explores the pivotal role of ionic liquids (ILs) in enhancing PEMFC performance, focusing on their role in polymer electrolyte membranes, catalyst modification, and other components. By addressing key obstacles, including proton conductivity, catalyst stability, and fuel crossover, ILs provide a pathway towards the widespread commercialization of PEMFCs. In the realm of PEMFC membranes, ILs have shown great potential in improving proton conductivity, mechanical strength, and thermal stability. Additionally, the utilization of ILs as catalyst modifiers has shown promise in enhancing the electrocatalytic activity of electrodes by serving as an effective stabilizer to promote the dispersion of metal nanoparticles, and reduce their agglomeration, thereby augmenting catalytic performance. Furthermore, ILs can be tailored to optimize the catalyst-support interaction, ultimately enhancing the overall fuel cell efficiency. Their unique properties, such as high oxygen solubility and low volatility, offer advantages in terms of reducing mass transport and water management issues. This review not only underscores the promising advancements achieved thus far but also outlines the challenges that must be addressed to unlock the full potential of ILs in PEMFC technology, offering a valuable resource for researchers and engineers working toward the realization of efficient and durable PEMFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Liu
- Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Huiyuan Liu
- Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Qian Xu
- Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Khadijeh Hooshyari
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia, 5756151818, Iran
| | - Huaneng Su
- Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
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Yadav G, Jha PK, Jha PA, Singh PK, Choudhary SR, Singh P. Morphological control for high proton conduction in robust Co 3O 4-diethylmethylamine (metal-organic framework) membrane. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:32503-32514. [PMID: 37997153 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02970k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic framework (MOF) based proton conductors are synthesized by the Avrami model (time-temperature modalities). Our objective here is to obtain a material with high proton conductivity in anhydrous conditions, improved catalytic behaviour and morphology control of conductivity, band gap and catalysis. For this purpose, we try to understand the role of morphology on mass transportation using computational fluid dynamics and the experimental realisation using the synthesis of MOF membranes with high protonic conductivity. In order to alter the morphology, the membranes are synthesized from protic ionic liquid (dimethyl ethyl amine H2PO4) and metal ion (Co3O4) at different temperatures and duration. A high protonic conductivity of 0.0286 S cm-1 with a high transference number >0.99 is observed in anhydrous conditions with the change in morphology. Furthermore, catalyst properties along with high activity (Tafel slope = 39 mV decade-1) with the alteration in morphology are also investigated in detail and observed adsorption governed conduction. This adsorption governed conduction is verified using computational fluid dynamics simulations with the alteration in morphology. This study suggests that morphology not only plays a pivotal role in obtaining a robust proton exchange membrane, it also improves the catalytic functionality and stability of the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Yadav
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, Varanasi-221005, India.
| | - Pardeep K Jha
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, Varanasi-221005, India.
| | - Priyanka A Jha
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, Varanasi-221005, India.
| | - Parvin K Singh
- Naval Materials Research Laboratory, MIDC, Shil-Badlapur Road, Addl. Ambernath, Thane, Maharashtra-421501, India
| | - Suman Roy Choudhary
- Naval Materials Research Laboratory, MIDC, Shil-Badlapur Road, Addl. Ambernath, Thane, Maharashtra-421501, India
| | - Prabhakar Singh
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, Varanasi-221005, India.
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3
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Zhou T, Gui C, Sun L, Hu Y, Lyu H, Wang Z, Song Z, Yu G. Energy Applications of Ionic Liquids: Recent Developments and Future Prospects. Chem Rev 2023; 123:12170-12253. [PMID: 37879045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) consisting entirely of ions exhibit many fascinating and tunable properties, making them promising functional materials for a large number of energy-related applications. For example, ILs have been employed as electrolytes for electrochemical energy storage and conversion, as heat transfer fluids and phase-change materials for thermal energy transfer and storage, as solvents and/or catalysts for CO2 capture, CO2 conversion, biomass treatment and biofuel extraction, and as high-energy propellants for aerospace applications. This paper provides an extensive overview on the various energy applications of ILs and offers some thinking and viewpoints on the current challenges and emerging opportunities in each area. The basic fundamentals (structures and properties) of ILs are first introduced. Then, motivations and successful applications of ILs in the energy field are concisely outlined. Later, a detailed review of recent representative works in each area is provided. For each application, the role of ILs and their associated benefits are elaborated. Research trends and insights into the selection of ILs to achieve improved performance are analyzed as well. Challenges and future opportunities are pointed out before the paper is concluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Zhou
- Sustainable Energy and Environment Thrust, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangzhou 511400, China
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, China
- HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Collaborative Innovation Research Institute, Futian, Shenzhen 518048, China
| | - Chengmin Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Longgang Sun
- Sustainable Energy and Environment Thrust, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Yongxin Hu
- Sustainable Energy and Environment Thrust, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Hao Lyu
- Sustainable Energy and Environment Thrust, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Zihao Wang
- Department for Process Systems Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr. 1, D-39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Zhen Song
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Gangqiang Yu
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Ping Le Yuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, China
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Man GT, Albu PC, Nechifor AC, Grosu AR, Tanczos SK, Grosu VA, Ioan MR, Nechifor G. Thorium Removal, Recovery and Recycling: A Membrane Challenge for Urban Mining. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:765. [PMID: 37755188 PMCID: PMC10538078 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13090765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Although only a slightly radioactive element, thorium is considered extremely toxic because its various species, which reach the environment, can constitute an important problem for the health of the population. The present paper aims to expand the possibilities of using membrane processes in the removal, recovery and recycling of thorium from industrial residues reaching municipal waste-processing platforms. The paper includes a short introduction on the interest shown in this element, a weak radioactive metal, followed by highlighting some common (domestic) uses. In a distinct but concise section, the bio-medical impact of thorium is presented. The classic technologies for obtaining thorium are concentrated in a single schema, and the speciation of thorium is presented with an emphasis on the formation of hydroxo-complexes and complexes with common organic reagents. The determination of thorium is highlighted on the basis of its radioactivity, but especially through methods that call for extraction followed by an established electrochemical, spectral or chromatographic method. Membrane processes are presented based on the electrochemical potential difference, including barro-membrane processes, electrodialysis, liquid membranes and hybrid processes. A separate sub-chapter is devoted to proposals and recommendations for the use of membranes in order to achieve some progress in urban mining for the valorization of thorium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geani Teodor Man
- Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Department, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (G.T.M.); (A.C.N.); (A.R.G.)
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies—ICSI, 240050 Râmnicu Valcea, Romania
| | - Paul Constantin Albu
- Radioisotopes and Radiation Metrology Department (DRMR), IFIN Horia Hulubei, 023465 Măgurele, Romania; (P.C.A.); (M.-R.I.)
| | - Aurelia Cristina Nechifor
- Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Department, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (G.T.M.); (A.C.N.); (A.R.G.)
| | - Alexandra Raluca Grosu
- Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Department, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (G.T.M.); (A.C.N.); (A.R.G.)
| | - Szidonia-Katalin Tanczos
- Department of Bioengineering, University Sapientia of Miercurea-Ciuc, 500104 Miercurea Ciuc, Romania;
| | - Vlad-Alexandru Grosu
- Department of Electronic Technology and Reliability, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 061071 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihail-Răzvan Ioan
- Radioisotopes and Radiation Metrology Department (DRMR), IFIN Horia Hulubei, 023465 Măgurele, Romania; (P.C.A.); (M.-R.I.)
| | - Gheorghe Nechifor
- Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Department, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (G.T.M.); (A.C.N.); (A.R.G.)
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Alami AH, Alashkar A, Abdelkareem MA, Rezk H, Masdar MS, Olabi AG. Perovskite Membranes: Advancements and Challenges in Gas Separation, Production, and Capture. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:661. [PMID: 37505028 PMCID: PMC10384722 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13070661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite membranes have gained considerable attention in gas separation and production due to their unique properties such as high selectivity and permeability towards various gases. These membranes are composed of perovskite oxides, which have a crystalline structure that can be tailored to enhance gas separation performance. In oxygen enrichment, perovskite membranes are employed to separate oxygen from air, which is then utilized in a variety of applications such as combustion and medical devices. Moreover, perovskite membranes are investigated for carbon capture applications to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Further, perovskite membranes are employed in hydrogen production, where they aid in the separation of hydrogen from other gases such as methane and carbon dioxide. This process is essential in the production of clean hydrogen fuel for various applications such as fuel cells and transportation. This paper provides a review on the utilization and role of perovskite membranes in various gas applications, including oxygen enrichment, carbon capture, and hydrogen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Hai Alami
- Sustainable Energy & Power Systems Research Centre, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Adnan Alashkar
- Materials Science and Engineering Ph.D. Program, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem
- Sustainable Energy & Power Systems Research Centre, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
| | - Hegazy Rezk
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering in Wadi Alddawasir, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Abdul Ghani Olabi
- Sustainable Energy & Power Systems Research Centre, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Mechanical Engineering and Design, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
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Anis A, Alam M, Alhamidi A, Gupta RK, Tariq M, Al-Zahrani SM. Studies on Polybenzimidazole and Methanesulfonate Protic-Ionic-Liquids-Based Composite Polymer Electrolyte Membranes. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2821. [PMID: 37447466 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present work, different methanesulfonate-based protic ionic liquids (PILs) were synthesized and their structural characterization was performed using FTIR, 1H, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Their thermal behavior and stability were studied using DSC and TGA, respectively, and EIS was used to study the ionic conductivity of these PILs. The PIL, which was diethanolammonium-methanesulfonate-based due to its compatibility with polybenzimidazole (PBI) to form composite membranes, was used to prepare proton-conducting polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) for prospective high-temperature fuel cell application. The prepared PEMs were further characterized using FTIR, DSC, TGA, SEM, and EIS. The FTIR results indicated good interaction among the PEM components and the DSC results suggested good miscibility and a plasticizing effect of the incorporated PIL in the PBI polymer matrix. All the PEMs showed good thermal stability and good proton conductivity for prospective high-temperature fuel cell application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arfat Anis
- SABIC Polymer Research Center (SPRC), Chemical Engineering Department, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manawwer Alam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alhamidi
- SABIC Polymer Research Center (SPRC), Chemical Engineering Department, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ravindra Kumar Gupta
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Tariq
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Saeed M Al-Zahrani
- SABIC Polymer Research Center (SPRC), Chemical Engineering Department, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
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Hanapi IH, Kamarudin SK, Zainoodin AM, Hasran UA, Zakaria Z. Optimization of Multiple Reactants in a Membrane-Less Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC). MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1247. [PMID: 37374832 DOI: 10.3390/mi14061247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-less fuel cells are a promising power source for portable applications that enable the solving of membrane-related issues, such as water management and high cost, in conventional fuel cells. Apparently, research on this system uses a single electrolyte. This study focused on enhancing the performance of membrane-less fuel cells by introducing multiple reactants that are dual electrolytes with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and oxygen as oxidants in membrane-less direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC). The conditions tested for the system are (a) acidic, (b) alkaline, (c) dual medium with oxygen as an oxidant, and (d) dual medium and dual oxygen and hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant. Additionally, the effect of fuel utilization on different electrolyte and fuel concentrations was also studied. It was found that the fuel utilization decreases dramatically with the increasing of the fuel concentration, but it improved with the increasing of the electrolyte concentration until 2M. The performance of the dual oxidants in dual-electrolyte membrane-less DMFCs was 15.5 mW cm-2 of the power density achieved before optimization. Later, the system was optimized, and the power density increased to 30 mW cm-2. Finally, this work presented the stability of the cell using the suggested parameters from the optimization process. This study indicated that the performance of the membrane-less DMFC increased for dual electrolytes with mixed oxygen and hydrogen peroxide as oxidants compared to a single electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iesti Hajar Hanapi
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Kartom Kamarudin
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Azran Mohd Zainoodin
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Umi Azmah Hasran
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zulfirdaus Zakaria
- School of Materials and Moneral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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8
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Ebrahimi M, Fatyeyeva K, Kujawski W. Different Approaches for the Preparation of Composite Ionic Liquid-Based Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Applications-Recent Advancements. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:593. [PMID: 37367797 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13060593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The use of ionic liquid-based membranes as polymer electrolyte membranes for fuel cell applications increases significantly due to the major features of ionic liquids (i.e., high thermal stability and ion conductivity, non-volatility, and non-flammability). In general, there are three major methods to introduce ionic liquids into the polymer membrane, such as incorporating ionic liquid into a polymer solution, impregnating the polymer with ionic liquid, and cross-linking. The incorporation of ionic liquids into a polymer solution is the most common method, owing to easy operation of process and quick membrane formation. However, the prepared composite membranes suffer from a reduction in mechanical stability and ionic liquid leakage. While mechanical stability may be enhanced by the membrane's impregnation with ionic liquid, ionic liquid leaching is still the main drawback of this method. The presence of covalent bonds between ionic liquids and polymer chains during the cross-linking reaction can decrease the ionic liquid release. Cross-linked membranes reveal more stable proton conductivity, although a decrease in ionic mobility can be noticed. In the present work, the main approaches for ionic liquid introduction into the polymer film are presented in detail, and the recently obtained results (2019-2023) are discussed in correlation with the composite membrane structure. In addition, some promising new methods (i.e., layer-by-layer self-assembly, vacuum-assisted flocculation, spin coating, and freeze drying) are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ebrahimi
- Polymères Biopolymères Surfaces (PBS), INSA Rouen Normandie, University Rouen Normandie, UMR 6270 CNRS, 76000 Rouen, France
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Kateryna Fatyeyeva
- Polymères Biopolymères Surfaces (PBS), INSA Rouen Normandie, University Rouen Normandie, UMR 6270 CNRS, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Wojciech Kujawski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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Warsi Khan H, Kaif Khan M, Moniruzzaman M, Al Mesfer MK, Danish M, Irshad K, Yusuf M, Kamyab H, Chelliapan S. Evaluating ionic liquids for its potential as eco-friendly solvents for naproxen removal from water sources using COSMO-RS: Computational and experimental validation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116058. [PMID: 37178749 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
An emerging contaminant of concern in aqueous streams is naproxen. Due to its poor solubility, non-biodegradability, and pharmaceutically active nature, the separation is challenging. Conventional solvents employed for naproxen are toxic and harmful. Ionic liquids (ILs) have attracted great attention as greener solubilizing and separating agent for various pharmaceuticals. ILs have found extensive usage as solvents in nanotechnological processes involving enzymatic reactions and whole cells. The employment of ILs can enhance the effectiveness and productivity of such bioprocesses. To avoid cumbersome experimental screening, in this study, conductor like screening model for real solvents (COSMO-RS) was used to screen ILs. Thirty anions and eight cations from various families were chosen. Activity coefficient at infinite dilution, capacity, selectivity, performance index, molecular interactions using σ-profiles and interaction energies were used to make predictions about solubility. According to the findings, quaternary ammonium cations, highly electronegative, and food-grade anions will form excellent ionic liquid combinations for solubilizing naproxen and hence will be better separating agents. This research will contribute easy designing of ionic liquid-based separation technologies for naproxen. In different separation technologies, ionic liquids can be employed as extractants, carriers, adsorbents, and absorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huma Warsi Khan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia.
| | | | - Muhammad Moniruzzaman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia; Center of Research in Ionic Liquids, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Mohammed K Al Mesfer
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Danish
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kashif Irshad
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Renewable Energy and Power Systems (IRC-REPS) Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Yusuf
- Institute of Hydrocarbon Recovery, Department of Petroleum Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak, 32610, Malaysia.
| | - Hesam Kamyab
- Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 600 077, India; Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shreshivadasan Chelliapan
- Engineering Department, Razak Faculty of Technology & Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Das A, Peu SD, Hossain MS, Akanda MAM, Salah MM, Akanda MMH, Rahman M, Das BK. Metal Oxide Nanosheet: Synthesis Approaches and Applications in Energy Storage Devices (Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Supercapacitors). NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1066. [PMID: 36985960 PMCID: PMC10057665 DOI: 10.3390/nano13061066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the increasing energy requirement and consumption necessitates further improvement in energy storage technologies to obtain high cycling stability, power and energy density, and specific capacitance. Two-dimensional metal oxide nanosheets have gained much interest due to their attractive features, such as composition, tunable structure, and large surface area which make them potential materials for energy storage applications. This review focuses on the establishment of synthesis approaches of metal oxide nanosheets (MO nanosheets) and their advancements over time, as well as their applicability in several electrochemical energy storage systems, such as fuel cells, batteries, and supercapacitors. This review provides a comprehensive comparison of different synthesis approaches of MO nanosheets, as well their suitability in several energy storage applications. Among recent improvements in energy storage systems, micro-supercapacitors, and several hybrid storage systems are rapidly emerging. MO nanosheets can be employed as electrode and catalyst material to improve the performance parameters of energy storage devices. Finally, this review outlines and discusses the prospects, future challenges, and further direction for research and applications of metal oxide nanosheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnob Das
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology, Rajshahi 6204, Bangladesh
| | - Susmita Datta Peu
- Department of Agriculture, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Sanowar Hossain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology, Rajshahi 6204, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abdul Mannan Akanda
- School of Engineering and Technology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Mostafa M. Salah
- Electrical Engineering Department, Future University in Egypt, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | | | - Mahbubur Rahman
- Ingram School of Engineering, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
| | - Barun K. Das
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology, Rajshahi 6204, Bangladesh
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Wang W, Tai G, Li Y, Sun J. Highly Elastic, Healable, and Durable Anhydrous High-Temperature Proton Exchange Membranes Cross-Linked with Highly Dense Hydrogen Bonds. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2300007. [PMID: 36794467 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Proton exchange membranes (PEMs) with excellent durability and working stability are important for PEM fuel cells with extended service life and enhanced reliability. In this study, highly elastic, healable, and durable electrolyte membranes are fabricated by the complexation of poly(urea-urethane), ionic liquids (ILs), and MXene nanosheets (denoted as PU-IL-MX). The resulting PU-IL-MX electrolyte membranes have a tensile strength of ≈3.86 MPa and a strain at break of ≈281.89%. The PU-IL-MX electrolyte membranes can act as high temperature PEMs to conduct protons under an anhydrous condition of the temperatures above 100 °C. Importantly, the ultrahigh density of hydrogen-bond-cross-linked network renders PU-IL-MX membranes excellent IL retention properties. The membranes can maintain more than ≈98% of their original weight and show no decline of proton conductivity after being placed under highly humid conditions of ≈80 °C and relative humidity of ≈85% for 10 days. Moreover, due to the reversibility of hydrogen bonds, the membranes can heal damage under the working conditions of fuel cells to restore their original mechanical properties, proton conductivities, and cell performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Guitian Tai
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yixuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Junqi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
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Rogalsky S, Tarasyuk O, Babkina N, Makhno S, Pertko O, Povazhnyi V, Cherniavska T, Fatyeyeva K. Fabrication of new proton conducting membrane for fuel cell applications based on porous polyimide Matrimid® and hydrophobic protic ionic liquid. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergiy Rogalsky
- Laboratory of Modification of Polymers V. P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Oksana Tarasyuk
- Laboratory of Modification of Polymers V. P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Natalia Babkina
- Department of Physics and Chemistry of Polymers Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Stanislav Makhno
- Laboratory of Electrophysics of Nanomaterials Chuiko Institute of Surface Chemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Olexandra Pertko
- Laboratory of Modification of Polymers V. P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Volodymyr Povazhnyi
- Laboratory of Modification of Polymers V. P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Tetiana Cherniavska
- Laboratory of Electrophysics of Nanomaterials Chuiko Institute of Surface Chemistry of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Kateryna Fatyeyeva
- Laboratory of Polymers, Biopolymers, Surfaces Université de Rouen Rouen France
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13
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Gorre A, Das A, Jana T. Mixed matrix composite PEM with super proton conductivity developed from ionic liquid modified silica nanoparticle and polybenzimidazole. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2022.2154677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Gorre
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Anupam Das
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Tushar Jana
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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Thangarasu S, Oh TH. Recent Developments on Bioinspired Cellulose Containing Polymer Nanocomposite Cation and Anion Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cells (PEMFC and AFC). Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235248. [PMID: 36501640 PMCID: PMC9738973 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen fuel cell (FC) technologies are being worked on as a possible replacement for fossil fuels because they produce a lot of energy and do not pollute the air. In FC, ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) are the vital components for ion transport between two porous electrodes. However, the high production cost of commercialized membranes limits their benefits. Various research has focused on cellulose-based membranes such as IEM with high proton conductivity, and mechanical, chemical, and thermal stabilities to replace the high cost of synthetic polymer materials. In this review, we focus on and explain the recent progress (from 2018 to 2022) of cellulose-containing hybrid membranes as cation exchange membranes (CEM) and anion exchange membranes (AEM) for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) and alkaline fuel cells (AFC). In this account, we focused primarily on the effect of cellulose materials in various membranes on the functional properties of various polymer membranes. The development of hybrid membranes with cellulose for PEMFC and AFC has been classified based on the combination of other polymers and materials. For PEMFC, the sections are associated with cellulose with Nafion, polyaryletherketone, various polymeric materials, ionic liquid, inorganic fillers, and natural materials. Moreover, the cellulose-containing AEM for AFC has been summarized in detail. Furthermore, this review explains the significance of cellulose and cellulose derivative-modified membranes during fuel cell performance. Notably, this review shows the vital information needed to improve the ion exchange membrane in PEMFC and AFC technologies.
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Polymer Electrolyte Membranes Containing Functionalized Organic/Inorganic Composite for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214252. [PMID: 36430726 PMCID: PMC9694323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To mitigate the dependence on fossil fuels and the associated global warming issues, numerous studies have focused on the development of eco-friendly energy conversion devices such as polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) that directly convert chemical energy into electrical energy. As one of the key components in PEMFCs, polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) should have high proton conductivity and outstanding physicochemical stability during operation. Although the perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA)-based PEMs and some of the hydrocarbon-based PEMs composed of rationally designed polymer structures are found to meet these criteria, there is an ongoing and pressing need to improve and fine-tune these further, to be useful in practical PEMFC operation. Incorporation of organic/inorganic fillers into the polymer matrix is one of the methods shown to be effective for controlling target PEM properties including thermal stability, mechanical properties, and physical stability, as well as proton conductivity. Functionalization of organic/inorganic fillers is critical to optimize the filler efficiency and dispersion, thus resulting in significant improvements to PEM properties. This review focused on the structural engineering of functionalized carbon and silica-based fillers and comparisons of the resulting PEM properties. Newly constructed composite membranes were compared to composite membrane containing non-functionalized fillers or pure polymer matrix membrane without fillers.
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Agudelo NA, Echeverri-Cuartas CE, López BL. Composite Membranes Based on Functionalized Mesostructured Cellular Foam Particles and Sulfonated Poly(Ether Ether Sulfone) with Potential Application in Fuel Cells. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1075. [PMID: 36363630 PMCID: PMC9692639 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12111075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Composite polymeric membranes were designed based on sulfonated poly(ether ether sulfone) (sPEES) and mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica nanoparticles functionalized with organic compounds. Parameters such as molecular weight (MW) of the polymer, nature of the functional group of the MCF silica, and percentage of silica charge were evaluated on the final properties of the membranes. Composite membrane characterization was carried out on their water retention capacity (high MW polymer between 20-46% and for the low MW between 20-60%), ion exchange capacity (IEC) (high MW polymer between 0.02 mmol/g-0.07 mmol/g and low MW between 0.03-0.09 mmol/g) and proton conductivity (high MW polymer molecular between 15-70 mS/cm and low MW between 0.1-150 mS/cm). Finally, the membrane prepared with the low molecular weight polymer and 3% wt. of functionalized silica with sulfonic groups exhibited results similar to Nafion® 117.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A. Agudelo
- Grupo de Investigación e Innovación en Formulaciones Químicas/Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias Básicas, Universidad EIA, Calle 23 AA Sur Nro. 5-200, Kilómetro 2+200 Variante al Aeropuerto José María Córdova, Envigado 055428, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Claudia E. Echeverri-Cuartas
- Grupo de Investigación en Ingeniería Biomédica (GIBEC)/Escuela de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad EIA, Calle 23 AA Sur Nro. 5-200, Kilómetro 2+200 Variante al Aeropuerto José María Córdova, Envigado 055428, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Betty L. López
- Grupo de Ciencia de los Materiales/Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Dirección: calle 67 No. 53-108, Medellín 050004, Antioquia, Colombia
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17
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Cimbru AM, Rikabi AAKK, Oprea O, Grosu AR, Tanczos SK, Simonescu MC, Pașcu D, Grosu VA, Dumitru F, Nechifor G. pH and pCl Operational Parameters in Some Metallic Ions Separation with Composite Chitosan/Sulfonated Polyether Ether Ketone/Polypropylene Hollow Fibers Membranes. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:833. [PMID: 36135852 PMCID: PMC9502727 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12090833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of new composite membranes is required to separate chemical species from aggressive environments without using corrective reagents. One such case is represented by the high hydrochloric acid mixture (very low pH and pCl) that contains mixed metal ions, or that of copper, cadmium, zinc and lead ions in a binary mixture (Cu-Zn and Cd-Pb) or quaternary mixture. This paper presents the obtaining of a composite membrane chitosan (Chi)-sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) (sPEEK)-polypropylene hollow fiber (Chi/sPEEK/PPHF) and its use in the separation of binary or quaternary mixtures of copper, cadmium, zinc, and lead ions by nanofiltration and pertraction. The obtained membranes were morphologically and structurally characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high resolution SEM (HR-SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis (EDAX), Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry (TGA-DSC), but also used in preliminary separation tests. Using the ion solutions in hydrochloric acid 3 mol/L, the separation of copper and zinc or cadmium and lead ions from binary mixtures was performed. The pertraction results were superior to those obtained by nanofiltration, both in terms of extraction efficiency and because at pertraction, the separate cation was simultaneously concentrated by an order of magnitude. The mixture of the four cations was separated by nanofiltration (at 5 bars, using a membrane of a 1 m2 active area) by varying two operational parameters: pH and pCl. Cation retention could reach 95% when adequate values of operational parameters were selected. The paper makes some recommendations for the use of composite membranes, chitosan (Chi)-sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) (sPEEK)-polypropylene hollow fiber (Chi/sPEEK/PPHF), so as to obtain the maximum possible retention of the target cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Maria Cimbru
- Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Department, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Abbas Abdul Kadhim Klaif Rikabi
- Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Department, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- Technical College of Al-Mussaib (TCM), Al-Furat Al-Awsat University, Babylon-Najaf Street, Najaf 54003, Iraq
| | - Ovidiu Oprea
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandra Raluca Grosu
- Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Department, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Szidonia-Katalin Tanczos
- Department of Bioengineering, University Sapientia of Miercurea-Ciuc, 500104 Miercurea-Ciuc, Romania
| | - Maria Claudia Simonescu
- Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Department, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dumitru Pașcu
- Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Department, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vlad-Alexandru Grosu
- Department of Electronic Technology and Reliability, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 061071 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florina Dumitru
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gheorghe Nechifor
- Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Department, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
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18
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Rationalizing Structural Hierarchy in the Design of Fuel Cell Electrode and Electrolyte Materials Derived from Metal-Organic Frameworks. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12136659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are arguably a class of highly tuneable polymer-based materials with wide applicability. The arrangement of chemical components and the bonds they form through specific chemical bond associations are critical determining factors in their functionality. In particular, crystalline porous materials continue to inspire their development and advancement towards sustainable and renewable materials for clean energy conversion and storage. An important area of development is the application of MOFs in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and are attractive for efficient low-temperature energy conversion. The practical implementation of fuel cells, however, is faced by performance challenges. To address some of the technical issues, a more critical consideration of key problems is now driving a conceptualised approach to advance the application of PEMFCs. Central to this idea is the emerging field MOF-based systems, which are currently being adopted and proving to be a more efficient and durable means of creating electrodes and electrolytes for proton−exchange membrane fuel cells. This review proposes to discuss some of the key advancements in the modification of PEMs and electrodes, which primarily use functionally important MOFs. Further, we propose to correlate MOF-based PEMFC design and the deeper correlation with performance by comparing proton conductivities and catalytic activities for selected works.
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Huang TS, Wen HY, Chen YY, Hung PH, Hsieh TL, Huang WY, Chang MY. Ionomer Membranes Produced from Hexaarylbenzene-Based Partially Fluorinated Poly(arylene ether) Blends for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12060582. [PMID: 35736289 PMCID: PMC9231265 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12060582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a series of high molecular weight ionomers of hexaarylbenzene- and fluorene-based poly(arylene ether)s were synthesized conveniently through condensation and post-sulfonation modification. The use a of blending method might increase the stacking density of chains and affect the formation both of interchain and intrachain proton transfer clusters. Multiscale phase separation caused by the dissolution and compatibility differences of blend ionomer in high-boiling-point solvents was examined through analysis and simulations. The blend membranes produced in this study exhibited a high proton conductivity of 206.4 mS cm−1 at 80 °C (increased from 182.6 mS cm−1 for precursor membranes), excellent thermal resistance (decomposition temperature > 200 °C), and suitable mechanical properties with a tensile strength of 73.8−77.4 MPa. As a proton exchange membrane for fuel cell applications, it exhibits an excellent power efficiency of approximately 1.3 W cm−2. Thus, the ionomer membranes have strong potential for use in proton exchange membrane fuel cells and other electrochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Sheng Huang
- Department of Photonics, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; (T.-S.H.); (Y.-Y.C.); (P.-H.H.)
| | - Hsin-Yi Wen
- Department of Green Energy and Environmental Resources, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan City 71101, Taiwan;
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yin Chen
- Department of Photonics, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; (T.-S.H.); (Y.-Y.C.); (P.-H.H.)
| | - Po-Hao Hung
- Department of Photonics, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; (T.-S.H.); (Y.-Y.C.); (P.-H.H.)
| | - Tung-Li Hsieh
- General Education Center, Wenzao Ursuline University of Languages, Kaohsiung 80793, Taiwan;
| | - Wen-Yao Huang
- Department of Photonics, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; (T.-S.H.); (Y.-Y.C.); (P.-H.H.)
- Correspondence: (W.-Y.H.); (M.-Y.C.)
| | - Mei-Ying Chang
- Department of Photonics, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; (T.-S.H.); (Y.-Y.C.); (P.-H.H.)
- Correspondence: (W.-Y.H.); (M.-Y.C.)
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20
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Electrified Hydrogen Production from Methane for PEM Fuel Cells Feeding: A Review. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15103588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The greatest challenge of our times is to identify low cost and environmentally friendly alternative energy sources to fossil fuels. From this point of view, the decarbonization of industrial chemical processes is fundamental and the use of hydrogen as an energy vector, usable by fuel cells, is strategic. It is possible to tackle the decarbonization of industrial chemical processes with the electrification of systems. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the latest research on the electrification of endothermic industrial chemical processes aimed at the production of H2 from methane and its use for energy production through proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). In particular, two main electrification methods are examined, microwave heating (MW) and resistive heating (Joule), aimed at transferring heat directly on the surface of the catalyst. For cases, the catalyst formulation and reactor configuration were analyzed and compared. The key aspects of the use of H2 through PEM were also analyzed, highlighting the most used catalysts and their performance. With the information contained in this review, we want to give scientists and researchers the opportunity to compare, both in terms of reactor and energy efficiency, the different solutions proposed for the electrification of chemical processes available in the recent literature. In particular, through this review it is possible to identify the solutions that allow a possible scale-up of the electrified chemical process, imagining a distributed production of hydrogen and its consequent use with PEMs. As for PEMs, in the review it is possible to find interesting alternative solutions to platinum with the PGM (Platinum Group Metal) free-based catalysts, proposing the use of Fe or Co for PEM application.
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