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Kim HJ, Lee TH, Hong Y, Lee JC, Kim HW. Enhanced oxidation of parabens in an aqueous solution by air-assisted cold plasma. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 361:142570. [PMID: 38852636 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Various contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) including pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) have been known to threaten the aquatic ecosystem and human health even at low levels in surface water. Among them, the wide variety use of parabens as preservatives may pose potential threat to human because parabens may present estrogenic activity. Various advanced oxidation processes have been attempted to reduce parabens, but challenges using cold plasma (CP) are very rare. CP is worth paying attention to in reducing parabens because it has the advantage of generating radical ions, including reactive oxygen/nitrogen species and various ions. Accordingly, this study demonstrates how CP can be utilized and how CP competes with other advanced oxidation processes in energy requirements. Quantified ethyl-, propyl-, and butyl-paraben indicate that CP can effectively degrade them up to 99.1% within 3 h. Regression reveals that the kinetic coefficients of degradation can be increased to as high as 0.0328 min-1, comparable to other advanced oxidation processes. Many by-products generated from the oxidation of parabens provide evidence of the potential degradation pathway through CP treatment. In addition, we found that the electrical energy consumption per order of CP (39-95 kWh/m3/order) is superior to other advanced oxidation processes (69∼31,716 kWh/m3/order). Overall, these results suggest that CP may be a viable option to prevent adverse health-related consequences associated with parabens in receiving water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jun Kim
- Division of Civil, Environmental, Mineral Resource and Energy Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Soil Environment Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea; Environmental Fate and Exposure Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae-Hun Lee
- Groon., Ltd., 109, Wonmanseong-ro, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youngpyo Hong
- Groon., Ltd., 109, Wonmanseong-ro, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Cheol Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mokpo National University, Mokpo, 58554, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun-Woo Kim
- Division of Civil, Environmental, Mineral Resource and Energy Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Soil Environment Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea; Department of Environment and Energy (BK21 Four), Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea.
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Kim HJ, Kim H, Lee U, Oh HS, Kim HW, Lee J. Removal of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) by cold plasma treatment combined with periodate oxidation: Degradation, kinetics, and toxicity study. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 362:142704. [PMID: 38925518 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH), which is a chemical used in the electronic industry, is classified as a hazardous material (HAZMAT class 8) that threatens aquatic ecosystems and human health. Consequently, numerous studies have attempted to remove TMAH using various treatment methods, including advanced oxidation processes such as ozone, UV, or Fenton oxidation. However, prior research has indicated a low kinetic rate of TMAH removal. In this context, we proposed an alternative to TMAH degradation by combining a cold plasma (CP) process with periodate oxidation. As for the kinetics of TMAH removal, the kinetic constant was improved by 5 times (0.1661 and 0.0301 for 40.56 and 2.2 W, respectively) as the electric power of a CP system increased from 2.2 to 40.56 W. The kinetic constant of a 40.56 W CP system further increased by 54 times (1.6250) than a 2 W CP system when 4 mM periodate was used simultaneously. As a result, the integrated CP/periodate system represented 2 times higher TMAH removal efficiency (29.5%) than a 2 W CP system (14.4%). This excellent TMAH degradation capability of the integrated CP/periodate system became pronounced at pH 10 and 25 °C. Overall, the integrated CP/periodate system is expected to be a viable management option for effectively controlling hazardous TMAH chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jun Kim
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeok Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232, Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Uje Lee
- Department of Bionanotechnology and Bioconvergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Suk Oh
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232, Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewoo Lee
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea; Department of Bionanotechnology and Bioconvergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea; Department of JBNU-KIST Industry-Academia Convergence Research, Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea.
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Radoor S, Kandel DR, Chang S, Karayil J, Lee J. Carrageenan/calcium alginate composite hydrogel filtration membranes for efficient cationic dye separation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132309. [PMID: 38740157 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The development of biopolymer-based filtration systems for water remediation applications is an extremely fascinating area of research. In this paper, we developed a biopolymer-based filtration system using sodium alginate (NaAlg) and carrageenan (Car) for the removal of the toxic cationic dye, methylene blue (MB). The membrane's properties were assessed using FTIR, TGA, UTM, FESEM, EDS, XRD, and water uptake, revealing commendable thermomechanical stability (5.79 MPa), good hydrophilicity, and compatibility. The experimental results further revealed that lambda Car/calcium alginate (λ-Car/CaAlg) exhibited superior dye rejection (100%) and flux (11.67 L m-2 h-1) compared to kappa Car/CaAlg (κ-Car/CaAlg) (99.22% and 11.19 L m-2 h-1) and plain alginate (CaAlg) (99.63% and 9.79 L m-2 h-1). The high MB rejection rate was attributed to the sieving mechanism and electrostatic interaction. A rejection rate of 100% was achieved at an initial MB concentration of 10 mg/L, pressure of 0.1 MPa, pH of 7, and temperature of 25°C. Furthermore, the hydrogel membranes demonstrated excellent recyclability over nine cycles, indicating their potential for water treatment applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabarish Radoor
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Dharma Raj Kandel
- Department of Bionanotechnology and Bioconvergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungwon Chang
- Department of Bionanotechnology and Bioconvergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jasila Karayil
- Department of Applied Science, Government Engineering College West Hill, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - Jaewoo Lee
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea; Department of Bionanotechnology and Bioconvergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea; Department of JBNU-KIST Industry-Academia Convergence Research, Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea.
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Lee U, Park K, Chang S, Cho M, Lee J. Feasibility evaluation of near dissolved organic matter microfiltration (NDOM MF) for the efficient removal of microplastics in the water treatment process. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 356:141882. [PMID: 38582163 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Microfiltration (MF) using membranes with a mean pore size smaller than 0.45 μm has generally been used for particle removal from water, given that materials larger and smaller than 0.45 μm are regarded as particulates and dissolved organic matter (DOM), respectively. It is also the case for removing small-size microplastics (MPs). However, given their sizes (ca. 1 μm), there is room for further improvement of the productivity (i.e., water flux) in the pore size range of 0.45-1 μm on the condition that the removal rate is maintained. With this in mind, MF's water flux and removal rate were tested using seven different MF membranes, and the right pore, with the size of 0.8 μm, was found for MP removal, which is called near DOM (NDOM) MF. In the filtration test using polystyrene surrogate beads with an average particle diameter of 1.20 μm, NDOM MF exhibited a 1.7 to 13 times higher permeate flux than the conventional MF using 0.1, 0.2, and 0.45 μm membranes while maintaining a higher removal rate than 2 log. The excellent removal rate of the NDOM MF was attributable to the following three factors: (1) smaller mean pore size than the average particle diameter, (2) particle screening effect enhanced by the secondary layer formed by surface deposition, and (3) 3D mesh sublayer structure favorable for capturing penetrated particles. Furthermore, the outstanding filtration performance also appeared in a low-temperature (< 10°C) process, demonstrating that NDOM MF is feasible independently of temperature. Additionally, in constant flux filtration, NDOM MF demonstrated the long-term feasibility by lowering the transmembrane pressure and specific filtration energy by more than 2 times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uje Lee
- Department of Bionanotechnology and Bioconvergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongyeon Park
- Department of Bionanotechnology and Bioconvergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungwon Chang
- Department of Bionanotechnology and Bioconvergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Cho
- Division of Biotechnology, SELS Center, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jaewoo Lee
- Department of Bionanotechnology and Bioconvergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea; Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of JBNU-KIST Industry-Academia Convergence Research, Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea.
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Radoor S, Kandel DR, Park K, Jayakumar A, Karayil J, Lee J. Low-cost and eco-friendly PVA/carrageenan membrane to efficiently remove cationic dyes from water: Isotherms, kinetics, thermodynamics, and regeneration study. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 350:140990. [PMID: 38141681 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Methylene blue (MB), a common dye in the textile industry, has a multitude of detrimental consequences on humans and the environment. Accordingly, it is necessary to remove dyes from water to guarantee our health and sustainable ecosystem. In this study, we developed polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based hydrogel adsorbents with high adsorption capacity by adding three types of carrageenan (kappa, iota, and lambda) to remove MB from water. Thanks to the functional groups, the PVA/carrageenan membranes dramatically increased the removal efficiency (kappa, 98.8%; iota, 97.0%; lambda, 95.4%) compared to the pure PVA membrane (6.3%). Among the three types of PVA/carrageenan membranes, the PVA/kappa-carrageenan membrane exhibited the best adsorption capacity of 147.8 mg/g. This result implies that steric hindrance was considerably significant, given that kappa carrageenan has only one sulfate group in the repeating unit, whereas iota and lambda carrageenan composite PVA membranes possess two and three sulfate groups. Apart from the maximum adsorption capacity, this study addressed a variety of characteristics of PVA/carrageenan membranes such as the effects of initial MB concentration, kappa carrageenan weight percentage, contact time, adsorbent dosage, and temperature on the adsorption performance. In addition, the kinetic and thermodynamic studies were also carried out. Lastly, the reusability of the PVA/carrageenan membrane was verified by the 98% removal efficiency maintained after five adsorption-desorption cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabarish Radoor
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Dharma Raj Kandel
- Department of Bionanotechnology and Bioconvergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongyeon Park
- Department of Bionanotechnology and Bioconvergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Aswathy Jayakumar
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jasila Karayil
- Department of Applied Science, Government Engineering College West Hill, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - Jaewoo Lee
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea; Department of Bionanotechnology and Bioconvergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea; Department of JBNU-KIST Industry-Academia Convergence Research, Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea.
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Radoor S, Karayil J, Jayakumar A, Kandel DR, Kim JT, Siengchin S, Lee J. Recent advances in cellulose- and alginate-based hydrogels for water and wastewater treatment: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 323:121339. [PMID: 37940239 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
From the environmental perspective, it is essential to develop cheap, eco-friendly, and highly efficient materials for water and wastewater treatment. In this regard, hydrogels and hydrogel-based composites have been widely employed to mitigate global water pollution as this methodology is simple and free from harmful by-products. Notably, alginate and cellulose, which are natural carbohydrate polymers, have gained great attention for their availability, price competitiveness, excellent biodegradability, biocompatibility, hydrophilicity, and superior physicochemical performance in water treatment. This review outlined the recent progress in developing and applying alginate- and cellulose-based hydrogels to remove various pollutants such as dyes, heavy metals, oils, pharmaceutical contaminants, and pesticides from wastewater streams. This review also highlighted the effects of various physical or chemical methods, such as crosslinking, grafting, the addition of fillers, nanoparticle incorporation, and polymer blending, on the physiochemical and adsorption properties of hydrogels. In addition, this review covered the alginate- and cellulose-based hydrogels' current limitations such as low mechanical performance and poor stability, while presenting strategies to improve the drawbacks of the hydrogels. Lastly, we discussed the prospects and future directions of alginate- and cellulose-based hydrogels. We hope this review provides valuable insights into the efficient preparations and applications of hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabarish Radoor
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jasila Karayil
- Department of Applied Science, Government Engineering College West Hill, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - Aswathy Jayakumar
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Dharma Raj Kandel
- Department of Bionanotechnology and Bioconvergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Tae Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Suchart Siengchin
- Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - Jaewoo Lee
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea; Department of Bionanotechnology and Bioconvergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea; Department of JBNU-KIST Industry-Academia Convergence Research, Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea.
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Lee U, Jang ES, Lee S, Kim HJ, Kang CW, Cho M, Lee J. Near dissolved organic matter microfiltration (NDOM MF) coupled with UVC LED disinfection to maximize the efficiency of water treatment for the removal of Giardia and Cryptosporidium. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 233:119731. [PMID: 36822110 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microfiltration (MF) membranes with a mean pore size same as or smaller than 0.45 µm have been typically used to separate pathogenic protozoa in water since materials larger than 0.45 µm are considered particulates. However, 0.45 µm is too small to separate protozoa which are 4-6 µm (Cryptosporidium oocyst) or 8-15 µm (Giardia cyst) in size. In this study, we optimized the mean pore size of MF membranes to maximize the producibility and guarantee a high removal rate simultaneously and proposed the membrane filtration using an MF membrane with an optimum mean pore size larger than but close to dissolved organic matter (DOM), which is called near DOM MF (NDOM MF). According to the MF test using polystyrene surrogate beads with diameters of 3 and 8 µm, an MF membrane with a 0.8 µm mean pore size was the best in that it showed 52% to 146% higher water fluxes than a 0.45 µm MF membrane while maintaining the removal rate at 3-4 log. It was also the case for a low-temperature MF test, revealing the NDOM MF is highly effective regardless of temperature changes. Lastly, we tried to find the possibility of combining the NDOM MF with disinfection by an ultraviolet light emitting diode (UVC LED) to further guarantee the high quality of treated water while providing high process efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uje Lee
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Suk Jang
- Department of Housing Environmental Design and Research Institute of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Somin Lee
- Department of Bionanotechnology and Bioconvergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jun Kim
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun-Won Kang
- Department of Housing Environmental Design and Research Institute of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Cho
- Division of Biotechnology, Advanced institute of Environment and Bioscience, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jaewoo Lee
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea; Department of Bionanotechnology and Bioconvergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea; Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea.
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Kandel DR, Kim HJ, Lim JM, Poudel MB, Cho M, Kim HW, Oh BT, Nah C, Lee SH, Dahal B, Lee J. Cold plasma-assisted regeneration of biochar for dye adsorption. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 309:136638. [PMID: 36183884 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Environmental remedies, including adsorption-based water purification, are now being asked to meet the requirement for a low-carbon circular economy requiring low energy and low material consumption. In this regard, we tested the possibility of regenerating adsorbents via cold plasma (CP) treatment for less use of adsorbents and no washing solution. In the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) using carbonized rice husk (CRH) and five successive regeneration cycles by CP treatment, the removal efficiencies were maintained at a moderate level (∼70% of the initial performance), unlike five consecutive adsorption without CP treatment (∼9-13% of the initial performance). The regeneration of CRH by CP treatment was also double-checked by the FESEM, EDS, BET, FTIR, XPS, and surface zeta potential measurements. The successfully recovered adsorption capability is related to the remediation of adsorption sites. It is also worth noting that the required power consumption for recycling by CP treatment was about 6.4 times lower than carbonizing new rice husks. This work provides insights into recovering adsorbents using CP without rigorous, costly, and energy-intensive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharma Raj Kandel
- Department of Bionanotechnology and Bioconvergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jun Kim
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Muk Lim
- Division of Biotechnology, Advanced Institute of Environment and Bioscience, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Milan Babu Poudel
- Department of Convergence Technology Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Cho
- Division of Biotechnology, Advanced Institute of Environment and Bioscience, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Division of Civil, Environmental, Mineral Resource and Energy Engineering, Soil Environment Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Taek Oh
- Division of Biotechnology, Advanced Institute of Environment and Bioscience, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Changwoon Nah
- Department of Bionanotechnology and Bioconvergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea; Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hee Lee
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea; Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Bipeen Dahal
- Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewoo Lee
- Department of Bionanotechnology and Bioconvergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea; Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea.
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