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Bórquez-Mendivil A, Barrios-Durstewitz CP, Núñez-Jáquez RE, Hurtado-Macías A, Leal-Pérez JE, Flores-Valenzuela J, García-Grajeda BA, Cabrera-Covarrubias FG, Mendivil-Escalante JM, Almaral-Sánchez JL. A New Sustainable PPT Coating Based on Recycled PET to Improve the Durability of Hydraulic Concrete. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1297. [PMID: 38732766 PMCID: PMC11085866 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
A new, sustainable polypropylene terephthalate (PPT) coating was synthesized from recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and applied onto a hydraulic concrete substrate to improve its durability. For the first step, PET bottle wastes were ground and depolymerized by glycolysis using propylene glycol (PG) in a vessel-type reactor (20-180 °C) to synthesize bis(2-hydroxypropyl)-terephthalate (BHPT), which was applied as a coating to one to three layers of hydraulic concrete substrate using the brushing technique and polymerized (150 °C for 15 h) to obtain PPT. PET, BHPT, and PPT were characterized by FT-IR, PET, and PPT using TGA, and the PPT coatings by SEM (thickness), ASTM-D3359-17 (adhesion), and water contact angle (wettability). The durability of hydraulic concrete coated with PPT was studied using resist chloride ion penetration (ASTM-C1202-17), carbonation depth at 28 days (RILEM-CPC-18), and the absorption water ratio (ASTM-C1585-20). The results demonstrated that the BHPT and PPT were synthetized (FT-IR), and PPT had a similar thermal behavior to PET (TGA); the PPT coatings had good adhesion to the substrate, with thicknesses of micrometric units. PPT coatings presented hydrophilic hydrophilic behavior like PET coatings, and the durability of hydraulic concrete coated with PPT (2-3 layers) improved (migration of chloride ions decreased, carbonation depth was negligible, and the absorption water ratio decreased).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Bórquez-Mendivil
- Facultad de Ingeniería Mochis, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Ángel Flores S/N, Las Fuentes, Los Mochis 81223, Sinaloa, Mexico; (A.B.-M.); (C.P.B.-D.); (R.E.N.-J.); (J.E.L.-P.); (J.F.-V.); (B.A.G.-G.); (F.G.C.-C.)
| | - Carlos Paulino Barrios-Durstewitz
- Facultad de Ingeniería Mochis, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Ángel Flores S/N, Las Fuentes, Los Mochis 81223, Sinaloa, Mexico; (A.B.-M.); (C.P.B.-D.); (R.E.N.-J.); (J.E.L.-P.); (J.F.-V.); (B.A.G.-G.); (F.G.C.-C.)
| | - Rosa Elba Núñez-Jáquez
- Facultad de Ingeniería Mochis, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Ángel Flores S/N, Las Fuentes, Los Mochis 81223, Sinaloa, Mexico; (A.B.-M.); (C.P.B.-D.); (R.E.N.-J.); (J.E.L.-P.); (J.F.-V.); (B.A.G.-G.); (F.G.C.-C.)
| | - Abel Hurtado-Macías
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, S.C., Miguel de Cervantes #120, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31136, Mexico;
| | - Jesús Eduardo Leal-Pérez
- Facultad de Ingeniería Mochis, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Ángel Flores S/N, Las Fuentes, Los Mochis 81223, Sinaloa, Mexico; (A.B.-M.); (C.P.B.-D.); (R.E.N.-J.); (J.E.L.-P.); (J.F.-V.); (B.A.G.-G.); (F.G.C.-C.)
| | - Joaquín Flores-Valenzuela
- Facultad de Ingeniería Mochis, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Ángel Flores S/N, Las Fuentes, Los Mochis 81223, Sinaloa, Mexico; (A.B.-M.); (C.P.B.-D.); (R.E.N.-J.); (J.E.L.-P.); (J.F.-V.); (B.A.G.-G.); (F.G.C.-C.)
| | - Blanca Alicia García-Grajeda
- Facultad de Ingeniería Mochis, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Ángel Flores S/N, Las Fuentes, Los Mochis 81223, Sinaloa, Mexico; (A.B.-M.); (C.P.B.-D.); (R.E.N.-J.); (J.E.L.-P.); (J.F.-V.); (B.A.G.-G.); (F.G.C.-C.)
| | - Francisca Guadalupe Cabrera-Covarrubias
- Facultad de Ingeniería Mochis, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Ángel Flores S/N, Las Fuentes, Los Mochis 81223, Sinaloa, Mexico; (A.B.-M.); (C.P.B.-D.); (R.E.N.-J.); (J.E.L.-P.); (J.F.-V.); (B.A.G.-G.); (F.G.C.-C.)
| | - José Miguel Mendivil-Escalante
- Facultad de Ingeniería Mochis, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Ángel Flores S/N, Las Fuentes, Los Mochis 81223, Sinaloa, Mexico; (A.B.-M.); (C.P.B.-D.); (R.E.N.-J.); (J.E.L.-P.); (J.F.-V.); (B.A.G.-G.); (F.G.C.-C.)
| | - Jorge Luis Almaral-Sánchez
- Facultad de Ingeniería Mochis, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Ángel Flores S/N, Las Fuentes, Los Mochis 81223, Sinaloa, Mexico; (A.B.-M.); (C.P.B.-D.); (R.E.N.-J.); (J.E.L.-P.); (J.F.-V.); (B.A.G.-G.); (F.G.C.-C.)
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Aliev G, Toms R, Melnikov P, Gervald A, Glushchenko L, Sedush N, Chvalun S. Synthesis of L-Lactide from Lactic Acid and Production of PLA Pellets: Full-Cycle Laboratory-Scale Technology. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:624. [PMID: 38475307 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Lactide is one of the most popular and promising monomers for the synthesis of biocompatible and biodegradable polylactide and its copolymers. The goal of this work was to carry out a full cycle of polylactide production from lactic acid. Process conditions and ratios of reagents were optimized, and the key properties of the synthesized polymers were investigated. The influence of synthesis conditions and the molecular weight of lactic acid oligomers on the yield of lactide was studied. Lactide polymerization was first carried out in a 500 mL flask and then scaled up and carried out in a 2000 mL laboratory reactor setup with a combined extruder. Initially, the lactic acid solution was concentrated to remove free water; then, the oligomerization and synthesis of lactide were carried out in one flask in the presence of various concentrations of tin octoate catalyst at temperatures from 150 to 210 °C. The yield of lactide was 67-69%. The resulting raw lactide was purified by recrystallization in solvents. The yield of lactide after recrystallization in butyl acetate (selected as the optimal solvent for laboratory purification) was 41.4%. Further, the polymerization of lactide was carried out in a reactor unit at a tin octoate catalyst concentration of 500 ppm. Conversion was 95%; Mw = 228 kDa; and PDI = 1.94. The resulting products were studied by differential scanning calorimetry, NMR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography. The resulting polylactide in the form of pellets was obtained using an extruder and a pelletizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gadir Aliev
- M.V. Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA-Russian Technological University, Moscow 119571, Russia
| | - Roman Toms
- M.V. Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA-Russian Technological University, Moscow 119571, Russia
| | - Pavel Melnikov
- M.V. Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA-Russian Technological University, Moscow 119571, Russia
| | - Alexander Gervald
- M.V. Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA-Russian Technological University, Moscow 119571, Russia
| | | | - Nikita Sedush
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117393, Russia
| | - Sergei Chvalun
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117393, Russia
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Viora L, Combeau M, Pucci MF, Perrin D, Liotier PJ, Bouvard JL, Combeaud C. A Comparative Study on Crystallisation for Virgin and Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET): Multiscale Effects on Physico-Mechanical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4613. [PMID: 38232036 PMCID: PMC10708313 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) (PET) is one of the most used polymers for packaging applications. Modifications induced by service conditions and the means to make this matter circular have to be understood to really close the loop (from bottle to bottle for example). Physico-chemical properties, crystalline organisation, and mechanical behaviour of virgin PET (vPET) are compared with those of recycled PET (rPET). Using different combined experimental methods (Calorimetry, Small Angle X-ray Scattering [SAXS], Atomic Force Microscopy [AFM], Dynamic Mechanical Analysis [DMA], and uniaxial tensile test), it has been proven that even if there is no change in the crystallinity of PET, the crystallisation process shows some differences (size and number of spherulites). The potential impact of these differences on local mechanical characterisation is explored and tends to demonstrate the development of a homogeneous microstructure, leading to well-controlled and relevant local mechanical property characterisation. The main contribution of the present study is a better understanding of crystallisation of PET and recycled PET during forming processes such as thermoforming or Injection Stretch Blow Moulding (ISBM), during which elongation at the point of breaking can depend on the microstructure conditioned by the crystallisation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurianne Viora
- Mines Paris, Centre for Material Forming (CEMEF), PSL University, UMR CNRS 7635, 1 rue Claude Daunesse, CS 10207, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, France; (L.V.); (J.-L.B.); (C.C.)
| | - Marie Combeau
- PCH, IMT Mines Ales, 30100 Ales, France; (M.C.); (P.-J.L.)
| | | | - Didier Perrin
- PCH, IMT Mines Ales, 30100 Ales, France; (M.C.); (P.-J.L.)
| | | | - Jean-Luc Bouvard
- Mines Paris, Centre for Material Forming (CEMEF), PSL University, UMR CNRS 7635, 1 rue Claude Daunesse, CS 10207, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, France; (L.V.); (J.-L.B.); (C.C.)
| | - Christelle Combeaud
- Mines Paris, Centre for Material Forming (CEMEF), PSL University, UMR CNRS 7635, 1 rue Claude Daunesse, CS 10207, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, France; (L.V.); (J.-L.B.); (C.C.)
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Kirshanov KA, Toms RV, Balashov MS, Golubkov SS, Melnikov PV, Gervald AY. Modeling of Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) Homogeneous Glycolysis Kinetics. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3146. [PMID: 37514535 PMCID: PMC10383944 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer composites with various recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate)-based (PET-based) polyester matrices (poly(ethylene terephthalate), copolyesters, and unsaturated polyester resins), similar in properties to the primary ones, can be obtained based on PET glycolysis products after purification. PET glycolysis allows one to obtain bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate and oligo(ethylene terephthalates) with various molecular weights. A kinetic model of poly(ethylene terephthalate) homogeneous glycolysis under the combined or separate action of oligo(ethylene terephthalates), bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate, and ethylene glycol is proposed. The model takes into account the interaction of bound, terminal, and free ethylene glycol molecules in the PET feedstock and the glycolysis agent. Experimental data were obtained on the molecular weight distribution of poly(ethylene terephthalate) glycolysis products and the content of bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate monomer in them to verify the model. Homogeneous glycolysis of PET was carried out at atmospheric pressure in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) solvents with catalyst based on antimony trioxide (Sb2O3) under the action of different agents: ethylene glycol at temperatures of 165 and 180 °C; bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate at 250 °C; and oligoethylene terephthalate with polycondensation degree 3 at 250 °C. Homogeneous step-by-step glycolysis under the successive action of the oligo(ethylene terephthalate) trimer, bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate, and ethylene glycol at temperatures of 250, 220, and 190 °C, respectively, was also studied. The composition of products was confirmed using FTIR spectroscopy. Molecular weight characteristics were determined using gel permeation chromatography (GPC), the content of bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate was determined via extraction with water at 60 °C. The developed kinetic model was found to be in agreement with the experimental data and it could be used further to predict the optimal conditions for homogeneous PET glycolysis and to obtain polymer-based composite materials with desired properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill A Kirshanov
- M.V. Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA-Russian Technological University, Moscow 119571, Russia
| | - Roman V Toms
- M.V. Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA-Russian Technological University, Moscow 119571, Russia
| | - Mikhail S Balashov
- M.V. Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA-Russian Technological University, Moscow 119571, Russia
| | - Sergey S Golubkov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilova Str., Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Pavel V Melnikov
- M.V. Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA-Russian Technological University, Moscow 119571, Russia
| | - Alexander Yu Gervald
- M.V. Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA-Russian Technological University, Moscow 119571, Russia
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Parmanbek N, Aimanova NA, Mashentseva AA, Barsbay M, Abuova FU, Nurpeisova DT, Jakupova ZY, Zdorovets MV. e-Beam and γ-rays Induced Synthesis and Catalytic Properties of Copper Nanoclusters-Deposited Composite Track-Etched Membranes. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:659. [PMID: 37505025 PMCID: PMC10385425 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13070659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Effective removal of toxic inorganic and organic pollutants is one of the current leading challenges of wastewater treatment. In this study, the decomposition of methylene blue (MB) under UV light irradiation was investigated in the presence of copper nanoclusters (NCs)-deposited polyethylene terephthalate (PET) track-etched hybrid membranes. PET track-etched membranes (TeMs) with an average pore size of ~400 nm were grafted by functional acrylic acid (AA) monomer under electron beam irradiation after oxidation with H2O2/UV system. The radiation dose varied between 46 and 200 kGy. For the deposition of copper NCs, poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)-grafted membranes saturated with Cu(II) ions were irradiated either by electron beam or γ-rays to obtain copper-based NCs for the catalytic degradation of MB. Irradiation to 100 kGy with accelerated electrons resulted in the formation of small and uniform copper hydroxide (Cu(OH)2) nanoparticles homogeneously distributed over the entire volume of the template. On the other hand, irradiation under γ-rays yielded composites with copper NCs with a high degree of crystallinity. However, the size of the deposited NCs obtained by γ-irradiation was not uniform. Nanoparticles with the highest uniformity were obtained at 150 kGy dose. Detailed analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the loading of copper nanoparticles with an average size of 100 nm on the inner walls of nanochannels and on the surface of PET TeMs. Under UV light irradiation, composite membranes loaded with NCs exhibited high photocatalytic activity. It was determined that the highest catalytic activity was observed in the presence of Cu(OH)2@PET-g-PAA membrane obtained at 250 kGy. More than 91.9% of the initial dye was degraded when this hybrid membrane was employed for 180 min, while only 83.9% of MB was degraded under UV light using Cu@PET-g-PAA membrane. Cu(OH)2@PET-g-PAA membranes obtained under electron beam irradiation demonstrated a higher photocatalytic activity compared to Cu@PET-g-PAA membranes attained by γ-rays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nursanat Parmanbek
- The Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty 050032, Kazakhstan
- Department of Chemistry, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010008, Kazakhstan
| | - Nurgulim A Aimanova
- The Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty 050032, Kazakhstan
| | - Anastassiya A Mashentseva
- The Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty 050032, Kazakhstan
- Department of Nuclear Physics, New Materials and Technologies, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010008, Kazakhstan
| | - Murat Barsbay
- Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Fatima U Abuova
- Department of Nuclear Physics, New Materials and Technologies, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010008, Kazakhstan
| | - Dinara T Nurpeisova
- Department of Chemistry, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010008, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhanar Ye Jakupova
- Department of Chemistry, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010008, Kazakhstan
| | - Maxim V Zdorovets
- The Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty 050032, Kazakhstan
- Department of Intelligent Information Technologies, The Ural Federal University, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- Engineering Profile Laboratory, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010008, Kazakhstan
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Almahri G, Madi K, Alkaabi F, Badran Y, Shehadeh K, ElHassan A, Ahmed W, Alzahmi S. Characterization of Hybrid FRP Composite Produced from Recycled PET and CFRP. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2946. [PMID: 37447589 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, carbon fiber has experienced a significant surge in popularity attributed to its exceptional properties, including its high-temperature resistance, mechanical strength, and cost-effectiveness. Many industries have been attracted to the prevalent use of carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers or plastics (CFRP). However, the increasing demand for carbon fiber has created a waste recycling problem that needs to be addressed. This research aimed to develop a recycled composite using PET waste as a solution to the growing demand for both materials. The recycled carbon fibers were processed chemically and mechanically to generate power for this process. Various samples were tested with different proportions of CF (10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%) to analyze their mechanical properties. The recycled composites are examined under tensile test conditions to further explore the waste carbon reinforcement's effect on polymers' characteristics. Scanning electron microscopy was also utilized for mechanical morphology evaluations. After analyzing the data, it was found that samples containing 20% CF had the highest elastic modulus value among all the mixes. This is attributed to the reinforcing effect of the fibers. The Elasticity Modulus of the filaments increased with the concentration of CF, reaching its peak at 20% before decreasing. This trend is also apparent in the visual representations. When compared to recycling, the Elasticity Modulus value of 20% CF filament increased by 97.5%. The precise value for CF with a 20% filament is 4719.3 MPa. Moreover, the composite samples were analyzed using SEM to characterize them, and it was discovered that the incorporation of 20% CF/PET filler produced the composition with the highest strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghdayra Almahri
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kaouthar Madi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fatima Alkaabi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yahia Badran
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khaled Shehadeh
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amged ElHassan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Waleed Ahmed
- Engineering Requirements Unit, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Salem Alzahmi
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- National Water and Energy Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
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Roungpaisan N, Srisawat N, Rungruangkitkrai N, Chartvivatpornchai N, Boonyarit J, Kittikorn T, Chollakup R. Effect of Recycling PET Fabric and Bottle Grade on r-PET Fiber Structure. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102330. [PMID: 37242906 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
PET knitted fabric was melted and cooled by hot pressing at 250 °C to obtain a compacted sheet. Only white PET fabric (WF_PET) was used to study the recycling process by compression and grinding to powder and then melt spinning at different take-up speeds compared to PET bottle grade (BO_PET). PET knitted fabric had good fiber formability and was better suited for melt spinning of recycled PET (r-PET) fibers than the bottle grade. Thermal and mechanical properties of r-PET fibers improved in terms of crystallinity and tensile strength with increasing take-up speed (500 to 1500 m/min). Fading and color changes from the original fabric were relatively small compared with PET bottle grade. Results indicated that fiber structure and properties can be used as a guideline for improving and developing r-PET fibers from textile waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanjaporn Roungpaisan
- Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Pathum Thani 12110, Thailand
| | - Natee Srisawat
- Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Pathum Thani 12110, Thailand
| | - Nattadon Rungruangkitkrai
- Department of Textile Science, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | | | - Jirachaya Boonyarit
- Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Product Improvement Institute (KAPI), Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Thorsak Kittikorn
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Rungsima Chollakup
- Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Product Improvement Institute (KAPI), Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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