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Malucelli G. Nanostructured Flame-Retardant Layer-by-Layer Architectures for Cotton Fabrics: The Current State of the Art and Perspectives. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:858. [PMID: 38786814 PMCID: PMC11123715 DOI: 10.3390/nano14100858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Nowadays, nanotechnology represents a well-established approach, suitable for designing, producing, and applying materials to a broad range of advanced sectors. In this context, the use of well-suited "nano" approaches accounted for a big step forward in conferring optimized flame-retardant features to such a cellulosic textile material as cotton, considering its high ease of flammability, yearly production, and extended use. Being a surface-localized phenomenon, the flammability of cotton can be quite simply and effectively controlled by tailoring its surface through the deposition of nano-objects, capable of slowing down the heat and mass transfer from and to the textile surroundings, which accounts for flame fueling and possibly interacting with the propagating radicals in the gas phase. In this context, the layer-by-layer (LbL) approach has definitively demonstrated its reliability and effectiveness in providing cotton with enhanced flame-retardant features, through the formation of fully inorganic or hybrid organic/inorganic nanostructured assemblies on the fabric surface. Therefore, the present work aims to summarize the current state of the art related to the use of nanostructured LbL architectures for cotton flame retardancy, offering an overview of the latest research outcomes that often highlight the multifunctional character of the deposited assemblies and discussing the current limitations and some perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Malucelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy; ; Tel.: +39-0131229369
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
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Gopalakrishnan A, Janardhanan DV, Sasi S, Aravindakumar CT, Aravind UK. Organic micropollutant removal and phosphate recovery by polyelectrolyte multilayer membranes: Impact of buildup interactions. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 350:141078. [PMID: 38160944 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.141078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) deposition conditions can favorably or adversely affect the membrane filtration performance of various pollutants. Although pH and ionic strength have been proven to alter the characteristics of PEM, their role in determining the buildup interactions that control filtration efficacy has not yet been conclusively proved. A PEM constructed using electrostatic or non-electrostatic interactions from controlled deposition of a weak polyelectrolyte could retain both charged and uncharged pollutants from water. The fundamental relationship between polyelectrolyte charge density, PEM buildup interaction, and filtration performance was explored using a weak-strong electrolyte pair consisting of branching poly (ethyleneimine) and poly (styrene sulfonate) (PSS) across pH ranges of 4-10 and NaCl concentrations of 0 M-0.5 M. PEI/PSS multilayers at acidic pH were dominated by electrostatic interactions, which favored the selective removal of a charged solute, phosphate over chloride, while at alkaline pH, non-electrostatic interactions dominated, which favored the removal of oxybenzone (OXY), a neutral hydrophobic solute. The key factor determining these interactions was the charge density of PEI, which is controlled by pH and ionic strength of the deposition solutions. These findings indicate that the control of buildup interactions can largely influence the physico-chemical and transport characteristics of PEM membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Gopalakrishnan
- Advanced Centre of Environment Studies and Sustainable Development, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India
| | - Disha V Janardhanan
- Advanced Centre of Environment Studies and Sustainable Development, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India
| | - Subha Sasi
- Advanced Centre of Environment Studies and Sustainable Development, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India
| | - Charuvila T Aravindakumar
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India; Inter University Instrumentation Centre, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India
| | - Usha K Aravind
- Advanced Centre of Environment Studies and Sustainable Development, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India; School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi-682022, Kerala, India.
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Chandra Kishore S, Perumal S, Atchudan R, Alagan M, Wadaan MA, Baabbad A, Manoj D. Recent Advanced Synthesis Strategies for the Nanomaterial-Modified Proton Exchange Membrane in Fuel Cells. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:590. [PMID: 37367794 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13060590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen energy is converted to electricity through fuel cells, aided by nanostructured materials. Fuel cell technology is a promising method for utilizing energy sources, ensuring sustainability, and protecting the environment. However, it still faces drawbacks such as high cost, operability, and durability issues. Nanomaterials can address these drawbacks by enhancing catalysts, electrodes, and fuel cell membranes, which play a crucial role in separating hydrogen into protons and electrons. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have gained significant attention in scientific research. The primary objectives are to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, particularly in the automotive industry, and develop cost-effective methods and materials to enhance PEMFC efficiency. We provide a typical yet inclusive review of various types of proton-conducting membranes. In this review article, special focus is given to the distinctive nature of nanomaterial-filled proton-conducting membranes and their essential characteristics, including their structural, dielectric, proton transport, and thermal properties. We provide an overview of the various reported nanomaterials, such as metal oxide, carbon, and polymeric nanomaterials. Additionally, the synthesis methods in situ polymerization, solution casting, electrospinning, and layer-by-layer assembly for proton-conducting membrane preparation were analyzed. In conclusion, the way to implement the desired energy conversion application, such as a fuel cell, using a nanostructured proton-conducting membrane has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somasundaram Chandra Kishore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Nagar, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Suguna Perumal
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, Seoul 143747, Republic of Korea
| | - Raji Atchudan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Muthulakshmi Alagan
- Center for Environmental Management Laboratory, National Institute of Technical Teachers Training and Research, Chennai 600113, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohammad Ahmad Wadaan
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Almohannad Baabbad
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Devaraj Manoj
- Department of Chemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore 641021, Tamil Nadu, India
- Centre for Material Chemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore 641021, Tamil Nadu, India
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