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Chu H, Hu X, Wang Z, Mu J, Li N, Zhou X, Fang S, Haines CS, Park JW, Qin S, Yuan N, Xu J, Tawfick S, Kim H, Conlin P, Cho M, Cho K, Oh J, Nielsen S, Alberto KA, Razal JM, Foroughi J, Spinks GM, Kim SJ, Ding J, Leng J, Baughman RH. Unipolar stroke, electroosmotic pump carbon nanotube yarn muscles. Science 2021; 371:494-498. [PMID: 33510023 DOI: 10.1126/science.abc4538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Success in making artificial muscles that are faster and more powerful and that provide larger strokes would expand their applications. Electrochemical carbon nanotube yarn muscles are of special interest because of their relatively high energy conversion efficiencies. However, they are bipolar, meaning that they do not monotonically expand or contract over the available potential range. This limits muscle stroke and work capacity. Here, we describe unipolar stroke carbon nanotube yarn muscles in which muscle stroke changes between extreme potentials are additive and muscle stroke substantially increases with increasing potential scan rate. The normal decrease in stroke with increasing scan rate is overwhelmed by a notable increase in effective ion size. Enhanced muscle strokes, contractile work-per-cycle, contractile power densities, and energy conversion efficiencies are obtained for unipolar muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetao Chu
- Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.,Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150080, China
| | - Xinghao Hu
- Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.,Institute of Intelligent Flexible Mechatronics, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Jiuke Mu
- Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Na Li
- Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.,MilliporeSigma, Materials Science, Milwaukee, WI 53209, USA
| | - Xiaoshuang Zhou
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Shaoli Fang
- Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Carter S Haines
- Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.,Opus 12 Incorporated, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
| | - Jong Woo Park
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Si Qin
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Ningyi Yuan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Jiang Xu
- Institute of Intelligent Flexible Mechatronics, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Sameh Tawfick
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Hyungjun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.,Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, The Republic of Korea
| | - Patrick Conlin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Maenghyo Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.,Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, The Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongjae Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Jiyoung Oh
- Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Steven Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Kevin A Alberto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Joselito M Razal
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Javad Foroughi
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia, Wollongong, New South Wales 2500, Australia
| | - Geoffrey M Spinks
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Seon Jeong Kim
- Center for Self-Powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Jianning Ding
- Institute of Intelligent Flexible Mechatronics, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China. .,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Jinsong Leng
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150080, China.
| | - Ray H Baughman
- Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
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