1
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Claves J, Chennell P, Le Basle Y, Krautwurst N, Sautou V. Comparative Study of Sorption Phenomena Between Three Medications and Syringes Made of Cyclic Olefin Copolymer or Polypropylene. Pharm Res 2024; 41:51-62. [PMID: 37989952 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03633-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Medical syringes are widely used in hospitals to store and administer drugs, and the contact time between the drugs and these syringes can vary from a few minutes to several weeks like for pharmaceutical preparations. The aim of this comparative study was to evaluate the potential sorption phenomena occurring between three drugs (paracetamol, diazepam and insulin aspart) and polypropylene syringes (PP) or syringes made of Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (COC). MATERIALS AND METHODS 50 mL 3-part syringes made of either COC with crosslinked silicone on the barrel inner surface (COC-CLS) and a bromobutyl plunger seal, or PP lubricated with silicone oil (PP-SOL) with a polyisoprene plunger seal were used. RESULTS COC-CLS syringes induced less sorption of diazepam and insulin than PP-SOL syringes and the plunger seal material seemed to be the main cause of these interactions. An alkalinization of the medications in contact with the PP-SOL syringes was observed. It could be caused by leachable compounds and should be investigated further. CONCLUSION This work shows once again that it is essential to consider content-container interactions to help improve the safe use of parenteral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle Claves
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont Ferrand, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, ICCF, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Philip Chennell
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont Ferrand, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, ICCF, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Yoann Le Basle
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont Ferrand, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, ICCF, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nina Krautwurst
- SCHOTT Pharma Schweiz AG, St. Josefen-Strasse 20, 9001, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Valérie Sautou
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont Ferrand, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, ICCF, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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2
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Divine-Ayela C, Perez F, Striolo A. Hop, Skip, and Jump: Hydrogen Molecular Transport through Amorphous Polyethylene Matrices Studied via Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023; 62:19893-19906. [PMID: 38037624 PMCID: PMC10682999 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.3c02213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
In the pursuit of advancing and diversifying energy technologies for a more sustainable future, the possibilities of hydrogen (H2) usage will broaden, as will our understanding of its containment materials. Polyethylene (PE) has a vast assortment of uses and applications, which are growing with demands for alternative energy possibilities. One use of PE liner is as a prime candidate for nonmetallic piping and pressurized type IV storage devices. Such applications require PE to effectively prevent H2 transport through containment systems. To study the molecular transport mechanism of hydrogen through polymeric barriers, a system containing hydrogen molecules absorbed within amorphous PE is modeled here using molecular dynamics simulations. The simulations are conducted within a range of temperatures that span the glass transition temperature of amorphous PE. The simulated PE displays bulk density, radius of gyration, and self-diffusion coefficient that are consistent with experimental data. The simulated trajectories are interrogated to study the movement of the guest gas molecules. The results show that the diffusion coefficients increase with temperature, as expected. However, the mobility of the PE chains is found to affect the mobility of absorbed H2 molecules to a much lower extent than it affects that of CH4 molecules because of the much smaller size of the former than of the latter guest. From a molecular perspective, a "hopping" mechanism is observed, according to which H2 molecules hop between one vacant free volume space to another within the polymer matrix, in combination with longer, straight, undisturbed "jumps" or "skips" along directions aligned with regions of ordered PE chains. This suggests that the orientation of the crystallites within the semicrystalline PE matrix affects the H2 containment. Implications of these findings toward PE usage as containment material are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Divine-Ayela
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - Felipe Perez
- School
of Sustainable Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Alberto Striolo
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
- School
of Sustainable Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
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3
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Kukhtetskiy SV, Fomenko EV, Anshits AG. Anomalous Diffusion of Helium and Neon in Low-Density Silica Glass. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:754. [PMID: 37755176 PMCID: PMC10534533 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13090754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The diffusion properties of low-density non-porous silica glasses (expanded silica glasses) were researched with the aim of searching for the molecular structure of membrane materials intended for the effective separation of helium-neon gas mixtures. It has been shown on a large number (84) of computer models of such glasses that there are molecular structures of silica in which various helium and neon diffusion mechanisms are simultaneously implemented: superdiffusion for helium and subdiffusion for neon. This makes it possible to significantly (by 3-5 orders of magnitude) increase the helium permeability of such glasses at room temperature and maintain a high selectivity for the separation of helium and neon (at the level of 104-105) at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Kukhtetskiy
- Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology SB RAS, Akademgorodok 50/24, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
| | - Elena V Fomenko
- Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology SB RAS, Akademgorodok 50/24, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
| | - Alexander G Anshits
- Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology SB RAS, Akademgorodok 50/24, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Siberian Federal University, Svobodnyi pr. 79, Krasnoyarsk 660041, Russia
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4
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Dawass N, Vasileiadis M, Peristeras LD, Papavasileiou KD, Economou IG. Prediction of Adsorption and Diffusion of Shale Gas in Composite Pores Consisting of Kaolinite and Kerogen using Molecular Simulation. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:9452-9462. [PMID: 38357005 PMCID: PMC10863031 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Natural gas production from shale formations is one of the most recent and fast growing developments in the oil and gas industry. The accurate prediction of the adsorption and transport of shale gas is essential for estimating shale gas production capacity and improving existing extractions. To realistically represent heterogeneous shale formations, a composite pore model was built from a kaolinite slit mesopore hosting a kerogen matrix. Moreover, empty slabs (2, 3, and 4 nm) were added between the kerogen matrix and siloxane surface of kaolinite. Using Grand-Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, the adsorption and diffusion of pure methane, pure ethane, and a shale gas mixture were computed at various high pressures (100, 150, and 250 atm) and temperature of 298.15 K. The addition of an inner slit pore was found to significantly increase the excess adsorption of methane, as a pure component and in the shale gas mixture. The saturation of the composite pore with methane was observed to be at a higher pressure compared to ethane. The excess adsorption of carbon dioxide was not largely affected by pressure, and the local number density profile showed its strong affinity to kerogen micropores and the hydroxylated gibbsite surface under all conditions and pore widths. Lateral diffusion coefficients were found to increase with increasing the width of the empty slab inside the composite pore. Statistical errors of diffusion coefficients were found to be large for the case of shale gas components present at low composition. A larger composite pore configuration was created to investigate the diffusion of methane in different regions of the composite pore. The calculated diffusion coefficients and mean residence times were found to be indicative of the different adsorption mechanisms occurring inside the pore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura Dawass
- Chemical
Engineering Program, Texas A&M University
at Qatar, P.O. Box 23874, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Manolis Vasileiadis
- Molecular
Thermodynamics and Modeling of Materials Laboratory, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for
Scientific Research “Demokritos”, GR-15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Attikis, Greece
| | - Loukas D. Peristeras
- Molecular
Thermodynamics and Modeling of Materials Laboratory, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for
Scientific Research “Demokritos”, GR-15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Attikis, Greece
| | - Konstantinos D. Papavasileiou
- Molecular
Thermodynamics and Modeling of Materials Laboratory, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for
Scientific Research “Demokritos”, GR-15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Attikis, Greece
| | - Ioannis G. Economou
- Chemical
Engineering Program, Texas A&M University
at Qatar, P.O. Box 23874, Education City, Doha, Qatar
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5
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Ricci E, Vergadou N. Integrating Machine Learning in the Coarse-Grained Molecular Simulation of Polymers. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:2302-2322. [PMID: 36888553 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c06354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Machine learning (ML) is having an increasing impact on the physical sciences, engineering, and technology and its integration into molecular simulation frameworks holds great potential to expand their scope of applicability to complex materials and facilitate fundamental knowledge and reliable property predictions, contributing to the development of efficient materials design routes. The application of ML in materials informatics in general, and polymer informatics in particular, has led to interesting results, however great untapped potential lies in the integration of ML techniques into the multiscale molecular simulation methods for the study of macromolecular systems, specifically in the context of Coarse Grained (CG) simulations. In this Perspective, we aim at presenting the pioneering recent research efforts in this direction and discussing how these new ML-based techniques can contribute to critical aspects of the development of multiscale molecular simulation methods for bulk complex chemical systems, especially polymers. Prerequisites for the implementation of such ML-integrated methods and open challenges that need to be met toward the development of general systematic ML-based coarse graining schemes for polymers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Ricci
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", GR-15341 Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
- Institute of Informatics and Telecommunications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", GR-15341 Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Niki Vergadou
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", GR-15341 Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
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6
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Mei B, Lin TW, Sheridan GS, Evans CM, Sing CE, Schweizer KS. How Segmental Dynamics and Mesh Confinement Determine the Selective Diffusivity of Molecules in Cross-Linked Dense Polymer Networks. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:508-518. [PMID: 36968535 PMCID: PMC10037493 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c01373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The diffusion of molecules ("penetrants") of variable size, shape, and chemistry through dense cross-linked polymer networks is a fundamental scientific problem broadly relevant in materials, polymer, physical, and biological chemistry. Relevant applications include separation membranes, barrier materials, drug delivery, and nanofiltration. A major open question is the relationship between transport, thermodynamic state, and penetrant and polymer chemical structure. Here we combine experiment, simulation, and theory to unravel these competing effects on penetrant transport in rubbery and supercooled polymer permanent networks over a wide range of cross-link densities, size ratios, and temperatures. The crucial importance of the coupling of local penetrant hopping to polymer structural relaxation and the secondary importance of mesh confinement effects are established. Network cross-links strongly slow down nm-scale polymer relaxation, which greatly retards the activated penetrant diffusion. The demonstrated good agreement between experiment, simulation, and theory provides strong support for the size ratio (penetrant diameter to the polymer Kuhn length) as a key variable and the usefulness of coarse-grained simulation and theoretical models that average over Angstrom scale structure. The developed theory provides an understanding of the physical processes underlying the behaviors observed in experiment and simulation and suggests new strategies for enhancing selective polymer membrane design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baicheng Mei
- Department
of Materials Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Tsai-Wei Lin
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Grant S. Sheridan
- Department
of Materials Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Christopher M. Evans
- Department
of Materials Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Charles E. Sing
- Department
of Materials Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kenneth S. Schweizer
- Department
of Materials Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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7
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Degradation behavior of multilayer packaging films in the presence of a highly acidic sauce. J FOOD ENG 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2022.111318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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8
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Hirosawa F, Watanabe K, Miyagawa M, Takaba H. Direct evaluation of void effect on gas permeation in mixed matrix membrane by non-equilibrium molecular dynamics. J Memb Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2023.121594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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9
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Arul MR, Zhang C, Alahmadi I, Moss IL, Banasavadi-Siddegowda YK, Abdulmalik S, Illien-Junger S, Kumbar SG. Novel Injectable Fluorescent Polymeric Nanocarriers for Intervertebral Disc Application. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:52. [PMID: 36826851 PMCID: PMC9961171 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14020052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Damage to intervertebral discs (IVD) can lead to chronic pain and disability, and no current treatments can fully restore their function. Some non-surgical treatments have shown promise; however, these approaches are generally limited by burst release and poor localization of diverse molecules. In this proof-of-concept study, we developed a nanoparticle (NP) delivery system to efficiently deliver high- and low-solubility drug molecules. Nanoparticles of cellulose acetate and polycaprolactone-polyethylene glycol conjugated with 1-oxo-1H-pyrido [2,1-b][1,3]benzoxazole-3-carboxylic acid (PBC), a novel fluorescent dye, were prepared by the oil-in-water emulsion. Two drugs, a water insoluble indomethacin (IND) and a water soluble 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), were used to study their release patterns. Electron microscopy confirmed the spherical nature and rough surface of nanoparticles. The particle size analysis revealed a hydrodynamic radius ranging ~150-162 nm based on dynamic light scattering. Zeta potential increased with PBC conjugation implying their enhanced stability. IND encapsulation efficiency was almost 3-fold higher than 4-AP, with release lasting up to 4 days, signifying enhanced solubility, while the release of 4-AP continued for up to 7 days. Nanoparticles and their drug formulations did not show any apparent cytotoxicity and were taken up by human IVD nucleus pulposus cells. When injected into coccygeal mouse IVDs in vivo, the nanoparticles remained within the nucleus pulposus cells and the injection site of the nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus of the IVD. These fluorescent nano-formulations may serve as a platform technology to deliver therapeutic agents to IVDs and other tissues that require localized drug injections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Arul
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Changli Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30308, USA
| | - Ibtihal Alahmadi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Isaac L. Moss
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | | | - Sama Abdulmalik
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | | | - Sangamesh G. Kumbar
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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10
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Gan G, Fan S, Li X, Zhang Z, Hao Z. Adsorption and membrane separation for removal and recovery of volatile organic compounds. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 123:96-115. [PMID: 36522017 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a crucial kind of pollutants in the environment due to their obvious features of severe toxicity, high volatility, and poor degradability. It is particularly urgent to control the emission of VOCs due to the persistent increase of concentration and the stringent regulations. In China, clear directions and requirements for reduction of VOCs have been given in the "national plan on environmental improvement for the 13th Five-Year Plan period". Therefore, the development of efficient technologies for removal and recovery of VOCs is of great significance. Recovery technologies are favored by researchers due to their advantages in both recycling VOCs and reducing carbon emissions. Among them, adsorption and membrane separation processes have been extensively studied due to their remarkable industrial prospects. This overview was to provide an up-to-date progress of adsorption and membrane separation for removal and recovery of VOCs. Firstly, adsorption and membrane separation were found to be the research hotspots through bibliometric analysis. Then, a comprehensive understanding of their mechanisms, factors, and current application statuses was discussed. Finally, the challenges and perspectives in this emerging field were briefly highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Shiying Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Xinyong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhongshen Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China.
| | - Zhengping Hao
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
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11
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Striolo A, Huang S. Upcoming Transformations in Integrated Energy/Chemicals Sectors: Some Challenges and Several Opportunities. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2022; 126:21527-21541. [PMID: 36605781 PMCID: PMC9806836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c05192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The sociopolitical events over the past few years led to transformative changes in both the energy and chemical sectors. One of the most evident consequences of these events is the significant focus on sustainability. In fact, rather than an engaging discussion within elite social circles, the search for sustainability is now one of the hard requirements investors impose on companies. The concept of sustainability itself has developed since its inception, and now it encompasses environmental as well as socioeconomic aspects. The major players in the energy and chemical sectors seem to embrace these changes and the related challenges; in most cases, tangible ambitious goals have been proposed. For example, bp aims "to become a net zero company by 2050 or sooner, and to help the world get to net zero". Although tragic events such as the war in Ukraine directly affect global supply chains, leading to some reconsiderations in medium-term industrial and political strategies, trends and public demands seem determined to pursue ambitious sustainable goals, as tangible as the European Union's "Fit for 55" climate package, approved on May 12, 2022, which effectively bans internal combustion engines for new passenger cars and light commercial vehicles from 2035. These trends will likely lead to profound changes in both the chemical and energy sectors. While some predictions may miss the target, speculating about upcoming challenges and opportunities could help us prepare for the future. This is the purpose of this brief Perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Striolo
- School
of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College
London, London, U.K. WC1E 7JE
| | - Shanshan Huang
- Applied
Sciences, Innovation and Engineering, BP
International Ltd., Sunbury-On-Thames, U.K. TW16 7LN
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12
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Yee CY, Lim LG, Lock SSM, Jusoh N, Yiin CL, Chin BLF, Chan YH, Loy ACM, Mubashir M. A systematic review of the molecular simulation of hybrid membranes for performance enhancements and contaminant removals. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135844. [PMID: 35952794 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Number of research on molecular simulation and design has emerged recently but there is currently a lack of review to present these studies in an organized manner to highlight the advances and feasibility. This paper aims to review the development, structural, physical properties and separation performance of hybrid membranes using molecular simulation approach. The hybrid membranes under review include ionic liquid membrane, mixed matrix membrane, and functionalized hybrid membrane for understanding of the transport mechanism of molecules through the different structures. The understanding of molecular interactions, and alteration of pore sizes and transport channels at atomistic level post incorporation of different components in hybrid membranes posing impact to the selective transport of desired molecules are also covered. Incorporation of molecular simulation of hybrid membrane in related fields such as carbon dioxide (CO2) removal, wastewater treatment, and desalination are also reviewed. Despite the limitations of current molecular simulation methodologies, i.e., not being able to simulate the membrane operation at the actual macroscale in processing plants, it is still able to demonstrate promising results in capturing molecule behaviours of penetrants and membranes at full atomic details with acceptable separation performance accuracy. From the review, it was found that the best performing ionic liquid membrane, mixed matrix membrane and functionalized hybrid membrane can enhance the performance of pristine membrane by 4 folds, 2.9 folds and 3.3 folds, respectively. The future prospects of molecular simulation in hybrid membranes are also presented. This review could provide understanding to the current advancement of molecular simulation approach in hybrid membranes separation. This could also provide a guideline to apply molecular simulation in the related sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cia Yin Yee
- CO(2) Research Center (CO2RES), Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Lam Ghai Lim
- School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Serene Sow Mun Lock
- CO(2) Research Center (CO2RES), Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia.
| | - Norwahyu Jusoh
- CO(2) Research Center (CO2RES), Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Chung Loong Yiin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Kota Samarahan, 94300, Malaysia; Institute of Sustainable and Renewable Energy (ISuRE), Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Bridgid Lai Fui Chin
- Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009, Miri Sarawak, Malaysia; Energy and Environment Research Cluster, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009, Miri Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Yi Herng Chan
- PETRONAS Research Sdn. Bhd. (PRSB), Lot 3288 & 3289, Off Jalan Ayer Itam, Kawasan Institusi Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Adrian Chun Minh Loy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Muhammad Mubashir
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Mazo M, Khudobin R, Balabaev N, Belov N, Ryzhikh V, Nikiforov R, Chatterjee R, Banerjee S. Structure and free volume of fluorine-containing polyetherimides with pendant di-tert-butyl groups investigated by molecular dynamics simulation. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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de Hemptinne JC, Kontogeorgis GM, Dohrn R, Economou IG, ten Kate A, Kuitunen S, Fele Žilnik L, De Angelis MG, Vesovic V. A View on the Future of Applied Thermodynamics. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgios M. Kontogeorgis
- Center for Energy Resources Engineering (CERE), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Ralf Dohrn
- Bayer AG, Process Technologies, Building E41, Leverkusen 51368, Germany
| | - Ioannis G. Economou
- Chemical Engineering Program, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha P.O. Box 23874, Qatar
| | | | - Susanna Kuitunen
- Neste Engineering Solutions Oy, P.O. Box 310, Porvoo FI-06101, Finland
| | - Ljudmila Fele Žilnik
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana 1001, Slovenia
| | - Maria Grazia De Angelis
- Institute for Materials and Processes, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Sanderson Building, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, UK
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering University of Bologna, Bologna 40131 Italy
| | - Velisa Vesovic
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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15
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Ricci E, Minelli M, De Angelis MG. Modelling Sorption and Transport of Gases in Polymeric Membranes across Different Scales: A Review. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12090857. [PMID: 36135877 PMCID: PMC9502097 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12090857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Professor Giulio C. Sarti has provided outstanding contributions to the modelling of fluid sorption and transport in polymeric materials, with a special eye on industrial applications such as membrane separation, due to his Chemical Engineering background. He was the co-creator of innovative theories such as the Non-Equilibrium Theory for Glassy Polymers (NET-GP), a flexible tool to estimate the solubility of pure and mixed fluids in a wide range of polymers, and of the Standard Transport Model (STM) for estimating membrane permeability and selectivity. In this review, inspired by his rigorous and original approach to representing membrane fundamentals, we provide an overview of the most significant and up-to-date modeling tools available to estimate the main properties governing polymeric membranes in fluid separation, namely solubility and diffusivity. The paper is not meant to be comprehensive, but it focuses on those contributions that are most relevant or that show the potential to be relevant in the future. We do not restrict our view to the field of macroscopic modelling, which was the main playground of professor Sarti, but also devote our attention to Molecular and Multiscale Hierarchical Modeling. This work proposes a critical evaluation of the different approaches considered, along with their limitations and potentiality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Ricci
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering (DICAM), Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Minelli
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering (DICAM), Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia De Angelis
- Institute for Materials and Processes, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, UK
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16
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Bottoms CM, Stein GE, Doxastakis M. Accelerated Diffusion Following Deprotection in Chemically Amplified Resists. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:6562-6574. [PMID: 35984912 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c03775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric chemically amplified resists (CARs) are critical materials for high-throughput lithographic processes. A photoactivated acid-anion catalyst changes the polymer's solubility via a deprotection reaction, which enables pattern development through selective dissolution. To capture observed reaction kinetics, reaction-diffusion models employ a catalyst diffusivity that is accelerated by reaction. However, the microscopic origin and factors contributing to this phenomena remain unclear. Herein, we employ detailed atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to examine the impact of protecting group removal and material relaxation on catalyst mobility. We report data on polymer density, catalyst dispersion, excess free volume, and segmental dynamics with increasing time/extent of deprotection. We then propose simple kinetic Monte Carlo algorithms that can describe both molecular dynamics simulations of deprotection reactions and experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Bottoms
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Gila E Stein
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Manolis Doxastakis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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17
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Morgan WJ, Anstine DM, Colina CM. Temperature Effects in Flexible Adsorption Processes for Amorphous Microporous Polymers. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:6354-6365. [PMID: 35969816 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c04543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A collection of atomistic molecular simulations is reported that illustrate the impact of adsorption temperature on species uptake and adsorbate-induced structural rearrangement for amorphous polymers of intrinsic microporosity. Temperature-sensitive structural rearrangement is evaluated by contrasting two methods: standard grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations using a rigid framework approximation and a combined Monte Carlo/molecular dynamics approach that fully incorporates framework flexibility. We report single-component gas phase adsorption isotherms for CH4, C2H4, C2H6, C3H6, C3H8, and CO2 across a temperature range of 250-400 K for models of an archetypal polymer of intrinsic microporosity, PIM-1. A quadratic model is presented that captures two main mechanisms of temperature-dependent adsorption-induced deformation of PIM-1 up to a relative swelling of 1.15: thermal expansion and an increased propensity to swell as a function of species uptake. Two case studies are reported that highlight the critical role of operating temperature in industrial storage and separation applications. The first study focuses on methane storage and delivery applications using a pressure-temperature swing adsorption application (PTSA). We demonstrate that larger working capacities are accompanied by increased volumetric strain between adsorption-desorption steps. The second case study considers PIM-1 as an adsorbent to separate an exemplar ternary syngas mixture at operating temperatures ranging 300-550 K. A temperature threshold of ∼400 K is identified, beyond which adsorption-induced PIM-1 swelling is negligible and the solubility selectivity-loading curve transitions to exhibiting a nearly linear relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley J Morgan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States.,George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Dylan M Anstine
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Coray M Colina
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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18
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Voyiatzis E, Stroeks A. Atomistic Modeling of Hydrogen and Oxygen Solubility in Semicrystalline PA-6 and HDPE Materials. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:6102-6111. [PMID: 35921684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c02854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen is a clean and sustainable energy carrier which plays a major role in the transition of the global energy market to a less fossil fuel dependent future. Polymer-based materials are crucial in the production, storage, transportation, and energy extraction of hydrogen. More insights in the hydrogen-polymers interactions are required to guide material design and product development, especially for hydrogen solubility in polymers, which is crucial in many applications. The current study aims at rationalizing the determining factors of hydrogen solubility in two relevant polymers: polyamide-6 (PA-6) and high density polyethylene (HDPE). Based on atomistic molecular dynamics simulations and experimental data, we have reached several conclusions related to hydrogen and oxygen solubility in these two polymers. The crystal phases of PA-6 and HDPE are impenetrable to hydrogen and oxygen at elevated pressures, despite the small molecular size of hydrogen and oxygen. The practical implication for gas barrier applications is that polymer crystals act as impermeable obstacles and gas migration takes place primarily in the amorphous phase. Experimental hydrogen and oxygen solubilities in PA-6 and HDPE at elevated pressures can be predicted in a semiquantitative manner by molecular simulations. The discrepancies between experimental and predicted values could be attributed to neglect of the effect of crystal regions on the amorphous polymer domains. Although hydrogen is smaller than oxygen, it has been experimentally observed that hydrogen has a lower solubility in PA-6 and HDPE than oxygen. This observation has been confirmed by molecular simulations and attributed to the more favorable energetic interactions of oxygen with PA-6 and PE than of hydrogen. These interactions dominate the solubility behavior over the distribution of the accessible volume in the polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander Stroeks
- DSM Engineering Materials, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
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19
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Tanis I, Brown D, Neyertz S, Vaidya M, Ballaguet JP, Duval S, Bahamdan A. Single-gas and mixed-gas permeation of N 2/CH 4 in thermally-rearranged TR-PBO membranes and their 6FDA-bisAPAF polyimide precursor studied by molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:18667-18683. [PMID: 35894847 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05511a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
High-performance polymers with polybenzoxazole (PBO) structures, formed via thermal rearrangement (TR) of aromatic polyimide precursors, have been developed for gas separation applications. The present work compares the transport of N2 and CH4 in a 6FDA-bisAPAF polyimide precursor and in its TR-PBO derivative using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The modelling closely mimicked the experimental approach by transforming a 6FDA-bisAPAF atomistic model into its corresponding TR-PBO structure via a specific algorithm. The densities and void spaces of both precursor and TR polymers were found to compare well to experimental data. An iterative technique was used to obtain the single-gas sorption isotherms of N2 and CH4 at 338.5 K in both polymers over a range of feed pressures up to and exceeding 65 bar. CH4 was systematically found to be more soluble than N2. Solubilities in both matrices were quite similar with those in TR-PBO being slightly higher due to its larger fraction of significant volume. Volume dilation analyses confirmed a higher resistance to plasticization for TR-PBO. Extended single-gas N2 and CH4 simulations and 2 : 1 binary CH4/N2 mixed-gas simulations were then conducted in both matrices at 338.5 K and at a pressure of ∼65 bar corresponding to natural gas processing conditions. Mixed-gas sorption was modelled using a modification of the aforementioned iterative method, which fixed the pressure and iterated to convergence the number of molecules of each type of penetrant. The gas diffusion coefficients were estimated using the Trajectory-Extending Kinetic Monte Carlo (TEKMC) procedure. As found experimentally, significantly higher diffusivities and permeabilities were observed in the TR polymer, which led to a slightly lower ideal N2/CH4 permselectivity for TR-PBO (∼2.6) when compared to its 6FDA-bisAPAF precursor (∼3.8). However, both models showed a reduced N2/CH4 separation efficiency under 2 : 1 binary CH4/N2 mixed-gas conditions bordering on the loss of selectivity. For 6FDA-bisAPAF, both permeabilities decreased in the mixed-gas case, but more for N2 than for CH4. For TR-PBO, the permeability of the faster N2 decreased while the permeability of the slower CH4 increased under mixed-gas conditions. This confirms that single-gas simulations are not sufficient for the prediction of the actual mixed-gas permselectivity behaviour in such polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Tanis
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering and Management Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - David Brown
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering and Management Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Sylvie Neyertz
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering and Management Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Milind Vaidya
- Saudi Aramco, Research & Development Center, Po. Box 62, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jean-Pierre Ballaguet
- Saudi Aramco, Research & Development Center, Po. Box 62, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sebastien Duval
- Saudi Aramco, Research & Development Center, Po. Box 62, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Bahamdan
- Saudi Aramco, Research & Development Center, Po. Box 62, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
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20
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Anstine DM, Sholl DS, Siepmann JI, Snurr RQ, Aspuru-Guzik A, Colina CM. In silico design of microporous polymers for chemical separations and storage. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2022.100795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Elder RM, Saylor DM. Predicting Solute Diffusivity in Polymers Using Time-Temperature Superposition. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:3768-3777. [PMID: 35583328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate a novel application of the time-temperature superposition (TTS) principle to predict solute diffusivity D in glassy polymers using atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. Our TTS approach incorporates the Debye-Waller factor ⟨u2⟩, a measure of solute caging, along with concepts from thermodynamic scaling methods, allowing us to balance contributions to the dynamics from temperature and ⟨u2⟩ using adjustable parameters. Our approach rescales the solute mean-squared displacement curves at several temperatures into a master curve that approximates the diffusive dynamics at a reference temperature, effectively extending the simulation time scale from nanoseconds to seconds and beyond. With a set of "universal" parameters, this TTS approach predicts D with reasonable accuracy in a broad range of polymer/solute systems. Using TTS greatly reduces the computational cost compared to standard MD simulations. Thus, our method offers a means to rapidly and routinely provide order-of-magnitude estimates of D using simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Elder
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland 20903, United States
| | - David M Saylor
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland 20903, United States
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22
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Molecular Characterization of Membrane Gas Separation under Very High Temperatures and Pressure: Single- and Mixed-Gas CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 Permselectivities in Hybrid Networks. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12050526. [PMID: 35629852 PMCID: PMC9143592 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12050526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This work illustrates the potential of using atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) and grand-canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations prior to experiments in order to pre-screen candidate membrane structures for gas separation, under harsh conditions of temperature and pressure. It compares at 300 °C and 400 °C the CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 sieving properties of a series of hybrid networks based on inorganic silsesquioxanes hyper-cross-linked with small organic PMDA or 6FDA imides. The inorganic precursors are the octa(aminopropyl)silsesquioxane (POSS), which degrades above 300 °C, and the octa(aminophenyl)silsesquioxane (OAPS), which has three possible meta, para or ortho isomers and is expected to resist well above 400 °C. As such, the polyPOSS-imide networks were tested at 300 °C only, while the polyOAPS-imide networks were tested at both 300 °C and 400 °C. The feed gas pressure was set to 60 bar in all the simulations. The morphologies and densities of the pure model networks at 300 °C and 400 °C are strongly dependent on their precursors, with the amount of significant free volume ranging from ~2% to ~20%. Since measurements at high temperatures and pressures are difficult to carry out in a laboratory, six isomer-specific polyOAPS-imides and two polyPOSS-imides were simulated in order to assess their N2, CH4 and CO2 permselectivities under such harsh conditions. The models were first analyzed under single-gas conditions, but to be closer to the real processes, the networks that maintained CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 ideal permselectivities above 2 were also tested with binary-gas 90%/10% CH4/CO2 and N2/CO2 feeds. At very high temperatures, the single-gas solubility coefficients vary in the same order as their critical temperatures, but the differences between the penetrants are attenuated and the plasticizing effect of CO2 is strongly reduced. The single-gas diffusion coefficients correlate well with the amount of available free volume in the matrices. Some OAPS-based networks exhibit a nanoporous behavior, while the others are less permeable and show higher ideal permselectivities. Four of the networks were further tested under mixed-gas conditions. The solubility coefficient improved for CO2, while the diffusion selectivity remained similar for the CO2/CH4 pair and disappeared for the CO2/N2 pair. The real separation factor is, thus, mostly governed by the solubility. Two polyOAPS-imide networks, i.e., the polyorthoOAPS-PMDA and the polymetaOAPS-6FDA, seem to be able to maintain their CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 sieving abilities above 2 at 400 °C. These are outstanding performances for polymer-based membranes, and consequently, it is important to be able to produce isomer-specific polyOAPS-imides for use as gas separation membranes under harsh conditions.
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23
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Vitrac O, Nguyen PM, Hayert M. In Silico Prediction of Food Properties: A Multiscale Perspective. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2021.786879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several open software packages have popularized modeling and simulation strategies at the food product scale. Food processing and key digestion steps can be described in 3D using the principles of continuum mechanics. However, compared to other branches of engineering, the necessary transport, mechanical, chemical, and thermodynamic properties have been insufficiently tabulated and documented. Natural variability, accented by food evolution during processing and deconstruction, requires considering composition and structure-dependent properties. This review presents practical approaches where the premises for modeling and simulation start at a so-called “microscopic” scale where constituents or phase properties are known. The concept of microscopic or ground scale is shown to be very flexible from atoms to cellular structures. Zooming in on spatial details tends to increase the overall cost of simulations and the integration over food regions or time scales. The independence of scales facilitates the reuse of calculations and makes multiscale modeling capable of meeting food manufacturing needs. On one hand, new image-modeling strategies without equations or meshes are emerging. On the other hand, complex notions such as compositional effects, multiphase organization, and non-equilibrium thermodynamics are naturally incorporated in models without linearization or simplifications. Multiscale method’s applicability to hierarchically predict food properties is discussed with comprehensive examples relevant to food science, engineering and packaging. Entropy-driven properties such as transport and sorption are emphasized to illustrate how microscopic details bring new degrees of freedom to explore food-specific concepts such as safety, bioavailability, shelf-life and food formulation. Routes for performing spatial and temporal homogenization with and without chemical details are developed. Creating a community sharing computational codes, force fields, and generic food structures is the next step and should be encouraged. This paper provides a framework for the transfer of results from other fields and the development of methods specific to the food domain.
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24
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Lakmehsari MS, Yeganegi S, Matta CF, Ghandi K, Ziaie F. The diffusion of light gases through polyvinyl butyral: Molecular hydrogen, helium, and neon. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.118245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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Drioli E, Macedonio F, Tocci E. Membrane Science and membrane Engineering for a sustainable industrial development. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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26
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Lbadaoui-Darvas M, Garberoglio G, Karadima KS, Cordeiro MNDS, Nenes A, Takahama S. Molecular simulations of interfacial systems: challenges, applications and future perspectives. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2021.1980215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mária Lbadaoui-Darvas
- ENAC/IIE; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Garberoglio
- European Centre for Theoretical Studies in Nuclear Physics and Related Areas (FBK-ECT*), Trento, Italy
- Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications (TIFPA-INFN), Trento, Italy
| | - Katerina S. Karadima
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas(FORTH-ICE/HT), Patras, Greece
| | | | - Athanasios Nenes
- ENAC/IIE; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas(FORTH-ICE/HT), Patras, Greece
| | - Satoshi Takahama
- ENAC/IIE; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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27
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Abstract
For the past few decades, researchers have been intrigued by glassy polymers, which have applications ranging from gas separations to corrosion protection to drug delivery systems. The techniques employed to examine the sorption and diffusion of small molecules in glassy polymers are the subject of this review. Diffusion models in glassy polymers are regulated by Fickian and non-Fickian diffusion, with non-Fickian diffusion being more prevalent. The characteristics of glassy polymers are determined by sorption isotherms, and different models have been proposed in the literature to explain sorption in glassy polymers over the last few years. This review also includes the applications of glassy polymers. Despite having many applications, current researchers still have difficulty in implementing coating challenges due to issues such as physical ageing, brittleness, etc., which are briefly discussed in the review.
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28
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Asif K, Lock SSM, Taqvi SAA, Jusoh N, Yiin CL, Chin BLF, Loy ACM. A Molecular Simulation Study of Silica/Polysulfone Mixed Matrix Membrane for Mixed Gas Separation. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13132199. [PMID: 34279343 PMCID: PMC8271399 DOI: 10.3390/polym13132199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysulfone-based mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) incorporated with silica nanoparticles are a new generation material under ongoing research and development for gas separation. However, the attributes of a better-performing MMM cannot be precisely studied under experimental conditions. Thus, it requires an atomistic scale study to elucidate the separation performance of silica/polysulfone MMMs. As most of the research work and empirical models for gas transport properties have been limited to pure gas, a computational framework for molecular simulation is required to study the mixed gas transport properties in silica/polysulfone MMMs to reflect real membrane separation. In this work, Monte Carlo (MC) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed to study the solubility and diffusivity of CO2/CH4 with varying gas concentrations (i.e., 30% CO2/CH4, 50% CO2/CH4, and 70% CO2/CH4) and silica content (i.e., 15–30 wt.%). The accuracy of the simulated structures was validated with published literature, followed by the study of the gas transport properties at 308.15 K and 1 atm. Simulation results concluded an increase in the free volume with an increasing weight percentage of silica. It was also found that pure gas consistently exhibited higher gas transport properties when compared to mixed gas conditions. The results also showed a competitive gas transport performance for mixed gases, which is more apparent when CO2 increases. In this context, an increment in the permeation was observed for mixed gas with increasing gas concentrations (i.e., 70% CO2/CH4 > 50% CO2/CH4 > 30% CO2/CH4). The diffusivity, solubility, and permeability of the mixed gases were consistently increasing until 25 wt.%, followed by a decrease for 30 wt.% of silica. An empirical model based on a parallel resistance approach was developed by incorporating mathematical formulations for solubility and permeability. The model results were compared with simulation results to quantify the effect of mixed gas transport, which showed an 18% and 15% percentage error for the permeability and solubility, respectively, in comparison to the simulation data. This study provides a basis for future understanding of MMMs using molecular simulations and modeling techniques for mixed gas conditions that demonstrate real membrane separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadija Asif
- CO2 Research Center (CO2 RES), Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (K.A.); (N.J.)
| | - Serene Sow Mun Lock
- CO2 Research Center (CO2 RES), Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (K.A.); (N.J.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Syed Ali Ammar Taqvi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 75270, Pakistan;
- Neurocomputation Lab, National Centre of Artificial Intelligence, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Norwahyu Jusoh
- CO2 Research Center (CO2 RES), Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia; (K.A.); (N.J.)
| | - Chung Loong Yiin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Kota Samarahan 94300, Malaysia;
| | - Bridgid Lai Fui Chin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sarawak Campus, Curtin University Malaysia, Miri 98009, Malaysia;
| | - Adrian Chun Minh Loy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia;
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29
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Bottoms CM, Terlier T, Stein GE, Doxastakis M. Ion Diffusion in Chemically Amplified Resists. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Bottoms
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Tanguy Terlier
- Shared Equipment Authority, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Gila E. Stein
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Manolis Doxastakis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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30
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De Angelis MG, Sarti GC. Gas Transport in Glassy Polymers. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10120400. [PMID: 33297568 PMCID: PMC7762364 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10120400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Muzzi C, Fuoco A, Monteleone M, Esposito E, Jansen JC, Tocci E. Optical Analysis of the Internal Void Structure in Polymer Membranes for Gas Separation. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:E328. [PMID: 33167364 PMCID: PMC7694385 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10110328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Global warming by greenhouse gas emissions is one of the main threats of our modern society, and efficient CO2 capture processes are needed to solve this problem. Membrane separation processes have been identified among the most promising technologies for CO2 capture, and these require the development of highly efficient membrane materials which, in turn, requires detailed understanding of their operation mechanism. In the last decades, molecular modeling studies have become an extremely powerful tool to understand and anticipate the gas transport properties of polymeric membranes. This work presents a study on the correlation of the structural features of different membrane materials, analyzed by means of molecular dynamics simulation, and their gas diffusivity/selectivity. We propose a simplified method to determine the void size distribution via an automatic image recognition tool, along with a consolidated Connolly probe sensing of space, without the need of demanding computational procedures. Based on a picture of the void shape and width, automatic image recognition tests the dimensions of the void elements, reducing them to ellipses. Comparison of the minor axis of the obtained ellipses with the diameters of the gases yields a qualitative estimation of non-accessible paths in the geometrical arrangement of polymeric chains. A second tool, the Connolly probe sensing of space, gives more details on the complexity of voids. The combination of the two proposed tools can be used for a qualitative and rapid screening of material models and for an estimation of the trend in their diffusivity selectivity. The main differences in the structural features of three different classes of polymers are investigated in this work (glassy polymers, superglassy perfluoropolymers and high free volume polymers of intrinsic microporosity), and the results show how the proposed computationally less demanding analysis can be linked with their selectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Elena Tocci
- Institute on Membrane Technology (CNR-ITM), Via P. Bucci, 17/C, 87036 Rende, Italy; (C.M.); (A.F.); (M.M.); (E.E.); (J.C.J.)
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Single- and mixed-gas sorption in large-scale molecular models of glassy bulk polymers. Competitive sorption of a binary CH4/N2 and a ternary CH4/N2/CO2 mixture in a polyimide membrane. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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33
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Kreuzer LP, Widmann T, Aldosari N, Bießmann L, Mangiapia G, Hildebrand V, Laschewsky A, Papadakis CM, Müller-Buschbaum P. Cyclic Water Storage Behavior of Doubly Thermoresponsive Poly(sulfobetaine)-Based Diblock Copolymer Thin Films. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas P. Kreuzer
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Tobias Widmann
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Nawarah Aldosari
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Lorenz Bießmann
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Gaetano Mangiapia
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Viet Hildebrand
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - André Laschewsky
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institut für Angewandte Polymerforschung, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Christine M. Papadakis
- Fachgebiet Physik weicher Materie, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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34
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Anstine DM, Colina CM. Sorption‐induced
polymer rearrangement: approaches from molecular modeling. POLYM INT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan M Anstine
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
| | - Coray M Colina
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
- Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
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35
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Greenfield ML. Representing polymer molecular structure using molecular simulations for the study of liquid sorption and diffusion. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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36
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Ricci E, Vergadou N, Vogiatzis GG, De Angelis MG, Theodorou DN. Molecular Simulations and Mechanistic Analysis of the Effect of CO 2 Sorption on Thermodynamics, Structure, and Local Dynamics of Molten Atactic Polystyrene. Macromolecules 2020; 53:3669-3689. [PMID: 33828339 PMCID: PMC8016389 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A simulation strategy encompassing different scales was applied to the systematic study of the effects of CO2 uptake on the properties of atactic polystyrene (aPS) melts. The analysis accounted for the influence of temperature between 450 and 550 K, polymer molecular weights (M w) between 2100 and 31000 g/mol, and CO2 pressures up to 20 MPa on the volumetric, swelling, structural, and dynamic properties of the polymer as well as on the CO2 solubility and diffusivity by performing molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the system in a fully atomistic representation. A hierarchical scheme was used for the generation of the higher M w polymer systems, which consisted of equilibration at a coarse-grained level of representation through efficient connectivity-altering Monte Carlo simulations, and reverse-mapping back to the atomistic representation, obtaining the configurations used for subsequent MD simulations. Sorption isotherms and associated swelling effects were determined by using an iterative procedure that incorporated a series of MD simulations in the NPT ensemble and the Widom test particle insertion method, while CO2 diffusion coefficients were extracted from long MD runs in the NVE ensemble. Solubility and diffusivity compared favorably with experimental results and with predictions of the Sanchez-Lacombe equation of state, which was reparametrized to capture the M w dependence of polymer properties with greater accuracy. Structural features of the polymer matrix were correctly reproduced by the simulations, and the effects of gas concentration and M w on structure and local dynamics were thoroughly investigated. In the presence of CO2, a significant acceleration of the segmental dynamics of the polymer occurred, more pronouncedly at low M w. The speed-up effect caused by the swelling agent was not limited to the chain ends but affected the whole chain in a similar fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Ricci
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Niki Vergadou
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios G Vogiatzis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Grazia De Angelis
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Doros N Theodorou
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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37
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Kreuzer LP, Widmann T, Bießmann L, Hohn N, Pantle J, Märkl R, Moulin JF, Hildebrand V, Laschewsky A, Papadakis CM, Müller-Buschbaum P. Phase Transition Kinetics of Doubly Thermoresponsive Poly(sulfobetaine)-Based Diblock Copolymer Thin Films. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas P. Kreuzer
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Tobias Widmann
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Lorenz Bießmann
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Nuri Hohn
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes Pantle
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Raphael Märkl
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jean-François Moulin
- German Engineering Materials Science Center at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht GmbH, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Viet Hildebrand
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - André Laschewsky
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institut für Angewandte Polymerforschung, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Christine M. Papadakis
- Fachgebiet Physik der weichen Materie, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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38
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Volgin IV, Andreeva MV, Larin SV, Didenko AL, Vaganov GV, Borisov IL, Volkov AV, Klushin LI, Lyulin SV. Transport Properties of Thermoplastic R-BAPB Polyimide: Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Experiment. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11111775. [PMID: 31671839 PMCID: PMC6918166 DOI: 10.3390/polym11111775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The present work evaluates the transport properties of thermoplastic R-BAPB polyimide based on 1,3-bis(3,3′,4,4′-dicarboxyphenoxy)benzene (dianhydride R) and 4,4′-bis(4-aminophenoxy)biphenyl (diamine BAPB). Both experimental studies and molecular dynamics simulations were applied to estimate the diffusion coefficients and solubilities of various gases, such as helium (He), oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2), and methane (CH4). The validity of the results obtained was confirmed by studying the correlation of the experimental solubilities and diffusion coefficients of He, O2, and N2 in R-BAPB, with their critical temperatures and the effective sizes of the gas molecules, respectively. The solubilities obtained in the molecular dynamics simulations are in good quantitative agreement with the experimental data. A good qualitative relationship between the simulation results and the experimental data is also observed when comparing the diffusion coefficients of the gases. Analysis of the Robeson plots shows that R-BAPB has high selectivity for He, N2, and CO2 separation from CH4, which makes it a promising polymer for developing gas-separation membranes. From this point of view, the simulation models developed and validated in the present work may be put to effective use for further investigations into the transport properties of R-BAPB polyimide and nanocomposites based on it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor V Volgin
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. V.O., 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Maria V Andreeva
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. V.O., 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Sergey V Larin
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. V.O., 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Andrey L Didenko
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. V.O., 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Gleb V Vaganov
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. V.O., 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Ilya L Borisov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr., 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexey V Volkov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr., 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Leonid I Klushin
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. V.O., 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia.
- Department of Physics, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon.
| | - Sergey V Lyulin
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. V.O., 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia.
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