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Padhan B, Ray M, Patel M, Patel R. Production and Bioconversion Efficiency of Enzyme Membrane Bioreactors in the Synthesis of Valuable Products. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:673. [PMID: 37505039 PMCID: PMC10384387 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13070673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The demand for bioactive molecules with nutritional benefits and pharmaceutically important properties is increasing, leading researchers to develop modified production strategies with low-cost purification processes. Recent developments in bioreactor technology can aid in the production of valuable products. Enzyme membrane bioreactors (EMRs) are emerging as sustainable synthesis processes in various agro-food industries, biofuel applications, and waste management processes. EMRs are modified reactors used for chemical reactions and product separation, particularly large-molecule hydrolysis and the conversion of macromolecules. EMRs generally produce low-molecular-weight carbohydrates, such as oligosaccharides, fructooligosaccharides, and gentiooligosaccharides. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the use of EMRs for the production of valuable products, such as oligosaccharides and oligodextrans, and we discuss their application in the bioconversion of inulin, lignin, and sugars. Furthermore, we critically summarize the application and limitations of EMRs. This review provides important insights that can aid in the production of valuable products by food and pharmaceutical industries, and it is intended to assist scientists in developing improved quality and environmentally friendly prebiotics using EMRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandana Padhan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata 700126, West Bengal, India
| | - Madhubanti Ray
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata 700126, West Bengal, India
| | - Madhumita Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Rajkumar Patel
- Energy & Environmental Science and Engineering (EESE), Integrated Science and Engineering Division (ISED), Underwood International College, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsugu, Incheon 21938, Republic of Korea
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2
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Hofmann K, Hamel C. Potential of Integrated Semi‐Continuous Enzymatic Synthesis and Filtration Processes for Efficiency Enhancement. CHEM-ING-TECH 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202200203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Hofmann
- Anhalt University of Applied Sciences Department of Applied Biosciences and Process Engineering Bernburger Str. 55 06366 Koethen (Anhalt) Germany
| | - Christof Hamel
- Anhalt University of Applied Sciences Department of Applied Biosciences and Process Engineering Bernburger Str. 55 06366 Koethen (Anhalt) Germany
- Otto von Guericke University Institute of Process Engineering Universitaetsplatz 2 39106 Magdeburg Germany
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3
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Kinetic Modeling of an Enzyme Membrane Reactor for the Selective Production of Oligosaccharides. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8120701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An enzyme membrane reactor is an attractive tool for producing oligosaccharides from biomass-based polysaccharides. However, kinetic modeling and reactor design based on the rate equations have rarely been reported for enzyme membrane reactors because of the difficulty in tracing the depolymerization process. In this study, a simplified reaction model based on Michaelis–Menten-type kinetics has been built to simulate the enzyme membrane reactor. Ramping various species into reactant, target, and byproduct worked well for discussing reactor performance. The use of a membrane with a molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of 10 kDa with continuous feeding of the reactant was suggested for the efficient production of chitosan hexamer and pentamer by enzymatic hydrolysis of chitosan.
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Ríos-Ríos KL, Rémond C, Dejonghe W, Van Roy S, Vangeel S, Van Hecke W. Production of tailored xylo-oligosaccharides from beechwood xylan by different enzyme membrane reactors and evaluation of their prebiotic activity. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Fan R, Dresler J, Tissen D, Wen L, Czermak P. In situ purification and enrichment of fructo-oligosaccharides by fermentative treatment with Bacillus coagulans and selective catalysis using immobilized fructosyltransferase. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 342:125969. [PMID: 34587583 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) are prebiotic sugar substitutes that can be produced from sucrose using fructosyltransferases (FTases). However, the economic value of this process is limited by inefficient product purification and enzyme reusability. In this study, enzyme-free FOS preparations were produced by immobilizing the FTase on resin carriers. This also increased the catalytic selectivity of the enzyme. However, the crude FOS preparations still contained high concentrations of monosaccharide byproducts and residual disaccharides that must be removed because they lack prebiotic activity. A hybrid process was developed in which fed-batch fermentation was combined with the probiotic bacterium Bacillus coagulans (which selectively utilizes monosaccharides) and the simultaneous conversion of residual sucrose using the FTase to increase FOS purity. This process depleted the monosaccharides and increased the concentration of FOS to 130-170 g·L-1. The residual sucrose was converted to FOS by the immobilized FTase, increasing the overall purity of FOS to 92.1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Fan
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany; Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Josephine Dresler
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany; Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Dennis Tissen
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Linxuan Wen
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany; Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany; Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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6
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Liang X, Li C, Cao W, Cao W, Shen F, Wan Y. Fermentative Production of Fructo-Oligosaccharides Using Aureobasidium pullulans: Effect of Dissolved Oxygen Concentration and Fermentation Mode. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26133867. [PMID: 34202788 PMCID: PMC8270319 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) are prebiotics with numerous health benefits. So far, the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration control strategy for fermentative production of FOS is still unknown. In order to improve FOS production, the effects of DO concentration and fermentation mode on FOS using Aureobasidium pullulans were investigated in this study. The greatest FOS production (123.2 ± 6.2 g/L), with a yield of 61.6% ± 3.0% (g FOS/g sucrose), was obtained in batch culture under high DO concentration. Furthermore, repeated-batch culture revealed that enzyme production and FOS production were not closely associated with cell growth. By keeping the DO concentration above 5% in the repeated-batch culture, a maximum FOS concentration of 548.3 ± 37.4 g/L and yield of 68.6% ± 2.6% (g FOS/g sucrose) were obtained, which were 3.45% and 11.4% times higher than those obtained in the batch culture without DO control, respectively. Additionally, the ratios of 1-fructofuranosyl nystose (GF4) and 1,1,1,1-kestohexose (GF5) were 33.8% and 23.2%, respectively, in the product of repeated-batch culture, but these compounds were not detected in batch culture. Thus, it can be concluded that the DO concentration affects not only the yield of FOS but also the composition of FOS with different degrees of polymerization, which is the key factor in the fermentative production of FOS with a high polymerization degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinquan Liang
- Department of Sugar Engineering, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (X.L.); (C.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (W.C.); (F.S.); (Y.W.)
| | - Chenglin Li
- Department of Sugar Engineering, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (X.L.); (C.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (W.C.); (F.S.); (Y.W.)
| | - Weifeng Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (W.C.); (F.S.); (Y.W.)
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-10-62650673
| | - Weilei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (W.C.); (F.S.); (Y.W.)
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (W.C.); (F.S.); (Y.W.)
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yinhua Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (W.C.); (F.S.); (Y.W.)
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Maguire NAP, Ebrahimi M, Fan R, Gießelmann S, Ehlen F, Schütz S, Czermak P. Influence of Ceramic Membrane Surface Characteristics on the Flux Behavior of a Complex Fermentation Broth. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:402. [PMID: 34071382 PMCID: PMC8229547 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11060402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The valorization of agro-industrial residues using yeasts as biocatalysts requires efficient methods for biomass separation. Filtration with ceramic membranes is suitable for this task, however, the challenge of flux decline and the unavoidable cleaning must be taken into account. We investigated the filtration of fermentation broth and its components using tubular microfiltration and ultrafiltration membranes, and hollow-fiber ultrafiltration membranes, with cut-offs of 30 and 200 nm. The steady-state flux was limited by fouling under comparable wall shear stress conditions but increased when the wall shear stress was higher. Single-component filtration with two 30 nm tubular ultrafiltration membranes, whose average surface roughness ranged from 1.0 to 3.9 µm, showed that smoother surfaces experience less biomass fouling under more intense hydrodynamic conditions. Furthermore, we showed experimentally and by scanning electron microscopy in filtration with 30 nm tubular membranes that the thickness of the first separation layer is responsible for the degree of irreversible resistance caused by the deposition of organic material in the membrane pores. The thickness of this layer should therefore be minimized without compromising mechanical stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas A. P. Maguire
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (N.A.P.M.); (M.E.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Project Group Bioresources, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Mehrdad Ebrahimi
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (N.A.P.M.); (M.E.)
| | - Rong Fan
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (N.A.P.M.); (M.E.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Project Group Bioresources, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Gießelmann
- MANN+HUMMEL GmbH, 71636 Ludwigsburg, Germany; (S.G.); (F.E.); (S.S.)
| | - Frank Ehlen
- MANN+HUMMEL GmbH, 71636 Ludwigsburg, Germany; (S.G.); (F.E.); (S.S.)
| | - Steffen Schütz
- MANN+HUMMEL GmbH, 71636 Ludwigsburg, Germany; (S.G.); (F.E.); (S.S.)
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (N.A.P.M.); (M.E.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Project Group Bioresources, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, 35390 Giessen, Germany
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Birrenbach O, Faust F, Ebrahimi M, Fan R, Czermak P. Recovery and Purification of Protein Aggregates From Cell Lysates Using Ceramic Membranes: Fouling Analysis and Modeling of Ultrafiltration. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2021.656345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The characterization of membrane fouling provides valuable information about the performance and operational range of filtration processes. The range of operational parameters for the purification and concentration of protein aggregates from cell lysates by ultrafiltration is determined by evaluating the filtration resistances. We therefore investigated the cross-flow ultrafiltration of ovalbumin (OVA) aggregates with a mean size of 304 nm using a 50 nm cut-off ceramic membrane. We observed a 90% decline in flux within the first 10 min of filtration, demanding an in-depth analysis of membrane fouling. Resistance-in-series analysis revealed that the main filtration resistance originated from the cell lysate in the feed solution. Flux decline was monitored at different transmembrane pressures (TMPs) and concentrations for the most significant fouling phenomenon, indicating that the intermediate pore blocking model correlated best with the observed filtration data. The TMP for purification and concentration was set at 1.5 bar based on the prediction of a limited, mostly pressure-independent flux of 12 L·m−2·h−1 for solutions with an OVA aggregate concentration of 0.5 g·L−1. Higher pressure increased the filtration performance only slightly, but led to a linear increase in filtration resistance. A 10-fold variation in protein aggregate concentration strongly influenced filtration performance, with higher protein concentrations increasing the filtration resistance by 413% and causing an 85% decline in flux.
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Fan R, Burghardt JP, Huang J, Xiong T, Czermak P. Purification of Crude Fructo-Oligosaccharide Preparations Using Probiotic Bacteria for the Selective Fermentation of Monosaccharide Byproducts. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:620626. [PMID: 33584587 PMCID: PMC7874009 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.620626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are microbes that promote health when consumed in sufficient amounts. They are present in many fermented foods or can be provided directly as supplements. Probiotics utilize non-digestible prebiotic oligosaccharides for growth in the intestinal tract, contributing to a healthy microbiome. The oligosaccharides favored by probiotics are species-dependent, as shown by the selective utilization of substrates in mixed sugar solutions such as crude fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS). Enzymatically produced crude FOS preparations contain abundant monosaccharide byproducts, residual sucrose, and FOS varying in chain length. Here we investigated the metabolic profiles of four probiotic bacteria during the batch fermentation of crude FOS under controlled conditions. We found that Bacillus subtilis rapidly utilized most of the monosaccharides but little sucrose or FOS. We therefore tested the feasibility of a microbial fed-batch fermentation process for the purification of FOS from crude preparations, which increased the purity of FOS from 59.2 to 82.5% with a final concentration of 140 g·l-1. We also tested cell immobilization in alginate beads as a means to remove monosaccharides from crude FOS. This encapsulation concept establishes the basis for new synbiotic formulations that combine probiotic microbes and prebiotic oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Fan
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jan Philipp Burghardt
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jinqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Tao Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Giessen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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Fan R, Burghardt JP, Dresler J, Czermak P. Process Design for the Production of Prebiotic Oligosaccharides in an Enzyme Membrane Bioreactor: Interaction between Enzymatic Reaction and Membrane Filtration. CHEM-ING-TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202000127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Fan
- University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology Wiesenstraße 14 35390 Giessen Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME) Institute Part Bioresources Ohlebergsweg 12 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Jan Philipp Burghardt
- University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology Wiesenstraße 14 35390 Giessen Germany
- Justus-Liebig University of Giessen Faculty of Biology and Chemistry Heinreich-Buff-Ring 17–19 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Josephine Dresler
- University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology Wiesenstraße 14 35390 Giessen Germany
| | - Peter Czermak
- University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology Wiesenstraße 14 35390 Giessen Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME) Institute Part Bioresources Ohlebergsweg 12 35392 Giessen Germany
- Justus-Liebig University of Giessen Faculty of Biology and Chemistry Heinreich-Buff-Ring 17–19 35392 Giessen Germany
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Burghardt JP, Fan R, Baas M, Eckhardt D, Gerlach D, Czermak P. Enhancing the Heterologous Fructosyltransferase Activity of Kluyveromyces lactis: Developing a Scaled-Up Process and Abolishing Invertase by CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:607507. [PMID: 33324627 PMCID: PMC7724039 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.607507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzymatic production of prebiotic fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) from sucrose involves fructosyltransferases (FFTs) and invertases, both of which catalyze forward (transferase) and reverse (hydrolysis) reactions. FOS yields can therefore be increased by favoring the forward reaction. We investigated process conditions that favored transferase activity in the yeast strain Kluyveromyces lactis GG799, which expresses a native invertase and a heterologous FFT from Aspergillus terreus. To maximize transferase activity while minimizing native invertase activity in a scaled-up process, we evaluated two reactor systems in terms of oxygen input capacity in relation to the cell dry weight. In the 0.5-L reactor, we found that galactose was superior to lactose for the induction of the LAC4 promoter, and we optimized the induction time and induction to carbon source ratio using a response surface model. Based on the critical parameter of oxygen supply, we scaled up the process to 7 L using geometric similarity and a higher oxygen transport rate, which boosted the transferase activity by 159%. To favor the forward reaction even more, we deleted the native invertase gene by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing and compared the ΔInv mutant to the original production strain in batch and fed-batch reactions. In fed-batch mode, we found that the ΔInv mutant increased the transferase activity by a further 66.9%. The enhanced mutant strain therefore provides the basis for a highly efficient and scalable fed-batch process for the production of FOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Philipp Burghardt
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rong Fan
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Giessen, Germany
| | - Markus Baas
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Dustin Eckhardt
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Doreen Gerlach
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Giessen, Germany
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Su Z, Luo J, Li X, Pinelo M. Enzyme membrane reactors for production of oligosaccharides: A review on the interdependence between enzyme reaction and membrane separation. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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