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Kania A, Szindler MM, Szindler M, Brytan Z, Łoński W. Structure and Selected Properties of SnO 2 Thin Films. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3348. [PMID: 38998428 DOI: 10.3390/ma17133348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Magnesium and its alloys are attractive temporary implants due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. Moreover, Mg has good mechanical and osteoinductive properties. But magnesium and Mg alloys have one significant disadvantage: poor corrosion resistance in a physiological environment. Hence, a deposition of various layers on the surface of Mg alloys seems to be a good idea. The purpose of the article is to analyze the structure and morphology of two MgCa2Zn1 and MgCa2Zn1Gd3 alloys coated by SnO2 ALD (atomic layer deposition) films of various thickness. The studies were performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and an X-ray diffractometer. The corrosion activity of the thin films and substrate alloys in a chloride-rich Ringer's solution at 37 °C was also observed. The corrosion tests that include electrochemical, immersion measurements, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were evaluated. The results indicated that SnO2 had a heterogeneous crystal structure. The surfaces of the thin films were rough with visible pores. The corrosion resistance of SnO2 measured in all corrosion tests was higher for the thicker films. The observations of corrosion products after immersion tests indicated that they were lamellar-shaped and mainly contained Mg, O, Ca, and Cl in a lower concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Kania
- Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Magdalena M Szindler
- Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Marek Szindler
- Scientific and Didactic Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Material Technologies, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Towarowa 7, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Brytan
- Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Wojciech Łoński
- Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Krawiec H, Kozina I, Starowicz M, Lekka M, Zanella C, Fedrizzi L, Fedel M, Deflorian F. Corrosion Rate and Mechanism of Degradation of Chitosan/TiO 2 Coatings Deposited on MgZnCa Alloy in Hank's Solution. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5313. [PMID: 38791360 PMCID: PMC11121362 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Overly fast corrosion degradation of biodegradable magnesium alloys has been a major problem over the last several years. The development of protective coatings by using biocompatible, biodegradable, and non-toxic material such as chitosan ensures a reduction in the rate of corrosion of Mg alloys in simulated body fluids. In this study, chitosan/TiO2 nanocomposite coating was used for the first time to hinder the corrosion rate of Mg19Zn1Ca alloy in Hank's solution. The main goal of this research is to investigate and explain the corrosion degradation mechanism of Mg19Zn1Ca alloy coated by nanocomposite chitosan-based coating. The chemical composition, structural analyses, and corrosion tests were used to evaluate the protective properties of the chitosan/TiO2 coating deposited on the Mg19Zn1Ca substrate. The chitosan/TiO2 coating slows down the corrosion rate of the magnesium alloy by more than threefold (3.6 times). The interaction of TiO2 (NPs) with the hydroxy and amine groups present in the chitosan molecule cause their uniform distribution in the chitosan matrix. The chitosan/TiO2 coating limits the contact of the substrate with Hank's solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Krawiec
- Faculty of Foundry Engineering, AGH University of Krakow, 23 Reymonta Street, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Iryna Kozina
- Faculty of Foundry Engineering, AGH University of Krakow, 23 Reymonta Street, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria Starowicz
- Faculty of Foundry Engineering, AGH University of Krakow, 23 Reymonta Street, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria Lekka
- Polytechnic Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (M.L.)
| | - Caterina Zanella
- Department of Materials and Manufacturing, Jonkoping University, 553 18 Jonkoping, Sweden
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Fedrizzi
- Polytechnic Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (M.L.)
| | - Michele Fedel
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Flavio Deflorian
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
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Senderowski C, Rejmer W, Vigilianska N, Jeznach A. Changes in Corrosion Behaviour of Zinc and Aluminium Coatings with Increasing Seawater Acidification. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:536. [PMID: 38591403 PMCID: PMC10856484 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The increase in greenhouse gas emissions has led to seawater acidification, increasing the corrosion rate of metal structures in marine applications. This paper indicates that the spraying of four types of coatings, namely Zn, Al, Zn-Al, and Al-Mg, using the arc-spraying technique on steel substrate S235JR, creates effective protective coatings that interact differently with various pH solutions exposed to varying levels of seawater acidification. The study analyses the structural properties of the coating materials using SEM and XRD techniques. Electrochemical parameters are evaluated in solutions with different pH and salinity levels. The results demonstrate that alloy metallic coatings provide excellent resistance to corrosion in low-pH solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezary Senderowski
- Mechanics and Printing Institute, Faculty of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Narbutta 85, 02-524 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Rejmer
- Department of Materials and Machines Technology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Nataliia Vigilianska
- Department of Protective Coatings, E.O. Paton Electric Welding Institute, 03680 Kiev, Ukraine;
| | - Arkadiusz Jeznach
- Mechanics and Printing Institute, Faculty of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Narbutta 85, 02-524 Warsaw, Poland;
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Florczak Ł, Kościelniak B, Kramek A, Sobkowiak A. The Influence of Potassium Hexafluorophosphate on the Morphology and Anticorrosive Properties of Conversion Coatings Formed on the AM50 Magnesium Alloy by Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7573. [PMID: 38138715 PMCID: PMC10744744 DOI: 10.3390/ma16247573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, conversion coatings were produced on the AM50 magnesium alloy by a plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) process in alkaline-silicate electrolyte with the addition of potassium hexafluorophosphate, using a unipolar pulse power source. The coating microstructure and its composition were determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The corrosion resistance of the conversion coatings was evaluated by means of potentiodynamic polarization tests (PDP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in a dilute Harrison solution (DHS). It has been found that the properties (microstructure, composition, and coating thickness) of the obtained layer and, therefore, their anticorrosive resistance strongly depend on the electrolyte composition. The best anticorrosive properties were observed in the layers obtained in the presence of 2.5 g/L KPF6. It was found that the conversion coating produced with the addition of hexafluorophosphate is characterized by a different morphology (sponge-like) and better anticorrosion properties, in comparison to the coating obtained with the addition of fluoride and orthophosphate salts commonly used in PEO synthesis. The sponge-like structure, which is similar to bone structure in combination with the presence of phosphates in the layer, can increase the biocompatibility and the possibility of self-healing of this coating. However, neither Mg(PF6)2, nor any other compounds containing PF6-, have been found in the layers produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Florczak
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Barbara Kościelniak
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Kramek
- Department of Component Manufacturing and Production Organization, Faculty of Mechanics and Technology, Rzeszow University of Technology, 37-450 Stalowa Wola, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Sobkowiak
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
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Mróz S, Jagielska-Wiaderek K, Stefanik A, Szota P, Wachowski M, Kosturek R, Lipińska M. Effect of the Rolling Process on the Properties of the Mg/Al Bimetallic Bars Obtained by the Explosive Welding Method. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6971. [PMID: 37959568 PMCID: PMC10648546 DOI: 10.3390/ma16216971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the influence of the rolling process on the microstructure and corrosion properties of the Mg/Al bimetallic bars obtained by the explosive welding method. The bars investigated were rolled using two different types of rolling: classical rolling (Variant I) and modified rolling (Variant II). Two different temperatures (300 °C and 400 °C) for each of the variables were applied as well. In this study, rods with an aluminum plating layer constituting 16.8% of the cross-sectional area and an average thickness of about 0.93 mm were investigated. Based on the revealed results, it was found that after the rolling process, the material shows clearly lower values of both icor and current in the passive range. In the joint zone of Mg/Al rods rolled at 400 °C, Al3Mg2 and Mg17Al12 intermetallic phases are distinguished, localized next to the Mg core, and characterized by columnar, coarser grains. In the transition zone closer to the Al layer, only the Al3Mg2 phase is revealed, characterized by a refined, small grain size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Mróz
- Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland; (K.J.-W.); (A.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Karina Jagielska-Wiaderek
- Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland; (K.J.-W.); (A.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Andrzej Stefanik
- Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland; (K.J.-W.); (A.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Piotr Szota
- Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-201 Czestochowa, Poland; (K.J.-W.); (A.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Marcin Wachowski
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Military University of Technology, 2 Gen. S. Kaliskiego St., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (R.K.); (M.L.)
| | - Robert Kosturek
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Military University of Technology, 2 Gen. S. Kaliskiego St., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (R.K.); (M.L.)
| | - Marta Lipińska
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Military University of Technology, 2 Gen. S. Kaliskiego St., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (R.K.); (M.L.)
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Mróz S, Jagielska-Wiaderek K, Szota P, Stefanik A, Kosturek R, Wachowski M. Effect of the Shape of Rolling Passes and the Temperature on the Corrosion Protection of the Mg/Al Bimetallic Bars. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14226926. [PMID: 34832334 PMCID: PMC8625832 DOI: 10.3390/ma14226926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents the results of experimental tests of the rolling process of Mg/Al bimetallic bars in two systems of classic passes (horizontal oval-circle-horizontal oval-circle variant I) and modified (multi-radial horizontal oval-multi-radial vertical oval-multi-radial horizontal oval-circle-variant II). The feedstock in the form of round bimetallic bars with a diameter of 22 mm and 30% of the outer aluminum layer was made through explosive welding. The bimetallic bars consisted of an AZ31 magnesium core and a 1050A aluminum outer layer. Bars with a diameter of 17 mm were obtained as a result of rolling in four passes. The rolling process in the passes was conducted at two temperatures of 300 and 400 °C. Based on the analysis of the test results, it was found that the use of modified passes and a lower rolling temperature (300 °C) ensures a more homogenous distribution of the plating layer around the circumference of the core and results in an even grain decreasing, which improves the corrosion resistance of bimetallic bars compared to rolling bars in a classic system of passes and at a higher temperature (400 °C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Mróz
- Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland; (K.J.-W.); (P.S.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-692-401-124
| | - Karina Jagielska-Wiaderek
- Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland; (K.J.-W.); (P.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Piotr Szota
- Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland; (K.J.-W.); (P.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Andrzej Stefanik
- Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland; (K.J.-W.); (P.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Robert Kosturek
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland; (R.K.); (M.W.)
| | - Marcin Wachowski
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland; (R.K.); (M.W.)
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