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Zhong ME, Tong G, Sun J, Zhou N, Ding C, Liu X, Merchant A, Zhou X. Low-Temperature Reduction Synthesis of γ-Fe 2O 3-x@biochar Catalysts and Their Combining with Peroxymonosulfate for Quinclorac Degradation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16790. [PMID: 36554671 PMCID: PMC9779240 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Biochar loading mixed-phase iron oxide shows great advantages as a promising catalyst owing to its eco-friendliness and low cost. Here, γ-Fe2O3-x@biochar (E/Fe-N-BC) composite was successfully prepared by the sol-gel method combined with low-temperature (280 °C) reduction. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) result indicated that γ-Fe2O3-x particles with the size of approximately 200 nm were well-dispersed on the surface of biochar. The CO derived from biomass pyrolysis is the main reducing component for the generation of Fe (II). The high content of Fe (II) contributed to the excellent catalytic performance of E/Fe-N-BC for quinclorac (QNC) degradation in the presence of peroxymonosulfate (PMS). The removal efficiency of 10 mg/L of QNC was 100% within 30 min using 0.3 g/L γ-Fe2O3-x@biochar catalyst and 0.8 mM PMS. The radical quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance analysis confirmed that •OH and SO4•- were the main radicals during the degradation of QNC. The facile and easily mass-production of γ-Fe2O3-x@biochar with high catalytic activity make it a promising catalyst to activate PMS for the removal of organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-e Zhong
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, No.1 Nongda Road, Furong District, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Gongsong Tong
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, No.1 Nongda Road, Furong District, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jingchun Sun
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, No.1 Nongda Road, Furong District, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Nan Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, No.1 Nongda Road, Furong District, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Chunxia Ding
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, No.1 Nongda Road, Furong District, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xiangying Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, No.1 Nongda Road, Furong District, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Weeds, Hunan Agricultural University, No.1 Nongda Road, Furong District, Changsha 410125, China
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, S-225 Agricultural Science Center North, Lexington, KY 40546-0091, USA
| | - Austin Merchant
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, S-225 Agricultural Science Center North, Lexington, KY 40546-0091, USA
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, S-225 Agricultural Science Center North, Lexington, KY 40546-0091, USA
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Comparative Study on the Isothermal Reduction Kinetics of Iron Oxide Pellet Fines with Carbon-Bearing Materials. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14148647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The isothermal reduction of iron oxide pellet fines–carbon composites was investigated at temperatures of 900–1100 °C. The reduction reactions were monitored using the thermogravimetric (TG) technique. Alternatively, a Quadruple Mass Spectrometer (QMS) analyzed the CO and CO2 gases evolved from the reduction reactions. The effect of temperature, carbon source, and reaction time on the rate of reduction was extensively studied. The phase composition and the morphological structure of the reduced composites were identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that the reduction rate was affected by the temperature and source of carbon. For all composite compacts, the reduction rate, as well as the conversion degree (α) increased with increasing temperature. Under the same temperature, the conversion degree and the reduction rate of composites were greater according to using the following carbon sources order: Activated charcoal > charcoal > coal. The reduction of the different composites was shown to occur stepwise from hematite to metallic iron. The reduction, either by activated charcoal or charcoal, is characterized by two behaviors. During the initial stage, the chemical reaction model (1 − α)−2 controls the reduction process whereas the final stage is controlled by gas diffusion [1 − (1 − α)1/2]2. In the case of reduction with coal, the reduction mechanism is regulated by the Avrami–Erofeev model [−ln (1−α)2] at the initial stage. The rate-controlling mechanism is the 3-D diffusion model (Z-L-T), namely [(1−α)−1/3−1]2 at the latter stage. The results indicated that using biomass carbon sources is favorable to replace fossil-origin carbon-bearing materials for the reduction of iron oxide pellet fines.
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