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Lim S, Ha Y, Lee B, Shin J, Rhim T. Calnexin as a dual-role biomarker: antibody-based diagnosis and therapeutic targeting in lung cancer. BMB Rep 2024; 57:155-160. [PMID: 38303563 PMCID: PMC10979343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer carries one of the highest mortality rates among all cancers. It is often diagnosed at more advanced stages with limited treatment options compared to other malignancies. This study focuses on calnexin as a potential biomarker for diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer. Calnexin, a molecular chaperone integral to N-linked glycoprotein synthesis, has shown some associations with cancer. However, targeted therapeutic or diagnostic methods using calnexin have been proposed. Through 1D-LCMSMS, we identified calnexin as a biomarker for lung cancer and substantiated its expression in human lung cancer cell membranes using Western blotting, flow cytometry, and immunocytochemistry. Anti-calnexin antibodies exhibited complement-dependent cytotoxicity to lung cancer cell lines, resulting in a notable reduction in tumor growth in a subcutaneous xenograft model. Additionally, we verified the feasibility of labeling tumors through in vivo imaging using antibodies against calnexin. Furthermore, exosomal detection of calnexin suggested the potential utility of liquid biopsy for diagnostic purposes. In conclusion, this study establishes calnexin as a promising target for antibody-based lung cancer diagnosis and therapy, unlocking novel avenues for early detection and treatment. [BMB Reports 2024; 57(3): 155-160].
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Lim
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Youngeun Ha
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Boram Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Junho Shin
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Taiyoun Rhim
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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2
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Shi W, Cheng Y, Zhu H, Zhao L. Metabolomics and lipidomics in non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 555:117823. [PMID: 38325713 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.117823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Due to its insidious nature, lung cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify sensitive/specific biomarkers for early diagnosis and monitoring. The current study was designed to provide a current metabolic profile of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by systematically reviewing and summarizing various metabolomic/ lipidomic studies based on NSCLC blood samples, attempting to find biomarkers in human blood that can predict or diagnose NSCLC, and investigating the involvement of key metabolites in the pathogenesis of NSCLC. We searched all articles on lung cancer published in Elsevier, PubMed, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library between January 2012 and December 2022. After critical selection, a total of 31 studies (including 2768 NSCLC patients and 9873 healthy individuals) met the inclusion criteria, and 22 were classified as "high quality". Forty-six metabolites related to NSCLC were repeatedly identified, involving glucose metabolism, amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism and nucleotide metabolism. Pyruvic acid, carnitine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, kynurenine and 3-hydroxybutyrate showed upward trends in all studies, citric acid, glycine, threonine, cystine, alanine, histidine, inosine, betaine and arachidic acid showed downward trends in all studies. This review summarizes the existing metabolomic/lipidomic studies related to the identification of blood biomarkers in NSCLC, examines the role of key metabolites in the pathogenesis of NSCLC, and provides an important reference for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of NSCLC. Due to the limited size and design heterogeneity of the existing studies, there is an urgent need for standardization of future studies, while validating existing findings with more studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road Shenhe District, 110016 Shenyang, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Yizhen Cheng
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road Shenhe District, 110016 Shenyang, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Haihua Zhu
- Betta Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, 24 Wuzhou Road Yuhang Economic and Technological Development Area, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Longshan Zhao
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road Shenhe District, 110016 Shenyang, Liaoning Province, PR China.
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3
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Park JA, Pham D, Yalamanchili S, Twardus S, Suzuki K. Developing technologies and areas of interest in lung cancer screening adjuncts. J Thorac Dis 2024; 16:1552-1564. [PMID: 38505010 PMCID: PMC10944753 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-23-1326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer mortality. Screening guidelines have been implemented in the past decade to aid in earlier detection of at-risk groups. Nevertheless, computed tomography (CT) scans, the principal screening modality in use today, are still low yield, with 3.6% of lung cancer confirmed amongst 39.1% of lesions detected over a 3-year period. They also carry relatively high false positive rates, between 9% and 27%, which can bear unnecessary financial and emotional costs to patients. As such, research efforts have been dedicated to the development of lung cancer screening adjuncts to improve detection reliability. We herein review several emerging technologies in this specific arena and their efficacy. These include plasma markers (microDNA, DNA methylation, and tumor-associated antibodies), breath/sputum biomarkers [volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and exhaled breath condensate (EBC)], proteomics, metabolomics, and machine learning, such as radiomics technology. We find that, across the board, they offer promising results in terms of non-invasive diagnostics, genetic sequencing for higher-risk individuals, and accessibility for a diverse cohort of patients. While these screening adjuncts are unlikely to completely replace the current standard of care at the moment, continued research into these technologies is crucial to improve and personalize the identification, treatment, and outcome of lung cancer patients in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Ae Park
- Department of Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church, VA, USA
| | - Duy Pham
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sriya Yalamanchili
- Department of Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church, VA, USA
| | - Shaina Twardus
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kei Suzuki
- Department of Surgery, Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church, VA, USA
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4
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Holbrook JH, Kemper GE, Hummon AB. Quantitative mass spectrometry imaging: therapeutics & biomolecules. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2137-2151. [PMID: 38284765 PMCID: PMC10878071 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05988j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has become increasingly utilized in the analysis of biological molecules. MSI grants the ability to spatially map thousands of molecules within one experimental run in a label-free manner. While MSI is considered by most to be a qualitative method, recent advancements in instrumentation, sample preparation, and development of standards has made quantitative MSI (qMSI) more common. In this feature article, we present a tailored review of recent advancements in qMSI of therapeutics and biomolecules such as lipids and peptides/proteins. We also provide detailed experimental considerations for conducting qMSI studies on biological samples, aiming to advance the methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Holbrook
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Gabrielle E Kemper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Amanda B Hummon
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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5
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Qian L, Qian B, Xu J, Yang J, Wu G, Zhao Y, Liu Q, Yuan Z, Fan Y, Li H. Clinical relevance of serum lipids in the carcinogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:200. [PMID: 37013557 PMCID: PMC10071612 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-02859-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dyslipidaemia is associated with cancers. However, the specific expression of serum lipids in oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains unclear, and it remains unknown whether serum lipids are associated with the development of OPMD and OSCC. This study investigated the serum lipid profiles of OPMD and OSCC patients, and the association of serum lipids with the occurrence of OPMD and OSCC. METHODS A total of 532 patients were recruited from the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University. Serum lipid parameters including total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein A (Apo-A), apolipoprotein B (Apo-B), and lipoprotein (a) (Lpa) were analysed, and clinicopathological data were collected for further analysis. Furthermore, a regression model was used to evaluate the relationship between serum lipids and the occurrence of OSCC and OPMD. RESULTS After adjusting for age and sex, no significant differences were observed in serum lipid or body mass index (BMI) between OSCC patients and controls (P > 0.05). HDL-C, Apo-A, and Apo-B levels were lower in OSCC patients than in OPMD patients (P < 0.05); HDL-C and Apo-A levels were higher in OPMD patients than in controls (P < 0.05). Furthermore, female OSCC patients had higher Apo-A and BMI values than males. The HDL-C level was lower in patients under 60 years of age than in elders (P < 0.05); and age was related to a higher risk of developing OSCC. Female patients with OPMD had higher TC, HDL-C, and Apo-A levels than males (P < 0.05); OPMD patients over 60 years of age had higher HDL-C than youngers (P < 0.05), whereas the LDL-C level was lower in elders (P < 0.05). The HDL-C and BMI values of the patients with oral leukoplakia (OLK) with dysplasia were more elevated than those of the oral lichen planus group, and the LDL-C, and Apo-A levels in patients with OLK with dysplasia were decreased (P < 0.05). Sex, high HDL-C and Apo-A values were associated with the development of OPMD. CONCLUSION Serum lipids exhibited certain differences according to the occurrence and development of OSCC; high levels of HDL-C and Apo-A might be markers for predicting OPMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Qian
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Qian
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juanyong Xu
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoying Wu
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuping Zhao
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qinglan Liu
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiran Yuan
- The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Fan
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Huaiqi Li
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, China.
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Flight RM, Mitchell JM, Moseley HNB. Scan-Centric, Frequency-Based Method for Characterizing Peaks from Direct Injection Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry Experiments. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12060515. [PMID: 35736448 PMCID: PMC9228344 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12060515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a novel, scan-centric method for characterizing peaks from direct injection multi-scan Fourier transform mass spectra of complex samples that utilizes frequency values derived directly from the spacing of raw m/z points in spectral scans. Our peak characterization method utilizes intensity-independent noise removal and normalization of scan-level data to provide a much better fit of relative intensity to natural abundance probabilities for low abundance isotopologues that are not present in all of the acquired scans. Moreover, our method calculates both peak- and scan-specific statistics incorporated within a series of quality control steps that are designed to robustly derive peak centers, intensities, and intensity ratios with their scan-level variances. These cross-scan characterized peaks are suitable for use in our previously published peak assignment methodology, Small Molecule Isotope Resolved Formula Enumeration (SMIRFE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Flight
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (R.M.F.); (J.M.M.)
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Resource Center for Stable Isotope Resolved Metabolomics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Joshua M. Mitchell
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (R.M.F.); (J.M.M.)
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Resource Center for Stable Isotope Resolved Metabolomics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Hunter N. B. Moseley
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (R.M.F.); (J.M.M.)
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Resource Center for Stable Isotope Resolved Metabolomics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Correspondence:
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Qi M, Xu D, Wang S, Li B, Peng S, Li Q, Zhang H, Fan R, Chen H, Kong MG. In Vivo Metabolic Analysis of the Anticancer Effects of Plasma-Activated Saline in Three Tumor Animal Models. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030528. [PMID: 35327329 PMCID: PMC8945198 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the emerging technology of cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAP) has grown rapidly along with the many medical applications of cold plasma (e.g., cancer, skin disease, tissue repair, etc.). Plasma-activated liquids (e.g., culture media, water, or normal saline, previously exposed to plasma) are being studied as cancer treatments, and due to their advantages, many researchers prefer plasma-activated liquids as an alternative to CAP in the treatment of cancer. In this study, we showed that plasma-activated-saline (PAS) treatment significantly inhibited tumor growth, as compared with saline, in melanoma, and a low-pH environment had little effect on tumor growth in vivo. In addition, based on an ultra-high-performance liquid tandem chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) analysis of tumor cell metabolism, the glycerophospholipid metabolic pathway was the most susceptible metabolic pathway to PAS treatment in melanoma in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, PAS also inhibited cell proliferation in vivo in oral tongue squamous-cell cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer. There were few toxic side effects in the three animal models, and the treatment was deemed safe to use. In the future, plasma-activated liquids may serve as a potential therapeutic approach in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Centre for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (M.Q.); (S.P.); (Q.L.); (H.Z.); (R.F.)
- The School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (S.W.); (B.L.)
| | - Dehui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Centre for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (M.Q.); (S.P.); (Q.L.); (H.Z.); (R.F.)
- Correspondence: (D.X.); (M.G.K.)
| | - Shuai Wang
- The School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (S.W.); (B.L.)
| | - Bing Li
- The School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (S.W.); (B.L.)
| | - Sansan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Centre for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (M.Q.); (S.P.); (Q.L.); (H.Z.); (R.F.)
| | - Qiaosong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Centre for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (M.Q.); (S.P.); (Q.L.); (H.Z.); (R.F.)
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Centre for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (M.Q.); (S.P.); (Q.L.); (H.Z.); (R.F.)
| | - Runze Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Centre for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (M.Q.); (S.P.); (Q.L.); (H.Z.); (R.F.)
| | - Hailan Chen
- Frank Reidy Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA;
| | - Michael G. Kong
- Frank Reidy Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA;
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
- Correspondence: (D.X.); (M.G.K.)
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Vetrano IG, Dei Cas M, Nazzi V, Eoli M, Innocenti N, Saletti V, Potenza A, Carrozzini T, Pollaci G, Gorla G, Paroni R, Ghidoni R, Gatti L. The Lipid Asset Is Unbalanced in Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010061. [PMID: 35008487 PMCID: PMC8744637 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNSTs) include schwannomas, neurofibromas (NFs), and plexiform neurofibromas (PNFs), among others. While they are benign tumors, according to their biological behavior, some have the potential for malignant degeneration, mainly PNFs. The specific factors contributing to the more aggressive behavior of some PNSTs compared to others are not precisely known. Considering that lipid homeostasis plays a crucial role in fibrotic/inflammatory processes and in several cancers, we hypothesized that the lipid asset was also unbalanced in this group of nerve tumors. Through untargeted lipidomics, NFs presented a significant increase in ceramide, phosphatidylcholine, and Vitamin A ester. PNFs displayed a marked decrease in 34 out of 50 lipid class analyzed. An increased level of ether- and oxidized-triacylglycerols was observed; phosphatidylcholines were reduced. After sphingolipidomic analysis, we observed six sphingolipid classes. Ceramide and dihydroceramides were statistically increased in NFs. All the glycosylated species appeared reduced in NFs, but increased in PNFs. Our findings suggested that different subtypes of PNSTs presented a specific modulation in the lipidic profile. The untargeted and targeted lipidomic approaches, which were not applied until now, contribute to better clarifying bioactive lipid roles in PNS natural history to highlight disease molecular features and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignazio G. Vetrano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (V.N.); (N.I.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Michele Dei Cas
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milan, Italy; (M.D.C.); (R.P.)
| | - Vittoria Nazzi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (V.N.); (N.I.)
| | - Marica Eoli
- Molecular Neuro-Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Niccolò Innocenti
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (V.N.); (N.I.)
| | - Veronica Saletti
- Developmental Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Antonella Potenza
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.P.); (T.C.); (G.P.); (G.G.); (L.G.)
| | - Tatiana Carrozzini
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.P.); (T.C.); (G.P.); (G.G.); (L.G.)
| | - Giuliana Pollaci
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.P.); (T.C.); (G.P.); (G.G.); (L.G.)
| | - Gemma Gorla
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.P.); (T.C.); (G.P.); (G.G.); (L.G.)
| | - Rita Paroni
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milan, Italy; (M.D.C.); (R.P.)
| | - Riccardo Ghidoni
- Neurorehabilitation Department, IRCCS Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, 20138 Milan, Italy;
| | - Laura Gatti
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.P.); (T.C.); (G.P.); (G.G.); (L.G.)
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