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Kerth CR, Legako JF, Woerner DR, Brooks JC, Lancaster JM, O'Quinn TG, Nair M, Miller RK. A current review of U.S. beef flavor I: Measuring beef flavor. Meat Sci 2024; 210:109437. [PMID: 38278005 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2024.109437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Historically, consumer acceptance of beef was determined by tenderness. Developments in genetics and management over the last couple of decades have improved tenderness to the point that it is secondary to other factors in beef's taste. Flavor, however, is an extraordinarily complex taste attribute dependent on biological sensors in the mouth, sinus cavity, and jaws. The culinary industry has recently focused on innovative ways to give consumers new products satisfying their curiosity about different foods, especially proteins. Competition from plant-based, cell-based, and even other animal-based proteins provides diversity in consumers' ability to select a protein that satisfies their desire to include unique products in their diet. Consequently, the beef industry has focused on flavor for the last 10 to 15 years to determine whether it can provide the guardrails for beef consumption in the future. The U.S. beef industry formed a Flavor Working Group in 2012 composed of the authors listed here to investigate new and innovative ways to manage and measure beef flavor. The results of this working group have resulted in dozens of papers, presentations, abstracts, and symposia. The objective of this manuscript is to summarize the research developed by this working group and by others worldwide that have investigated methodologies that measure beef flavor. This paper will describe the strengths of the research in beef flavor measurement and point out future needs that might be identified as technology advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris R Kerth
- Animal Science Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Jerrad F Legako
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Dale R Woerner
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - J Chance Brooks
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | | | - Travis G O'Quinn
- Department of Animal Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Mahesh Nair
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Rhonda K Miller
- Animal Science Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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2
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Liu Y, Sun D, Peng A, Li T, Li H, Mu B, Wang J, Cui M, Piao C, Li G. Hydrolysis of Beef Sarcoplasmic Protein by Dry-Aged Beef-Isolated Penicillium oxalicum and Its Associated Metabolic Pathways. Foods 2024; 13:1038. [PMID: 38611344 PMCID: PMC11011836 DOI: 10.3390/foods13071038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Yanbian cattle have a unique meat flavor, and high-grade meat is in short supply. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to improve the added value of Yanbian cattle low-fat meat and provide a theoretical reference for the subsequent development of an excellent starter. Rump meat from Yanbian cattle was dry-aged and then screened for protease-producing fungi. Three protease-producing fungi (Yarrowia hollandica (D4 and D11), Penicillium oxalicum (D5), and Meesziomyces ophidis (D20)) were isolated from 40 d dry-aged beef samples, and their ability to hydrolyze proteins was determined using bovine sarcoplasmic protein extract. SDS-PAGE showed that the ability of Penicillium oxalicum (D5) to degrade proteins was stronger than the other two fungi. In addition, the volatile component content of sarcoplasmic proteins in the D5 group was the highest (45.47%) and comprised the most species (26 types). Metabolic pathway analysis of the fermentation broth showed that phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis was the most closely related metabolic pathway in sarcoplasmic protein fermentation by Penicillium oxalicum (D5). Dry-aged beef-isolated Penicillium oxalicum serves as a potential starter culture for the fermentation of meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Liu
- Key Innovation Laboratory for Deep and Intensive Processing of Yanbian High Quality Beef, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yanji 133002, China; (Y.L.); (D.S.); (A.P.); (T.L.); (H.L.); (B.M.); (J.W.); (M.C.)
- College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Depeng Sun
- Key Innovation Laboratory for Deep and Intensive Processing of Yanbian High Quality Beef, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yanji 133002, China; (Y.L.); (D.S.); (A.P.); (T.L.); (H.L.); (B.M.); (J.W.); (M.C.)
- College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Anqi Peng
- Key Innovation Laboratory for Deep and Intensive Processing of Yanbian High Quality Beef, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yanji 133002, China; (Y.L.); (D.S.); (A.P.); (T.L.); (H.L.); (B.M.); (J.W.); (M.C.)
- College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Tingyu Li
- Key Innovation Laboratory for Deep and Intensive Processing of Yanbian High Quality Beef, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yanji 133002, China; (Y.L.); (D.S.); (A.P.); (T.L.); (H.L.); (B.M.); (J.W.); (M.C.)
- College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Key Innovation Laboratory for Deep and Intensive Processing of Yanbian High Quality Beef, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yanji 133002, China; (Y.L.); (D.S.); (A.P.); (T.L.); (H.L.); (B.M.); (J.W.); (M.C.)
- College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Baide Mu
- Key Innovation Laboratory for Deep and Intensive Processing of Yanbian High Quality Beef, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yanji 133002, China; (Y.L.); (D.S.); (A.P.); (T.L.); (H.L.); (B.M.); (J.W.); (M.C.)
- College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Key Innovation Laboratory for Deep and Intensive Processing of Yanbian High Quality Beef, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yanji 133002, China; (Y.L.); (D.S.); (A.P.); (T.L.); (H.L.); (B.M.); (J.W.); (M.C.)
- College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Mingxun Cui
- Key Innovation Laboratory for Deep and Intensive Processing of Yanbian High Quality Beef, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yanji 133002, China; (Y.L.); (D.S.); (A.P.); (T.L.); (H.L.); (B.M.); (J.W.); (M.C.)
- College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Chunxiang Piao
- College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Guanhao Li
- Key Innovation Laboratory for Deep and Intensive Processing of Yanbian High Quality Beef, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yanji 133002, China; (Y.L.); (D.S.); (A.P.); (T.L.); (H.L.); (B.M.); (J.W.); (M.C.)
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Bischof G, Witte F, Januschewski E, Schilling F, Terjung N, Heinz V, Juadjur A, Gibis M. Authentication of aged beef in terms of aging time and aging type by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Food Chem 2024; 435:137531. [PMID: 37774627 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Meat authenticity addresses parameters such as species, breed, sex, housing system and postmortem treatment. Seventy-four beef backs from two breeds ('Fleckvieh' and 'Schwarzbunt') and three cattle types (heifer, cow, young bull) were dry-aged and wet-aged up to 28 days and analyzed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Statistical models based on partial least squares regression and discriminant analysis were performed to classify the beef samples by breed, cattle type, aging time, and aging type based on their 1H NMR spectra. The aging time of beef samples can be predicted with an error ± 2.28 days. The cattle type model has an accuracy of cross-validation of 99.2 %, the breed models of 100 % and the aging type model for 28-days aged samples of 99.6 %. These models allow the authentication of beef samples in terms of breed, cattle type, aging time, and aging type with a single 1H NMR measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Bischof
- German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL e.V.), Prof.-v.-Klitzing-Str. 7, 49610 Quakenbrück, Germany; Department of Food Material Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Franziska Witte
- German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL e.V.), Prof.-v.-Klitzing-Str. 7, 49610 Quakenbrück, Germany
| | - Edwin Januschewski
- German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL e.V.), Prof.-v.-Klitzing-Str. 7, 49610 Quakenbrück, Germany
| | - Frank Schilling
- German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL e.V.), Prof.-v.-Klitzing-Str. 7, 49610 Quakenbrück, Germany
| | - Nino Terjung
- German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL e.V.), Prof.-v.-Klitzing-Str. 7, 49610 Quakenbrück, Germany
| | - Volker Heinz
- German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL e.V.), Prof.-v.-Klitzing-Str. 7, 49610 Quakenbrück, Germany
| | - Andreas Juadjur
- German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL e.V.), Prof.-v.-Klitzing-Str. 7, 49610 Quakenbrück, Germany
| | - Monika Gibis
- Department of Food Material Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Kong L, Yue Y, Li J, Yang B, Chen B, Liu J, Lu Z. Transcriptomics and metabolomics reveal improved performance of Hu sheep on hybridization with Southdown sheep. Food Res Int 2023; 173:113240. [PMID: 37803553 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Consumers are increasingly demanding high-quality mutton. Cross breeding can improve meat quality and is widely used in sheep breeding. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism of cross breeding sheep meat quality. In this study, male Southdown and female Hu sheep were hybridized. The slaughter performance and longissimus dorsi quality of the 6-month-old hybrid offspring were measured, and the longissimus dorsi of the hybrid offspring was analyzed by transcriptomics and metabolomics to explore the effect of cross breeding on meat quality. The results showed that the production performance of Southdown × Hu F1 sheep was significantly improved, the carcass fat content was significantly decreased, and the eating quality of Southdown × Hu F1 sheep were better. Compared with the HS group (Hu × Hu), the NH group (Southdown × Hu) had 538 differentially expressed genes and 166 differentially expressed metabolites (P < 0.05), which were significantly enriched in amino acid metabolism and other related pathways. Up-regulated genes METTL21C, PPARGC1A and down-regulated gene WFIKKN2 are related to muscle growth and development. Among them, the METTL21C gene, which is related to muscle development, was highly correlated with carnosine, a metabolite related to meat quality (correlation > 0.6 and P < 0.05). Our results provide further understanding of the molecular mechanism of cross breeding for sheep muscle growth and meat quality optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingying Kong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on the Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; Sheep Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yaojing Yue
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on the Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; Sheep Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Jianye Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on the Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; Sheep Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Bohui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on the Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; Sheep Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Bowen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on the Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; Sheep Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Jianbin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on the Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; Sheep Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China.
| | - Zengkui Lu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on the Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; Sheep Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China.
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Bischof G, Witte F, Sieksmeyer T, Januschweski E, Terjung N, Hertel C, Heinz V, Juadjur A, Gibis M. Metabolic and microbial analyses of the surface and inner part of wet-aged and dry-aged beef. J Food Sci 2023; 88:4375-4387. [PMID: 37807472 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The effects of aging and microbial growth on the metabolome of aged beef were investigated in this study. The metabolome of beef is influenced by the aging method applied. This includes the aging-related changes in metabolism and the presence of microorganisms on the beef during aging that may affect the beef and its quality. The inner part and the trimmed surface of dry-aged (the surface of dry-aged beef is also called the "crust" due to its drying during aging) and wet-aged beef were analyzed by 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy over aging periods up to 28 days at intervals of 7 days, and the former also by microbiological analysis. The metabolome detected by 1 H NMR spectroscopy demonstrated changes over the aging time of beef and differed depending on the sampling location (surface or inner part of beef). The influence of the microbiota on changes in the metabolome can be negligible due to the low microbial growth on the surface of dry-aged beef (<3 log CFU/g). Therefore, the aging-related metabolism postmortem of the analyzed dry-aged beef might be the main factor for metabolic changes. The significantly (p < 0.05) higher amino acids and inosine concentrations and lower inosine 5'-monophosphate concentrations suggested enhanced protein degradation and energy metabolism in the wet-aged beef compared to the dry-aged beef, probably due to the combined influence of the aging and the microbiota on the wet-aged beef and, thus, its metabolic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Bischof
- German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL e.V.), Quakenbrück, Germany
- Department of Food Material Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Franziska Witte
- German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL e.V.), Quakenbrück, Germany
| | | | | | - Nino Terjung
- German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL e.V.), Quakenbrück, Germany
| | - Christian Hertel
- German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL e.V.), Quakenbrück, Germany
| | - Volker Heinz
- German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL e.V.), Quakenbrück, Germany
| | - Andreas Juadjur
- German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL e.V.), Quakenbrück, Germany
| | - Monika Gibis
- Department of Food Material Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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6
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Álvarez S, Mullen AM, Álvarez C, Hamill RM, O'Neill E, Gagaoua M. Impact of sampling location and aging on the Longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle proteome of dry-aged beef. Meat Sci 2023; 205:109315. [PMID: 37625354 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the differences in the proteome and molecular pathways between two sampling locations (external, internal) of bovine Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) muscles at 0, 21, and 28 days of dry-aging (i.e. 3, 24, and 31 days post-mortem). It further assessed the impact of post-mortem aging on the meat proteome changes and the biological processes at interplay. Proteins related to defence response to bacterium and regulation of viral entry into host cell were identified to be more abundant on the external location before dry-aging, which may be associated to the oxidative conditions and microbial activity to which post-mortem muscle is exposed during dressing, chilling, and/or quartering of the carcasses. This highlights the relevance of sampling from interior tissues when searching for meat quality biomarkers. As dry-aging progressed, the meat proteome and related biological processes changed differently between sampling locations; proteins related to cell-cell adhesion and ATP metabolic processes pathways were revealed in the external location at 21 and 28 days, respectively. On the other hand, the impact of aging on the proteome of the interior meat samples, evidenced that muscle contraction and structure together with energy metabolism were the major pathways driving dry-aging. Additionally, aging impacted other pathways in the interior tissues, such as regulation of calcium import, neutrophil activation, and regeneration. Overall, the differences in the proteome allowed discriminating the three dry-aging times, regardless of the sampling location. Several proteins were proposed for validation as robust biomarkers to monitor the aging process (tenderization) of dry-aged beef: TTN, GRM4, EEF1A1, LDB3, CILP2, TNNT3, GAPDH, SERPINI1, and OMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Álvarez
- Dept. of Food Quality and Sensory Science, Teagasc Food Research Centre Ashtown, Dublin D15 DY05, Ireland; School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College, Cork, Western Road, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Anne Maria Mullen
- Dept. of Food Quality and Sensory Science, Teagasc Food Research Centre Ashtown, Dublin D15 DY05, Ireland
| | - Carlos Álvarez
- Dept. of Food Quality and Sensory Science, Teagasc Food Research Centre Ashtown, Dublin D15 DY05, Ireland
| | - Ruth M Hamill
- Dept. of Food Quality and Sensory Science, Teagasc Food Research Centre Ashtown, Dublin D15 DY05, Ireland
| | - Eileen O'Neill
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College, Cork, Western Road, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
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Kerth CR, Wall KR, Hicks ZM, Miller RK. Using untargeted metabolomics and volatile aroma compounds to predict expert sensory descriptors and consumer liking of beef loin steaks varying in quality grade, aging time, and degree of doneness. Meat Sci 2023; 204:109255. [PMID: 37343480 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Precursors to flavor are important to its development, yet little is known about the intrinsic products of metabolism that influence flavor. Our objective was to use untargeted metabolomics and volatile aroma compounds to predict expert and consumer sensory traits. USDA Select and upper 2/3 Choice beef strip loins were wet aged for 10 or 20 d and then cut into steaks, vacuum-packaged, and frozen. Steaks were cooked to 63 °C, 71 °C, or 80 °C end-point internal steak temperature. USDA Choice steaks had more intense beef flavor identity, brown, roasted, fat-like, salty, sweet, sour, umami, buttery, and overall sweet flavors compared to USDA Select steaks (P < 0.05). Steaks cooked to 80 °C had more intense beef identity, brown, roasted, and umami flavors than steaks cooked to a lower degree of doneness. Steaks cooked to either 63 °C or 71 °C had more intense bloody, metallic, and sour flavors and were juicier, more tender, and had less connective tissue than steaks cooked to a higher degree of doneness. Volatile aroma compounds increased (P < 0.05) in Choice steaks aged for 20 d, while cooking steaks to 80 increased aldehydes, ketones, and pyrazines. Raw steaks had 69 small-molecule metabolomic compounds shared across all four quality grade x aging combinations, and discriminant analysis correctly categorized (P < 0.05) these metabolites. Metabolites and volatiles can be used to predict (r2 > 0.85) expert and consumer sensory panel descriptors and liking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris R Kerth
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | | | - Zena M Hicks
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68182, USA
| | - Rhonda K Miller
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Wang H, Wang J, Wang Y, Gao S, Xu S, Zou X, Meng X. Characterization and Correlation of Dominant Microbiota and Flavor Development in Different Post-Mortem Processes of Beef. Foods 2023; 12:3266. [PMID: 37685199 PMCID: PMC10486546 DOI: 10.3390/foods12173266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-mortem aging could enhance the unique flavors of beef via several biochemical pathways. The microbiota is one of the important factors in the flavor development of aging beef, but their potential relationship has rarely been studied. This study characterized the apparent meat quality, flavor profiles, and microbial communities of beef during the different post-mortem processes, followed by the investigation of the correlations between the dominant microbiota and key volatile compounds. The results showed that wet-aged beef has a higher product yield and more stable color than dry-aged beef, as evidenced by the significantly lower value of aging loss and discoloration (ΔE). According to the odor activity value, 11 out of 65 compounds were categorized as aroma-active components, and 9 of them, including 1-pentanol, 1-octen-3-ol, hexanal, nonanal, heptanal, octanal, 2-nonenal, (E)-, 2-octenal, (E)- and 2-decenal, (E)-, were enriched in beef wet-aged for 7 d. Significant variances were found in the microbial communities of different aging beef. Of these, 20 microbiota (with 10 bacterial and 10 fungal genera) were recognized as the dominant genus. Partial least squares regression combined with a correlation network model revealed that five microbial genera, including Trichosporon, Prauserella, Rhodotorula, Malassezia, and Corynebacterium, constituted the functional microbiota responsible for flavor formation in aging beef and were positively associated with ≥7 key volatile compounds (p < 0.05, |ρ| > 0.7). This study suggests that the application of wet aging within 7 d on beef is better for meat quality and provides novel insights into the mechanisms of flavor formation in post-mortem aging beef via functional microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengpeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Cuisine Intangible Cultural Heritage Technology Inheritance, Ministry of Culture and Tourism, College of Tourism and Culinary Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; (H.W.); (J.W.); (S.G.); (S.X.)
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Intelligent Agriculture and Agriproducts Processing, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Yangzhou Prepared Cuisine, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Jipan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Cuisine Intangible Cultural Heritage Technology Inheritance, Ministry of Culture and Tourism, College of Tourism and Culinary Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; (H.W.); (J.W.); (S.G.); (S.X.)
| | - Yinlan Wang
- School of Food Science, Jiangsu College of Tourism, Yangzhou 225000, China;
| | - Sumin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Cuisine Intangible Cultural Heritage Technology Inheritance, Ministry of Culture and Tourism, College of Tourism and Culinary Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; (H.W.); (J.W.); (S.G.); (S.X.)
| | - Shuangyi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Cuisine Intangible Cultural Heritage Technology Inheritance, Ministry of Culture and Tourism, College of Tourism and Culinary Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; (H.W.); (J.W.); (S.G.); (S.X.)
| | - Xiaobo Zou
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Intelligent Agriculture and Agriproducts Processing, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
| | - Xiangren Meng
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Cuisine Intangible Cultural Heritage Technology Inheritance, Ministry of Culture and Tourism, College of Tourism and Culinary Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; (H.W.); (J.W.); (S.G.); (S.X.)
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Yangzhou Prepared Cuisine, Yangzhou 225127, China
- Chinese Cuisine Promotion and Research Base, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
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9
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Variations in the Metabolome of Unaged and Aged Beef from Black-and-White Cows and Heifers by 1H NMR Spectroscopy. Foods 2023; 12:foods12040785. [PMID: 36832861 PMCID: PMC9956905 DOI: 10.3390/foods12040785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The selection of raw material and the postmortem processing of beef influence its quality, such as taste. In this study, the metabolome of beef from cows and heifers is examined for differences during aging. (2) Methods: Thirty strip loins from eight heifers and seven cows (breed code: 01-SBT) were cut into ten pieces and aged for 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Samples from the left strip loins were wet-aged in vacuum, while samples from right strip loins were dry-aged at 2 °C and 75% relative humidity. The beef samples were extracted with methanol-chloroform-water, and the polar fraction was used for 1H NMR analysis. (3) Results: The PCA and OPLS-DA showed that the metabolome of cows and heifers varied. Eight metabolites revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) in the samples from cows and heifers. The aging time and aging type of beef also affected the metabolome. Twenty-eight and 12 metabolites differed significantly (p < 0.05) with aging time and aging type, respectively. (4) Conclusions: The variations between cows and heifers and aging time affect the metabolome of beef. By comparison, the influence of aging type is present but less pronounced.
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Bischof G, Witte F, Terjung N, Heinz V, Juadjur A, Gibis M. Metabolic, proteomic and microbial changes postmortem and during beef aging. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:1076-1109. [PMID: 36004604 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2113362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the current knowledge about proteomic and metabolic changes in beef, the microbiological alteration postmortem and during aging, and observe the influence on beef quality parameters, such as tenderness, taste and flavor. This review will also focus on the different aging types (wet- and dry-aging), the aging or postmortem time of beef and their effect on the proteome and metabolome of beef. The Ca2+ homeostasis and adenosine 5'-triphosphate breakdown are the main reactions in the pre-rigor phase. After rigor mortis, the enzymatic degradation of connective tissues and breakdown of energy metabolism dominate molecular changes in beef. Important metabolic processes leading to the formation of saccharides, nucleotides, organic acids (e.g. lactic acid), creatine and fatty acids are considered in this context as possible flavor precursors or formers of beef flavor and taste. Flavor precursors are substrates for lipid oxidation, Strecker degradation and Maillard reaction during cooking or roasting. The findings presented should serve as a basis for a better understanding of beef aging and its molecular effects and are intended to contribute to meeting the challenges of improving beef quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Bischof
- Chemical Analytics, German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL e.V.), Quakenbrück, Germany
- Department of Food Material Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Franziska Witte
- Product Innovation, German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL e.V.), Quakenbrück, Germany
| | - Nino Terjung
- Product Innovation, DIL Technology GmbH, Quakenbrück, Germany
| | - Volker Heinz
- Research Directorate, German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL e.V.), Quakenbrück, Germany
| | - Andreas Juadjur
- Chemical Analytics, German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL e.V.), Quakenbrück, Germany
| | - Monika Gibis
- Department of Food Material Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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