Alterations in the Milk Metabolome of Dairy Cows Supplemented with Different Levels of Calcium Propionate in Early Lactation

Integrated Serum Metabolome and Gut Microbiome to Decipher Chicken Amino Acid Improvements Induced by Medium-Chain Monoglycerides

Chicken muscle yield and amino acid composition improvements with medium-chain monoglyceride (MG) supplementation were reported by previous studies, but the underlying mechanism was uncertain. This study aimed to decipher chicken amino acid improvements induced by medium-chain monoglycerides in the views of metabolomics, gene expression, and the gut microbiome. Newly hatched chicks (12,000 chicks) were weighed and randomly divided into two flocks, each with six replicates (1000 chicks per replicate), and fed a basal diet (the control group, CON) or a basal diet enriched with 300 mg/kg MG (the treated group, MG). Results demonstrated that MGs significantly increased the chicken flavor and essential and total amino acids. The serum amino acids and derivatives (betaine, l-leucine, l-glutamine, 1-methylhistide), as well as amino acid metabolism pathways in chickens, were enhanced by MG supplementation. Gene expression analysis exhibited that dietary MGs could improve muscle protein synthesis and cell growth via the mTOR/S6K1 pathway. Dietary MGs enhanced the cecal amino acid metabolism by selectively increasing the proportion of genera Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and Bacteroides. Conclusively, the present study demonstrated that dietary MGs improved chicken amino acid composition via increasing both gut amino acid utilization and muscle amino acid deposition.