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Zhang L, Zhang W, Wang H. Accurate Quantification of Ten Methylated Purine Nucleosides by Highly Sensitive and Stable Isotope-Diluted UHPLC-MS/MS. Anal Chem 2024; 96:11366-11373. [PMID: 38970538 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
The dynamic landscape of cellular nucleotides/nucleosides associated with RNA metabolism, particularly in diseases like cancer, has spurred intensive interest. Here, we report a robust stable isotope-diluted UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS method for accurate quantification of 12 purine ribonucleosides, including 10 methylated purine nucleosides. By the use of thermally decomposable ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3) as a mobile phase additive for UHPLC-MS/MS detection, the ESI-MS/MS signal responses of these target compounds were enhanced by 1.7-24.5 folds. Noteworthily, three methylated guanosine isomers (m1G, m2G, and m7G) and two methylated adenosine isomers (m1A and m6A) that are indistinguishable directly by mass spectrometry were well resolved with optimal UHPLC separation. Combined with methanol extraction and solid-phase extraction (SPE) pretreatment, the method quantified intracellular concentrations of three modified nucleosides (Gm, m1G, and m2G), which would otherwise be undetectable because of significant suppression of their signals by the interfering cellular matrix. Nine purine nucleosides were simultaneously quantified in 293T cells, and their concentrations ranged by 4 orders of magnitude. Overall, the method presents high recovery rates over 90% for endogenous modified purine nucleosides in cultured cells, along with good precision, linearity, and LOD ranging from 0.30 fmol to 0.37 pmol per 5 × 105 cells. The developed UHPLC-MS/MS method holds potential for screening purine nucleosides as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and for quantifying purine epigenetic nucleosides post-cell metabolome analysis, thereby providing a valuable analytical tool for intracellular nucleoside quantification in future clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyuye Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Weibing Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hailin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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2
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Wu Z, Zhou R, Li B, Cao M, Wang W, Li X. Methylation modifications in tRNA and associated disorders: Current research and potential therapeutic targets. Cell Prolif 2024:e13692. [PMID: 38943267 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024] Open
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing has sparked increased research interest in RNA modifications, particularly tRNA methylation, and its connection to various diseases. However, the precise mechanisms underpinning the development of these diseases remain largely elusive. This review sheds light on the roles of several tRNA methylations (m1A, m3C, m5C, m1G, m2G, m7G, m5U, and Nm) in diverse biological functions, including metabolic processing, stability, protein interactions, and mitochondrial activities. It further outlines diseases linked to aberrant tRNA modifications, related enzymes, and potential underlying mechanisms. Moreover, disruptions in tRNA regulation and abnormalities in tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) contribute to disease pathogenesis, highlighting their potential as biomarkers for disease diagnosis. The review also delves into the exploration of drugs development targeting tRNA methylation enzymes, emphasizing the therapeutic prospects of modulating these processes. Continued research is imperative for a comprehensive comprehension and integration of these molecular mechanisms in disease diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijing Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ruixin Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Baizao Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mingyu Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenlong Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Breast Cancer in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xinying Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Liu X, Xie X, Sui C, Liu X, Song M, Luo Q, Zhan P, Feng J, Liu J. Unraveling the cross-talk between N6-methyladenosine modification and non-coding RNAs in breast cancer: Mechanisms and clinical implications. Int J Cancer 2024; 154:1877-1889. [PMID: 38429857 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, breast cancer (BC) has surpassed lung cancer as the most common malignant tumor worldwide and remains the leading cause of cancer death in women. The etiology of BC usually involves dysregulation of epigenetic mechanisms and aberrant expression of certain non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). N6-methyladenosine (m6A), the most prevalent RNA modification in eukaryotes, widely exists in ncRNAs to affect its biosynthesis and function, and is an important regulator of tumor-related signaling pathways. Interestingly, ncRNAs can also regulate or target m6A modification, playing a key role in cancer progression. However, the m6A-ncRNAs regulatory network in BC has not been fully elucidated, especially the regulation of m6A modification by ncRNAs. Therefore, in this review, we comprehensively summarize the interaction mechanisms and biological significance of m6A modifications and ncRNAs in BC. Meanwhile, we also focused on the clinical application value of m6A modification in BC diagnosis and prognosis, intending to explore new biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Molecular Diagnosis of Clinical Diseases, Molecular Diagnosis of Clinical Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuelong Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Molecular Diagnosis of Clinical Diseases, Molecular Diagnosis of Clinical Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Chentao Sui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Molecular Diagnosis of Clinical Diseases, Molecular Diagnosis of Clinical Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuexue Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Molecular Diagnosis of Clinical Diseases, Molecular Diagnosis of Clinical Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Miao Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Molecular Diagnosis of Clinical Diseases, Molecular Diagnosis of Clinical Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Qing Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Molecular Diagnosis of Clinical Diseases, Molecular Diagnosis of Clinical Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Ping Zhan
- Department of Obstetrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Jia Feng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Molecular Diagnosis of Clinical Diseases, Molecular Diagnosis of Clinical Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinbo Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Molecular Diagnosis of Clinical Diseases, Molecular Diagnosis of Clinical Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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Cao X, Wang M, Huang Y, Zhang M, Zheng F, Zhang G, Su J, Yuan Y, Guo C. Determination of dimethylated nucleosides in serum from colorectal cancer patients by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1232:123973. [PMID: 38142502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
RNA modifications play a crucial regulatory role in a variety of biological processes and are closely related to numerous diseases, including cancer. The diversity of metabolites in serum makes it a favored biofluid for biomarkers discovery. In this work, a robust and accurate hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS) approach was established for simultaneous determination of dimethylated nucleosides in human serum. Using the established method, we were able to accurately quantify the concentrations of N6-2'-O-dimethyladenosine (m6Am), N2,N2-dimethylguanosine (m2,2G), and 5,2'-O-dimethyluridine (m5Um) in serum samples from 53 healthy controls, 57 advanced colorectal adenoma patients, and 39 colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. The results showed that, compared with healthy controls and advanced colorectal adenoma patients, the concentrations of m6Am and m2,2G were increased in CRC patients, while the concentration of m5Um was decreased in CRC patients. These results indicate that these three dimethylated nucleosides could be potential biomarkers for early detection of colorectal cancer. Interestingly, the level of m5Um was gradually decreased from healthy controls to advanced colorectal adenoma patients to CRC patients, indicating m5Um could also be used to evaluate the level of malignancy of colorectal tumor. In addition, this study will contribute to the investigation on the regulatory mechanisms of RNA dimethylation in the onset and development of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoji Cao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China; Research Center of Analysis and Measurement, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.
| | - Mingwei Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China; Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Yanqin Huang
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Mengwen Zhang
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Fengjin Zheng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Genyin Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Jiaming Su
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Cheng Guo
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.
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Yao C, Lv D, Zhou X, Fu P, Sun W, Chen J, Lin H. Exploring urinary modified nucleosides as biomarkers for diabetic retinopathy: Development and validation of a ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1232:123968. [PMID: 38150972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic modification of RNA plays a crucial role in biological regulation and is strongly linked to human disease development and progression. Notably, modified nucleosides in urine have shown promising potential as early diagnostic biomarkers for various conditions. In this study, we developed and validated a rapid, sensitive, and accurate UPLC-MS/MS method for quantifying eight types of modified nucleosides (N1-methyladenosine (m1A), N6-methyladenosine (m6A), 5-methyluridine (m5U), 5-taurinomethyl-2-thiouridine (τm5s2U), 5-methylcytidine (m5C), 2'-O-methylcytidine (Cm), N1-methylguanosine (m1G), and N7-methylguanosine (m7G) in human urine. Using the method, we measured the urinary concentrations of m1A, m6A, m5U, τm5s2U, m5C, Cm, m1G, and m7G in a total of 21 control individuals and 23 patients diagnosed with diabetic retinopathy (DR). Cm levels showed promise as a diagnostic marker for diabetic retinopathy (DR), with a significant value (P < 0.01) and an AUC of 0.735. Other modified nucleosides also exhibited significant differences within specific subpopulations. As non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) signifies the latent early stage of diabetic retinopathy, we developed a multivariate linear model that integrates patients' sex, age, height, and urinary concentration of modified nucleosides which aims to predict and differentiate between healthy individuals, NPDR patients, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) patients. Encouragingly, the model achieved satisfactory accuracy rates: healthy (81%), NPDR (75%), and PDR (80%). Our findings provide valuable insights into the development of an early, cost-effective, and noninvasive diagnostic approach for diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China; School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China.
| | - Daizhu Lv
- Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, PR China.
| | - Xueqing Zhou
- Analysis and Testing Center, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China.
| | - Pengcheng Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China.
| | - Wen Sun
- Hainan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated by Hainan Medical College, Haikou 570203, PR China.
| | - Jinlian Chen
- Hainan Eye Hospital and Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Haikou 570311, PR China.
| | - Huan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China.
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Zheng W, Wang M, Chai X, Pan F, Xu M, Wang Y, Lan L, Hu F, Zhang Z, Chen Z. Targeted metabolomics analysis of nucleosides and the identification of biomarkers for colorectal adenomas and colorectal cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1163089. [PMID: 37441164 PMCID: PMC10334214 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1163089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The morbidity and mortality of colorectal cancer (CRC) have been increasing in recent years, and early detection of CRC can improve the survival rate of patients. RNA methylation plays crucial roles in many biological processes and has been implicated in the initiation of various diseases, including cancer. Serum contains a variety of biomolecules and is an important clinical sample for biomarker discovery. In this study, we developed a targeted metabolomics method for the quantitative analysis of nucleosides in human serum samples by using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). We successfully quantified the concentrations of nucleosides in serum samples from 51 healthy controls, 37 patients with colorectal adenomas, and 55 patients with CRC. The results showed that the concentrations of N 6-methyladenosine (m6A), N 1-methyladenosine (m1A), and 3-methyluridine (m3U) were increased in patients with CRC, whereas the concentrations of N 2-methylguanosine (m2G), 2'-O-methyluridine (Um), and 2'-O-methylguanosine (Gm) were decreased in patients with CRC, compared with the healthy controls and patients with colorectal adenomas. Moreover, the levels of 2'-O-methyluridine and 2'-O-methylguanosine were lower in patients with colorectal adenomas than those in healthy controls. Interestingly, the levels of Um and Gm gradually decreased in the following order: healthy controls to colorectal adenoma patients to CRC patients. These results revealed that the aberrations of these nucleosides were tightly correlated to colorectal adenomas and CRC. In addition, the present work will stimulate future investigations about the regulatory roles of these nucleosides in the initiation and development of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifang Zheng
- Lanxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Mingwei Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Fuzhen Pan
- Lanxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Meihui Xu
- Lanxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Yingchen Wang
- Lanxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | | | - Feiran Hu
- Lanxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Lanxi Red Cross Hospital, Jinhua, China
| | - Zhu Chen
- Lanxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinhua, China
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Xue Z, Zeng J, Yin X, Li Y, Meng B, Zhao Y, Fang X, Gong X, Dai X. Investigation on acquired palbociclib resistance by LC-MS based multi-omics analysis. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1116398. [PMID: 36743215 PMCID: PMC9892630 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1116398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Palbociclib is a specific CDK4/6 inhibitor that has been widely applied in multiple types of tumors. Different from cytotoxic drugs, the anticancer mechanism of palbociclib mainly depends on cell cycle inhibition. Therefore, the resistance mechanism is different. For clinical cancer patients, drug resistance is inevitable for almost all cancer therapies including palbociclib. We have trained palbociclib resistant cells in vitro to simulate the clinical situation and applied LC-MS multi-omics analysis methods including proteomic, metabolomic, and glycoproteomic techniques, to deeply understand the underly mechanism behind the resistance. As a result of proteomic analysis, the resistant cells were found to rely on altered metabolic pathways to keep proliferation. Metabolic processes related to carbohydrates, lipids, DNA, cellular proteins, glucose, and amino acids were observed to be upregulated. Most dramatically, the protein expressions of COX-1 and NDUFB8 have been detected to be significantly overexpressed by proteomic analysis. When a COX-1 inhibitor was hired to combine with palbociclib, a synergistic effect could be obtained, suggesting the altered COX-1 involved metabolic pathway is an important reason for the acquired palbociclib resistance. The KEGG pathway of N-glycan biosynthesis was identified through metabolomics analysis. N-glycoproteomic analysis was therefore included and the global glycosylation was found to be elevated in the palbociclib-resistant cells. Moreover, integration analysis of glycoproteomic data allowed us to detect a lot more proteins that have been glycosylated with low abundances, these proteins were considered to be overwhelmed by those highly abundant proteins during regular proteomic LC-MS detection. These low-abundant proteins are mainly involved in the cellular biology processes of cell migration, the regulation of chemotaxis, as well as the glycoprotein metabolic process which offered us great more details on the roles played by N-glycosylation in drug resistance. Our result also verified that N-glycosylation inhibitors could enhance the cell growth inhibition of palbociclib in resistant cells. The high efficiency of the integrated multi-omics analysis workflow in discovering drug resistance mechanisms paves a new way for drug development. With a clear understanding of the resistance mechanism, new drug targets and drug combinations could be designed to resensitize the resistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Xue
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaming Zeng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinchi Yin
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Yongshu Li
- Shenzhen Institute for Technology Innovation, National Institute of Metrology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bo Meng
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Fang
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyun Gong
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Xiaoyun Gong, ; Xinhua Dai,
| | - Xinhua Dai
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Xiaoyun Gong, ; Xinhua Dai,
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