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Douek AM, Amiri Khabooshan M, Henry J, Stamatis SA, Kreuder F, Ramm G, Änkö ML, Wlodkowic D, Kaslin J. An Engineered sgsh Mutant Zebrafish Recapitulates Molecular and Behavioural Pathobiology of Sanfilippo Syndrome A/MPS IIIA. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115948. [PMID: 34073041 PMCID: PMC8197930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis IIIA (MPS IIIA, Sanfilippo syndrome type A), a paediatric neurological lysosomal storage disease, is caused by impaired function of the enzyme N-sulfoglucosamine sulfohydrolase (SGSH) resulting in impaired catabolism of heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan (HS GAG) and its accumulation in tissues. MPS IIIA represents a significant proportion of childhood dementias. This condition generally leads to patient death in the teenage years, yet no effective therapy exists for MPS IIIA and a complete understanding of the mechanisms of MPS IIIA pathogenesis is lacking. Here, we employ targeted CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis to generate a model of MPS IIIA in the zebrafish, a model organism with strong genetic tractability and amenity for high-throughput screening. The sgshΔex5-6 zebrafish mutant exhibits a complete absence of Sgsh enzymatic activity, leading to progressive accumulation of HS degradation products with age. sgshΔex5-6 zebrafish faithfully recapitulate diverse CNS-specific features of MPS IIIA, including neuronal lysosomal overabundance, complex behavioural phenotypes, and profound, lifelong neuroinflammation. We further demonstrate that neuroinflammation in sgshΔex5-6 zebrafish is largely dependent on interleukin-1β and can be attenuated via the pharmacological inhibition of Caspase-1, which partially rescues behavioural abnormalities in sgshΔex5-6 mutant larvae in a context-dependent manner. We expect the sgshΔex5-6 zebrafish mutant to be a valuable resource in gaining a better understanding of MPS IIIA pathobiology towards the development of timely and effective therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon M. Douek
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (A.M.D.); (M.A.K.); (S.-A.S.); (F.K.)
| | - Mitra Amiri Khabooshan
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (A.M.D.); (M.A.K.); (S.-A.S.); (F.K.)
| | - Jason Henry
- Neurotoxicology Lab, School of Science (Biosciences), RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (J.H.); (D.W.)
| | - Sebastian-Alexander Stamatis
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (A.M.D.); (M.A.K.); (S.-A.S.); (F.K.)
| | - Florian Kreuder
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (A.M.D.); (M.A.K.); (S.-A.S.); (F.K.)
| | - Georg Ramm
- Ramaciotti Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Minna-Liisa Änkö
- Centre for Reproductive Health and Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia;
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Donald Wlodkowic
- Neurotoxicology Lab, School of Science (Biosciences), RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (J.H.); (D.W.)
| | - Jan Kaslin
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (A.M.D.); (M.A.K.); (S.-A.S.); (F.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-9902-9613; Fax: +61-3-9902-9729
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Saville JT, Flanigan KM, Truxal KV, McBride KL, Fuller M. Evaluation of biomarkers for Sanfilippo syndrome. Mol Genet Metab 2019; 128:68-74. [PMID: 31104888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sanfilippo syndrome or mucopolysaccharidosis type III (MPS III) is a childhood metabolic disorder marked by neuropathology arising due to impaired heparan sulphate (HS) catabolism. Consequently, partially degraded HS accumulates in the lysosomes of affected cells and is excreted in the urine. The measurement of HS in urine has long been considered a biomarker of Sanfilippo syndrome although it is largely non-specific. Using blood, urine and CSF collected from a cohort of Sanfilippo patients we investigated the utility of primary and secondary biomarkers to inform on disease activity. These included enzyme activity, specific oligosaccharides with non-reducing end residues reflective of the enzyme deficiency, and gangliosides. The diagnostic oligosaccharides - a HS disaccharide and tetrasaccharide - were elevated in the urine, plasma and CSF of all MPS IIIA and IIIB patients, respectively. There was no correlation between the concentrations in any of the matrices suggesting they reflect specific tissues and not overall disease burden. Enzyme activity did not inform on disease severity, with no measurable activity in CSF and activity approaching normal in MPS IIIA plasma. The concentration of gangliosides, GM2 and GM3, were significantly higher in the CSF of all MPS III subjects when compared to controls and correlated with the age of onset of first symptoms. Given that these gangliosides reflect delayed brain development they may be useful measures of disease burden, within the limitations of the clinical surrogates. Observation of these biochemical measurements in MPS III patients enrolled in clinical trials may determine whether they represent true pharmacodynamics biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T Saville
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology at Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide 5006, Australia
| | - Kevin M Flanigan
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kristen V Truxal
- The Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kim L McBride
- The Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Maria Fuller
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology at Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide 5006, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
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Parker H, Bigger BW. The role of innate immunity in mucopolysaccharide diseases. J Neurochem 2018; 148:639-651. [PMID: 30451296 PMCID: PMC6590380 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidoses are lysosomal storage disorders characterised by accumulation of abnormal pathological glycosaminoglycans, cellular dysfunction and widespread inflammation, resulting in progressive cognitive and motor decline. Lysosomes are important mediators of immune cell function, and therefore accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and other abnormal substrates could affect immune function and directly impact on disease pathogenesis. This review summarises current knowledge with regard to inflammation in mucopolysaccharidosis, with an emphasis on the brain and outlines a potential role for GAGs in induction of inflammation. We propose a model by which the accumulation of GAGs and other factors may impact on innate immune signalling with particular focus on the Toll‐like receptor 4 pathway. Innate immunity appears to have a dominating role in mucopolysaccharidosis; however, furthering understanding of innate immune signalling would have significant impact on highlighting novel anti‐inflammatory therapeutics for use in mucopolysaccharide diseases. ![]()
This article is part of the Special Issue “Lysosomal Storage Disorders”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Parker
- Stem Cell and NeurotherapiesDivision of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative MedicineFaculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Brian W. Bigger
- Stem Cell and NeurotherapiesDivision of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative MedicineFaculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
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Meneghetti MCZ, Hughes AJ, Rudd TR, Nader HB, Powell AK, Yates EA, Lima MA. Heparan sulfate and heparin interactions with proteins. J R Soc Interface 2016; 12:0589. [PMID: 26289657 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2015.0589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) polysaccharides are ubiquitous components of the cell surface and extracellular matrix of all multicellular animals, whereas heparin is present within mast cells and can be viewed as a more sulfated, tissue-specific, HS variant. HS and heparin regulate biological processes through interactions with a large repertoire of proteins. Owing to these interactions and diverse effects observed during in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo experiments, manifold biological/pharmacological activities have been attributed to them. The properties that have been thought to bestow protein binding and biological activity upon HS and heparin vary from high levels of sequence specificity to a dependence on charge. In contrast to these opposing opinions, we will argue that the evidence supports both a level of redundancy and a degree of selectivity in the structure-activity relationship. The relationship between this apparent redundancy, the multi-dentate nature of heparin and HS polysaccharide chains, their involvement in protein networks and the multiple binding sites on proteins, each possessing different properties, will also be considered. Finally, the role of cations in modulating HS/heparin activity will be reviewed and some of the implications for structure-activity relationships and regulation will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Z Meneghetti
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Três de Maio, São Paulo 40440-020, Brazil
| | - Ashley J Hughes
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Timothy R Rudd
- The National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QC, UK Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Helena B Nader
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Três de Maio, São Paulo 40440-020, Brazil
| | - Andrew K Powell
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Edwin A Yates
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Três de Maio, São Paulo 40440-020, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Três de Maio, São Paulo 40440-020, Brazil Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
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Fedele AO. Sanfilippo syndrome: causes, consequences, and treatments. APPLICATION OF CLINICAL GENETICS 2015; 8:269-81. [PMID: 26648750 PMCID: PMC4664539 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s57672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sanfilippo syndrome, or mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) type III, refers to one of five autosomal recessive, neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorders (MPS IIIA to MPS IIIE) whose symptoms are caused by the deficiency of enzymes involved exclusively in heparan sulfate degradation. The primary characteristic of MPS III is the degeneration of the central nervous system, resulting in mental retardation and hyperactivity, typically commencing during childhood. The significance of the order of events leading from heparan sulfate accumulation through to downstream changes in the levels of biomolecules within the cell and ultimately the (predominantly neuropathological) clinical symptoms is not well understood. The genes whose deficiencies cause the MPS III subtypes have been identified, and their gene products, as well as a selection of disease-causing mutations, have been characterized to varying degrees with respect to both frequency and direct biochemical consequences. A number of genetic and biochemical diagnostic methods have been developed and adopted by diagnostic laboratories. However, there is no effective therapy available for any form of MPS III, with treatment currently limited to clinical management of neurological symptoms. The availability of animal models for all forms of MPS III, whether spontaneous or generated via gene targeting, has contributed to improved understanding of the MPS III subtypes, and has provided and will deliver invaluable tools to appraise emerging therapies. Indeed, clinical trials to evaluate intrathecally-delivered enzyme replacement therapy in MPS IIIA patients, and gene therapy for MPS IIIA and MPS IIIB patients are planned or underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony O Fedele
- Lysosomal Diseases Research Unit, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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