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Perin N, Lončar B, Kadić M, Kralj M, Starčević K, Carvalho RA, Jarak I, Hranjec M. Design, Synthesis, Antitumor Activity and NMR-Based Metabolomics of Novel Amino Substituted Tetracyclic Imidazo[4,5-b]Pyridine Derivatives. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202300633. [PMID: 38757872 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Newly prepared tetracyclic imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine derivatives were synthesized to study their antiproliferative activity against human cancer cells. Additionally, the structure-activity was studied to confirm the impact of the N atom position in pyridine nuclei as well as the chosen amino side chains on antiproliferative activity. Targeted amino substituted regioisomers were prepared by using uncatalyzed amination from corresponding chloro substituted precursors. The most active compounds 6 a, 8 and 10 showed improved activity in comparison to standard drug etoposide with IC50 values in a nanomolar range of concentration (0.2-0.9 μM). NMR-based metabolomics is a powerful instrument to elucidate activity mechanism of new chemotherapeutics. Multivariate and univariate statistical analysis of metabolic profiles of non-small cell lung cancer cells before and after exposure to 6 a revealed significant changes in metabolism of essential amino acids, glycerophospholipids and oxidative defense. Insight into the changes of metabolic pathways that are heavily involved in cell proliferation and survival provide valuable guidelines for more detailed analysis of activity metabolism and possible targets of this class of bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Perin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Matej Kadić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijeta Kralj
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kristina Starčević
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Rui A Carvalho
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ivana Jarak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marijana Hranjec
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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Ghini V, Sorbi F, Fambrini M, Magherini F. NMR Metabolomics of Primary Ovarian Cancer Cells in Comparison to Established Cisplatin-Resistant and -Sensitive Cell Lines. Cells 2024; 13:661. [PMID: 38667276 PMCID: PMC11049548 DOI: 10.3390/cells13080661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell lines are frequently used in metabolomics, such as in vitro tumor models. In particular, A2780 cells are commonly used as a model for ovarian cancer to evaluate the effects of drug treatment. Here, we compare the NMR metabolomics profiles of A2780 and cisplatin-resistant A2780 cells with those of cells derived from 10 patients with high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (collected during primary cytoreduction before any chemotherapeutic treatment). Our analysis reveals a substantial similarity among all primary cells but significant differences between them and both A2780 and cisplatin-resistant A2780 cells. Notably, the patient-derived cells are closer to the resistant A2780 cells when considering the exo-metabolome, whereas they are essentially equidistant from A2780 and A2780-resistant cells in terms of the endo-metabolome. This behavior results from dissimilarities in the levels of several metabolites attributable to the differential modulation of underlying biochemical pathways. The patient-derived cells are those with the most pronounced glycolytic phenotype, whereas A2780-resistant cells mainly diverge from the others due to alterations in a few specific metabolites already known as markers of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Ghini
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Flavia Sorbi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (F.S.); (M.F.)
| | - Massimiliano Fambrini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (F.S.); (M.F.)
| | - Francesca Magherini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (F.S.); (M.F.)
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Hussan A, Moyo B, Amenuvor G, Meyer D, Sitole L. Investigating the antitumor effects of a novel ruthenium (II) complex on malignant melanoma cells: An NMR-based metabolomic approach. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 686:149169. [PMID: 37922571 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Metals have been used for many years in medicine, particularly for the treatment of cancer. Cisplatin is one of the most used drugs in the treatment of cancer. Although platinum-containing therapeutics have unparalleled efficacy in cancer treatment, they are coupled with adverse effects and the development of tumour resistance. This has led to the exploration of other metal-based modalities including ruthenium-based compounds. Thus, in our previous study, we synthesized and characterized a novel ruthenium (II) complex (referred to herein as GA113) containing a bis-amino-phosphine ligand. The complex was subsequently screened for its anti-cancerous potential against a human malignant melanoma A375 cell line and findings revealed favourable cytotoxicity. In the current study, a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based cellular metabolomics approach was applied to probe the possible mechanism of GA113 in A375 cells. In addition, other biological assays including light microscopy, Hoechst-33258 and MitoTracker Orange CM-H2TMRos stain were used to assess cellular viability and apoptosis in GA113-treated cells. Consequently, multivariate statistical data analysis was applied to the metabolomic data to identify potential biomarkers. Six signatory metabolites were altered after treatment. Changes in these metabolites were linked to two metabolic pathways, which include the alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolic pathway as well as the glycine, serine, and threonine pathway. By means of an NMR-based metabolomic approach, we identified the potential mechanism of action of complex GA113 in A375 cancer cells thus providing new insights into the metabolic pathways affected by complex GA113 and establishing a foundation for further development, research, and eventual application in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Hussan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
| | - Brenden Moyo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
| | - Gershon Amenuvor
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Computational Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Debra Meyer
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
| | - Lungile Sitole
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa.
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Cheng LL. High-resolution magic angle spinning NMR for intact biological specimen analysis: Initial discovery, recent developments, and future directions. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 36:e4684. [PMID: 34962004 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution magic angle spinning (HRMAS) NMR, an approach for intact biological material analysis discovered more than 25 years ago, has been advanced by many technical developments and applied to many biomedical uses. This article provides a history of its discovery, first by explaining the key scientific advances that paved the way for HRMAS NMR's invention, and then by turning to recent developments that have profited from applying and advancing the technique during the last 5 years. Developments aimed at directly impacting healthcare include HRMAS NMR metabolomics applications within studies of human disease states such as cancers, brain diseases, metabolic diseases, transplantation medicine, and adiposity. Here, the discussion describes recent HRMAS NMR metabolomics studies of breast cancer and prostate cancer, as well as of matching tissues with biofluids, multimodality studies, and mechanistic investigations, all conducted to better understand disease metabolic characteristics for diagnosis, opportune windows for treatment, and prognostication. In addition, HRMAS NMR metabolomics studies of plants, foods, and cell structures, along with longitudinal cell studies, are reviewed and discussed. Finally, inspired by the technique's history of discoveries and recent successes, future biomedical arenas that stand to benefit from HRMAS NMR-initiated scientific investigations are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo L Cheng
- Departments of Radiology and Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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1H HR-MAS NMR Based Metabolic Profiling of Lung Cancer Cells with Induced and De-Induced Cisplatin Resistance to Reveal Metabolic Resistance Adaptations. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226766. [PMID: 34833859 PMCID: PMC8625954 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin (cisPt) is an important drug that is used against various cancers, including advanced lung cancer. However, drug resistance is still a major ongoing problem and its investigation is of paramount interest. Here, a high-resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) NMR study is presented deciphering the metabolic profile of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells and metabolic adaptations at different levels of induced cisPt-resistance, as well as in their de-induced counterparts (cells cultivated in absence of cisPt). In total, fifty-three metabolites were identified and quantified in the 1H-HR-MAS NMR cell spectra. Metabolic adaptations to cisPt-resistance were detected, which correlated with the degree of resistance. Importantly, de-induced cell lines demonstrated similar metabolic adaptations as the corresponding cisPt-resistant cell lines. Metabolites predominantly changed in cisPt resistant cells and their de-induced counterparts include glutathione and taurine. Characteristic metabolic patterns for cisPt resistance may become relevant as biomarkers in cancer medicine.
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Ghini V, Senzacqua T, Massai L, Gamberi T, Messori L, Turano P. NMR reveals the metabolic changes induced by auranofin in A2780 cancer cells: evidence for glutathione dysregulation. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:6349-6355. [PMID: 33885689 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00750e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
NMR metabolomics represents a powerful tool to characterize the cellular effects of drugs and gain detailed insight into their mode of action. Here, we have exploited NMR metabolomics to illustrate the changes in the metabolic profile of A2780 ovarian cancer cells elicited by auranofin (AF), a clinically approved gold drug now repurposed as an anticancer agent. An early and large increase in intracellular glutathione is highlighted as the main effect of the treatment accompanied by small but significant changes in the levels of a few additional metabolites; the general implications of these findings are discussed in the frame of the current mechanistic knowledge of AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Ghini
- Center of Magnetic Resonance, University of Florence, via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy. and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Tommaso Senzacqua
- Center of Magnetic Resonance, University of Florence, via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Lara Massai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Tania Gamberi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, viale Morgagni 50, Firenze, Italy
| | - Luigi Messori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Paola Turano
- Center of Magnetic Resonance, University of Florence, via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy. and Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy and Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
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Primasová H, Ninova S, de Capitani M, Daepp J, Aschauer U, Furrer J. Dinuclear thiolato-bridged arene ruthenium complexes: from reaction conditions and mechanism to synthesis of new complexes. RSC Adv 2020; 10:40106-40116. [PMID: 35520857 PMCID: PMC9057517 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08146a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Several dinuclear thiophenolato-bridged arene ruthenium complexes [(η6-p-MeC6H4Pri)2Ru2(μ2-SC6H4-R)3]+ (R = H, NO2, F) could so far only be obtained in fair yields using the synthetic route established in the early 2000s. With much less reactive aliphatic thiols or with bulky thiols, the reactions become even less efficient and the desired complexes are obtained with low yields or not at all. We employed density functional theory (DFT) calculations to gain a fundamental understanding of the reaction mechanisms leading to the formation of dithiolato and trithiolato complexes starting from the dichloro(p-cymene)ruthenium(ii) dimer [(η6-p-MeC6H4Pri)Ru(μ2-Cl)Cl]2. The results of the DFT study enabled us to rationalise the experimental results and allowed us, via a modified synthetic route, to synthesise previously unreported and hitherto considered as unrealistic complexes. Our study opens up possibilities for the synthesis of so far inaccessible thiolato-bridged dinuclear arene ruthenium(ii) complexes but more generally, also the synthesis of other thiolato-bridged dinuclear group 8 and 9 metal complexes could be reexamined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedvika Primasová
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universität Bern Freiestrasse 3 CH-3012 Switzerland
| | - Silviya Ninova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universität Bern Freiestrasse 3 CH-3012 Switzerland
| | - Mario de Capitani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universität Bern Freiestrasse 3 CH-3012 Switzerland
| | - Jana Daepp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universität Bern Freiestrasse 3 CH-3012 Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Aschauer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universität Bern Freiestrasse 3 CH-3012 Switzerland
| | - Julien Furrer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universität Bern Freiestrasse 3 CH-3012 Switzerland
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Primasová H, Vermathen M, Furrer J. Interactions of Cationic Diruthenium Trithiolato Complexes with Phospholipid Membranes Studied by NMR Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:8822-8834. [PMID: 32930600 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c05133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To apprehend the possible mechanisms involved in the cellular uptake and the membrane interactions of cytotoxic dinuclear p-cymene trithiolato ruthenium(II) complexes, the interactions of the complexes [(η6-p-MeC6H4Pri)2Ru2(R1)2(R2)]+ (R1 = R2 = SC6H4-m-Pri:1; R1 = SC6H4-p-OMe, R2 = SC6H4-p-OH:2; R1 = SCH2C6H4-p-OMe, R2 = SC6H4-p-OH:3) with 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) vesicles and 1,2-dihexanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DHPC) micelles were studied using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. 1H NMR, nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE), diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY), and T1 and T2 relaxation data provided information on interactions between the complexes and the model membranes and on the submolecular localization of the complexes at the membrane interface. The results suggest that (a) the interaction takes place without new covalent adduct formation, (b) the cationic diruthenium complexes interact with DOPC head groups most likely involving electrostatic interactions while remaining structurally unchanged, (c) the changes indicating interactions are more pronounced for the most lipophilic complex 1, and (d) the diruthenium complexes remain at the exterior vesicle surface and are unlikely inserted between the phospholipid chains. The complexes also interact with micellar/free DHPC and seem to induce micellization or aggregation in solutions below critical micelle concentration (CMC). Our study suggests high affinity of the Ru complexes for the membrane surface that likely plays a key role in cellular uptake and possibly also in redistribution in mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedvika Primasová
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martina Vermathen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julien Furrer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Understanding metabolomic characteristics of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma by HR-MAS NMR detection of pancreatic tissues. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 190:113546. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Special Issue on "NMR-Based Metabolomics and Its Applications Volume 2". Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10020045. [PMID: 31991891 PMCID: PMC7073525 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, the number of scientific publications in the metabolomics area has increased exponentially. The literature includes ~29,000 contributions (articles and reviews) during the period of 2009–2019, revealing metabolomics applications in a wide range of fields, including medical, plant, animal, and food sciences (this bibliographic data were retrieved from the SCOPUS database, searching “metabolomics” in keywords). The high applicability of this approach is due to its ability to qualitatively and quantitatively characterize the chemical profile of all the low molecular weight metabolites (metabolome) present in cells, tissues, organs, and biological fluids as end products of the cellular regulatory pathways. Thus, providing a snapshot of the phenotype of a biological system, metabolomics offers useful contributions to a comprehensive insight into the functional status of human, animal, plant, and microbe organisms. The contributions collected in this Special Issue (12 articles, one review and one technical report) report on the recent technical advances and practical applications of NMR spectroscopy to metabolomics analyses.
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