1
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Lapizco-Encinas BH. Nonlinear Electrokinetic Methods of Particles and Cells. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2024; 17:243-264. [PMID: 38360552 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061622-040810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Nonlinear electrokinetic phenomena offer label-free, portable, and robust approaches for particle and cell assessment, including selective enrichment, separation, sorting, and characterization. The field of electrokinetics has evolved substantially since the first separation reports by Arne Tiselius in the 1930s. The last century witnessed major advances in the understanding of the weak-field theory, which supported developments in the use of linear electrophoresis and its adoption as a routine analytical technique. More recently, an improved understanding of the strong-field theory enabled the development of nonlinear electrokinetic techniques such as electrorotation, dielectrophoresis, and nonlinear electrophoresis. This review discusses the operating principles and recent applications of these three nonlinear electrokinetic phenomena for the analysis and manipulation of particles and cells and provides an overview of some of the latest developments in the field of nonlinear electrokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca H Lapizco-Encinas
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, USA;
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2
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Bu S, Sonker M, Koh D, Ros A. On the behavior of sub-micrometer polystyrene particles subjected to AC insulator-based dielectrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2024; 45:1065-1079. [PMID: 38195843 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Polymer beads, especially polystyrene particles, have been extensively used as model species in insulator-based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) studies. Their use in alternating current iDEP (AC-iDEP) is less explored; however, an assessment in the low-frequency regime (≤10 kHz) allows to link surface conduction effects with the surface properties of polymer particles. Here, we provide a case study for various experimental conditions assessing sub-micrometer polystyrene particles with AC-iDEP and link to accepted surface conduction theory to predict and experimentally verify the observed AC-iDEP trapping behavior based on apparent zeta potential and solution conductivity. We find excellent agreement with the theoretical predictions, but also the occurrence of concentration polarization electroosmotic flow under the studied conditions, which have the potential to confound acting dielectrophoresis conditions. Furthermore, we study a case relevant to the assessment of microplastics in human and animal body fluids by mimicking the protein adsorption of high abundant proteins in blood by coating polystyrene beads with bovine serum albumin, a highly abundant protein in blood. Theoretical predictions and experimental observations confirm a difference in observed AC-iDEP behavior between coated and non-coated particles, which might be exploited for future studies of microplastics in blood to assess their exposure to humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulin Bu
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Mukul Sonker
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Domin Koh
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Alexandra Ros
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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3
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Duncan JL, Bloomfield M, Swami N, Cimini D, Davalos RV. High-Frequency Dielectrophoresis Reveals That Distinct Bio-Electric Signatures of Colorectal Cancer Cells Depend on Ploidy and Nuclear Volume. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1723. [PMID: 37763886 PMCID: PMC10535145 DOI: 10.3390/mi14091723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Aneuploidy, or an incorrect chromosome number, is ubiquitous among cancers. Whole-genome duplication, resulting in tetraploidy, often occurs during the evolution of aneuploid tumors. Cancers that evolve through a tetraploid intermediate tend to be highly aneuploid and are associated with poor patient prognosis. The identification and enrichment of tetraploid cells from mixed populations is necessary to understand the role these cells play in cancer progression. Dielectrophoresis (DEP), a label-free electrokinetic technique, can distinguish cells based on their intracellular properties when stimulated above 10 MHz, but DEP has not been shown to distinguish tetraploid and/or aneuploid cancer cells from mixed tumor cell populations. Here, we used high-frequency DEP to distinguish cell subpopulations that differ in ploidy and nuclear size under flow conditions. We used impedance analysis to quantify the level of voltage decay at high frequencies and its impact on the DEP force acting on the cell. High-frequency DEP distinguished diploid cells from tetraploid clones due to their size and intracellular composition at frequencies above 40 MHz. Our findings demonstrate that high-frequency DEP can be a useful tool for identifying and distinguishing subpopulations with nuclear differences to determine their roles in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josie L. Duncan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
| | - Mathew Bloomfield
- Department of Biological Sciences and Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Nathan Swami
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Daniela Cimini
- Department of Biological Sciences and Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Rafael V. Davalos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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4
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Gong L, Cretella A, Lin Y. Microfluidic systems for particle capture and release: A review. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 236:115426. [PMID: 37276636 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic technology has emerged as a promising tool in various applications, including biosensing, disease diagnosis, and environmental monitoring. One of the notable features of microfluidic devices is their ability to selectively capture and release specific cells, biomolecules, bacteria, and particles. Compared to traditional bulk analysis instruments, microfluidic capture-and-release platforms offer several advantages, such as contactless operation, label-free detection, high accuracy, good sensitivity, and minimal reagent requirements. However, despite significant efforts dedicated to developing innovative capture mechanisms in the past, the release and recovery efficiency of trapped particles have often been overlooked. Many previous studies have focused primarily on particle capture techniques and their efficiency, disregarding the crucial role of successful particle release for subsequent analysis. In reality, the ability to effectively release trapped particles is particularly essential to ensure ongoing, high-throughput analysis. To address this gap, this review aims to highlight the importance of both capture and release mechanisms in microfluidic systems and assess their effectiveness. The methods are classified into two categories: those based on physical principles and those using biochemical approaches. Furthermore, the review offers a comprehensive summary of recent applications of microfluidic platforms specifically designed for particle capture and release. It outlines the designs and performance of these devices, highlighting their advantages and limitations in various target applications and purposes. Finally, the review concludes with discussions on the current challenges faced in the field and presents potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Gong
- Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Andrew Cretella
- Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Yang Lin
- Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA.
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5
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Khouzestani A, Hojjat Y, Tavalaee M, Sadeghian H, Nasr-Esfahani MH. Enhancing the Accuracy of Measuring DEP Force Applied on Cells by Considering the Friction Effect. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13050540. [PMID: 37232901 DOI: 10.3390/bios13050540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The Dielectrophoresis (DEP) phenomenon has been widely used for cell separation in recent years. The experimental measurement of the DEP force is one of the concerns of scientists. This research presents a novel method for more accurately measuring the DEP force. The innovation of this method is considered the friction effect, which has been neglected in previous studies. For this purpose, first, the direction of the microchannel was aligned with the electrodes. As there was no DEP force in this direction, the release force of the cells caused by the fluid flow equaled the friction force between the cells and the substrate. Then, the microchannel was aligned perpendicular to the direction of the electrodes, and the release force was measured. The net DEP force was obtained by the difference between the release forces of these two alignments. In the experimental tests, the DEP force, when applied to the sperm and white blood cell (WBC), was measured. The WBC was used to validate the presented method. The experimental results showed that the forces applied by DEP to WBC and human sperm were 42 pN and 3 pN, respectively. On the other hand, with the conventional method, these figures were as high as 72 pN and 4 pN due to neglecting the friction force. The compression between the simulation results in COMSOL Multiphysics and the experiments determined the new approach to be valid and capable of use in any cell, such as sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Khouzestani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-175, Iran
| | - Yousef Hojjat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-175, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Tavalaee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan 8165131378, Iran
| | - Hesam Sadeghian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-175, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan 8165131378, Iran
- Isfahan Fertility and Infertility Center, Isfahan 8158858151, Iran
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6
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Mantri D, Wymenga L, van Turnhout J, van Zeijl H, Zhang G. Manipulation, Sampling and Inactivation of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus Using Nonuniform Electric Fields on Micro-Fabricated Platforms: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:345. [PMID: 36838044 PMCID: PMC9967285 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Micro-devices that use electric fields to trap, analyze and inactivate micro-organisms vary in concept, design and application. The application of electric fields to manipulate and inactivate bacteria and single-celled organisms has been described extensively in the literature. By contrast, the effect of such fields on viruses is not well understood. This review explores the possibility of using existing methods for manipulating and inactivating larger viruses and bacteria, for smaller viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2. It also provides an overview of the theoretical background. The findings may be used to implement new ideas and frame experimental parameters that optimize the manipulation, sampling and inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 electrically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devashish Mantri
- Department Biomedical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Luutzen Wymenga
- Department Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jan van Turnhout
- Department Material Science Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Henk van Zeijl
- Department Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Guoqi Zhang
- Department Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
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7
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Vaghef-Koodehi A, Lapizco-Encinas BH. Microscale electrokinetic-based analysis of intact cells and viruses. Electrophoresis 2021; 43:263-287. [PMID: 34796523 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Miniaturized electrokinetic methods have proven to be robust platforms for the analysis and assessment of intact microorganisms, offering short response times and higher integration than their bench-scale counterparts. The present review article discusses three types of electrokinetic-based methodologies: electromigration or motion-based techniques, electrode-based electrokinetics, and insulator-based electrokinetics. The fundamentals of each type of methodology are discussed and relevant examples from recent reports are examined, to provide the reader with an overview of the state-of-the-art on the latest advancements on the analysis of intact cells and viruses with microscale electrokinetic techniques. The concluding remarks discuss the potential applications and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaleh Vaghef-Koodehi
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory and Biomedical Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Blanca H Lapizco-Encinas
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory and Biomedical Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
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8
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Fluid-Screen as a real time dielectrophoretic method for universal microbial capture. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22222. [PMID: 34782647 PMCID: PMC8594773 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01600-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial culture methods, e.g. Plate Counting Method (PCM), are a gold standard in the assessment of microbial contamination in multitude of human industries. They are however slow, labor intensive, and prone to manual errors. Dielectrophoresis (DEP) has shown great promise for particle separation for decades; however, it has not yet been widely applied in routine laboratory setting. This paper provides an overview of a new DEP microbial capture and separation method called Fluid-Screen (FS), that achieves very fast, efficient, reliable and repeatable capture and separation of microbial cells. Method verification experiments demonstrated that the FS system captured 100% of bacteria in test samples, a capture efficiency much higher than previously reported for similar technology. Data generated supports the superiority of the FS method as compared to the established Plate Counting Method (PCM), that is routinely used to detect bacterial contamination in healthcare, pharmacological and food industries. We demonstrate that the FS method is universal and can capture and separate different species of bacteria and fungi to viruses, from various sample matrices (i.e. human red blood cells, mammalian cells).
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9
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Lapizco-Encinas BH. The latest advances on nonlinear insulator-based electrokinetic microsystems under direct current and low-frequency alternating current fields: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 414:885-905. [PMID: 34664103 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03687-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review article presents an overview of the evolution of the field of insulator-based dielectrophoresis (iDEP); in particular, it focuses on insulator-based electrokinetic (iEK) systems stimulated with direct current and low-frequency(< 1 kHz) AC electric fields. The article covers the surge of iDEP as a research field where many different device designs were developed, from microchannels with arrays of insulating posts to devices with curved walls and nano- and micropipettes. All of these systems allowed for the manipulation and separation of a wide array of particles, ranging from macromolecules to microorganisms, including clinical and biomedical applications. Recent experimental reports, supported by important theoretical studies in the field of physics and colloids, brought attention to the effects of electrophoresis of the second kind in these systems. These recent findings suggest that DEP is not the main force behind particle trapping, as it was believed for the last two decades. This new research suggests that particle trapping, under DC and low-frequency AC potentials, mainly results from a balance between electroosmotic and electrophoretic effects (linear and nonlinear); although DEP is present in these systems, it is not a dominant force. Considering these recent studies, it is proposed to rename this field from DC-iDEP to DC-iEK (and low-frequency AC-iDEP to low-frequency AC-iEK). Whereas much research is still needed, this is an exciting time in the field of microscale EK systems, as these new findings seem to explain the challenges with modeling particle migration and trapping in iEK devices, and provide perhaps a better understanding of the mechanisms behind particle trapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca H Lapizco-Encinas
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory and Biomedical Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, Institute Hall (Bldg. 73), Room 3103, 160 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY, 14623-5604, USA.
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10
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Velmanickam L, Jayasooriya V, Vemuri MS, Tida UR, Nawarathna D. Recent advances in dielectrophoresis toward biomarker detection: A summary of studies published between 2014 and 2021. Electrophoresis 2021; 43:212-231. [PMID: 34453855 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dielectrophoresis is a well-understood phenomenon that has been widely utilized in biomedical applications. Recent advancements in miniaturization have contributed to the development of dielectrophoretic-based devices for a wide variety of biomedical applications. In particular, the integration of dielectrophoresis with microfluidics, fluorescence, and electrical impedance has produced devices and techniques that are attractive for screening and diagnosing diseases. This review article summarizes the recent utility of dielectrophoresis in assays of biomarker detection. Common screening and diagnostic biomarkers, such as cellular, protein, and nucleic acid, are discussed. Finally, the potential use of recent developments in machine learning approaches toward improving biomarker detection performance is discussed. This review article will be useful for researchers interested in the recent utility of dielectrophoresis in the detection of biomarkers and for those developing new devices to address current gaps in dielectrophoretic biomarker detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vidura Jayasooriya
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of SriJayewardenepura, Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka
| | - Madhava Sarma Vemuri
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Umamaheswara Rao Tida
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Dharmakeerthi Nawarathna
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA.,Biomedical Engineering Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
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11
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Maidin NNM, Buyong MR, Rahim RA, Mohamed MA. Dielectrophoresis applications in biomedical field and future perspectives in biomedical technology. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:2033-2059. [PMID: 34346062 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is a technique to manipulate trajectories of polarisable particles in non-uniform electric fields by utilising unique dielectric properties. The manipulation of a cell using DEP has been demonstrated in various modes, thereby indicating potential applications in the biomedical field. In this review, recent DEP applications in the biomedical field are discussed. This review is intended to highlight research work that shows significant approach related to dielectrophoresis application in biomedical field reported between 2016 and 2020. Firstly, single-shell model and multiple-shell model of cells are introduced. Current device structures and recently introduced electrode patterns for DEP applications are discussed. Secondly, the biomedical uses of DEP in liquid biopsies, stem cell therapies, and diagnosis of infectious diseases due to bacteria and viruses are presented. Finally, the challenges in DEP research are discussed, and the reported solutions are explained. DEP's potential research directions are mentioned. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Nasyifa Mohd Maidin
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronic (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor, 43600, Malaysia
| | - Muhamad Ramdzan Buyong
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronic (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor, 43600, Malaysia
| | - Ruslinda A Rahim
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Perlis, 01000, Malaysia.,National Nanotechnology Centre (NNC), Ministry of Science Technology and Innovation (MOSTI), Federal Government Administrative Centre, Putrajaya, 62662, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Ambri Mohamed
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronic (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor, 43600, Malaysia
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12
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Miller A, Hill N, Hakim K, Lapizco-Encinas BH. Fine-Tuning Electrokinetic Injections Considering Nonlinear Electrokinetic Effects in Insulator-Based Devices. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12060628. [PMID: 34071691 PMCID: PMC8227112 DOI: 10.3390/mi12060628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The manner of sample injection is critical in microscale electrokinetic (EK) separations, as the resolution of a separation greatly depends on sample quality and how the sample is introduced into the system. There is a significant wealth of knowledge on the development of EK injection methodologies that range from simple and straightforward approaches to sophisticated schemes. The present study focused on the development of optimized EK sample injection schemes for direct current insulator-based EK (DC-iEK) systems. These are microchannels that contain arrays of insulating structures; the presence of these structures creates a nonuniform electric field distribution when a potential is applied, resulting in enhanced nonlinear EK effects. Recently, it was reported that the nonlinear EK effect of electrophoresis of the second kind plays a major role in particle migration in DC-iEK systems. This study presents a methodology for designing EK sample injection schemes that consider the nonlinear EK effects exerted on the particles being injected. Mathematical modeling with COMSOL Multiphysics was employed to identify proper voltages to be used during the EK injection process. Then, a T-microchannel with insulating posts was employed to experimentally perform EK injection and separate a sample containing two types of similar polystyrene particles. The quality of the EK injections was assessed by comparing the resolution (Rs) and number of plates (N) of the experimental particle separations. The findings of this study establish the importance of considering nonlinear EK effects when planning for successful EK injection schemes.
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13
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Hill N, De Peña AC, Miller A, Lapizco-Encinas BH. On the potential of microscale electrokinetic cascade devices. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:2474-2482. [PMID: 33970503 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Phages used for phage therapy of multidrug resistant bacteria must be highly purified prior to use. There are limited purification approaches that are broadly applicable to many phage types. Electrokinetics has shown great potential to manipulate phages, but obstructions from the cell debris produced during phage propagation can severely diminish the capacity of an electrokinetic device to concentrate and purify phage samples. A multipart insulator-based electrokinetic device is proposed here to remove the larger, undesirable components of mixtures from phage preparations while transferring the freshly purified and concentrated sample to a second stage for downstream analysis. By combining the large debris prescreen and analysis stages in a streamlined system, this approach simultaneously reduces the impact of clogging and minimizes the sample loss observed during manual transferring of purified samples. Polystyrene particles were used to demonstrate a diminished sample loss of approximately one order of magnitude when using the cascade device as opposed to a manual transfer scheme. The purification and concentration of three different phage samples were demonstrated using the first stage of the cascade device as a prescreen. This design provides a simple method of purifying and concentrating valuable samples from a complex mixture that might impede separation capacity in a single channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Hill
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory and Biomedical Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Adriana Coll De Peña
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory and Biomedical Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA.,Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Abbi Miller
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory and Biomedical Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Blanca H Lapizco-Encinas
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory and Biomedical Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
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14
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Hakim KS, Lapizco-Encinas BH. Analysis of microorganisms with nonlinear electrokinetic microsystems. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:588-604. [PMID: 33151541 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear electrokinetics (EK), specifically electrophoresis of the second kind, dielectrophoresis (DEP) and electrorotation (EROT), have gained significant interest recently for their flexibility and labeless discriminant manner of operation. The current applications of these technologies are a clear advancement from what they were when first discovered, but also still show strong signs of future growth. The present review article presents a discussion of the current uses of microscale nonlinear EK technologies as analytical, sensing, and purification tools for microorganisms. The discussion is focused on some of the latest discoveries with various nonlinear EK microfluidic techniques, such as DEP particle trapping and EROT for particle assessments, for the analysis of microorganisms ranging from viruses to parasites. Along the way, special focus was given to key research articles from within the past two years to provide the most up-to-date knowledge on the current state-of-the-art within the field of microscale EK, and from there, an outlook on where the future of the field is headed is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kel S Hakim
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory and Biomedical Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Blanca H Lapizco-Encinas
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory and Biomedical Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
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15
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Turcan I, Olariu MA. Dielectrophoretic Manipulation of Cancer Cells and Their Electrical Characterization. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2020; 22:554-578. [PMID: 32786320 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.0c00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Electromanipulation and electrical characterization of cancerous cells is becoming a topic of high interest as the results reported to date demonstrate a good differentiation among various types of cells from an electrical viewpoint. Dielectrophoresis and broadband dielectric spectroscopy are complementary tools for sorting, identification, and characterization of malignant cells and were successfully used on both primary tumor cells and culture cells as well. However, the literature is presenting a plethora of studies with respect to electrical evaluation of these type of cells, and this review is reporting a collection of information regarding the functioning principles of different types of dielectrophoresis setups, theory of cancer cell polarization, and electrical investigation (including here the polarization mechanisms). The interpretation of electrical characteristics against frequency is discussed with respect to interfacial/Maxwell-Wagner polarization and the parasitic influence of electrode polarization. Moreover, the electrical equivalent circuits specific to biological cells polarizations are discussed for a good understanding of the cells' morphology influence. The review also focuses on advantages of specific low-conductivity buffers employed currently for improving the efficiency of dielectrophoresis and provides a set of synthesized data from the literature highlighting clear differentiation between the crossover frequencies of different cancerous cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Turcan
- Department of Electrical Measurements and Materials, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Profesor Dimitrie Mangeron Boulevard, No. 21−23, Iasi 700050, Romania
| | - Marius Andrei Olariu
- Department of Electrical Measurements and Materials, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Profesor Dimitrie Mangeron Boulevard, No. 21−23, Iasi 700050, Romania
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16
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Antunez-Vela S, Perez-Gonzalez VH, De Peña AC, Lentz CJ, Lapizco-Encinas BH. Simultaneous Determination of Linear and Nonlinear Electrophoretic Mobilities of Cells and Microparticles. Anal Chem 2020; 92:14885-14891. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Antunez-Vela
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory and Biomedical Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, 160 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, New York 14623, United States
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey NL 64849, Mexico
| | - Victor H. Perez-Gonzalez
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey NL 64849, Mexico
| | - Adriana Coll De Peña
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory and Biomedical Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, 160 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, New York 14623, United States
- Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester, 160 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, New York 14623, United States
| | - Cody J. Lentz
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory and Biomedical Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, 160 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, New York 14623, United States
| | - Blanca H. Lapizco-Encinas
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory and Biomedical Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, 160 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, New York 14623, United States
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17
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Determination of the Empirical Electrokinetic Equilibrium Condition of Microorganisms in Microfluidic Devices. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 10:bios10100148. [PMID: 33086549 PMCID: PMC7603120 DOI: 10.3390/bios10100148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The increased concern regarding emerging pathogens and antibiotic resistance has drawn interest in the development of rapid and robust microfluidic techniques to analyze microorganisms. The novel parameter known as the electrokinetic equilibrium condition (EEEC) was presented in recent studies, providing an approach to analyze microparticles in microchannels employing unique electrokinetic (EK) signatures. While the EEEC shows great promise, current estimation approaches can be time-consuming or heavily user-dependent for accurate values. The present contribution aims to analyze existing approaches for estimating this parameter and modify the process into an accurate yet simple technique for estimating the EK behavior of microorganisms in insulator-based microfluidic devices. The technique presented here yields the parameter called the empirical electrokinetic equilibrium condition (eEEEC) which works well as a value for initial approximations of trapping conditions in insulator-based EK (iEK) microfluidic systems. A total of six types of microorganisms were analyzed in this study (three bacteria and three bacteriophages). The proposed approach estimated eEEEC values employing images of trapped microorganisms, yielding high reproducibility (SD 5.0–8.8%). Furthermore, stable trapping voltages (sTVs) were estimated from eEEEC values for distinct channel designs to test that this parameter is system-independent and good agreement was obtained when comparing estimated sTVs vs. experimental values (SD 0.3–19.6%). The encouraging results from this work were used to generate an EK library of data, available on our laboratory website. The data in this library can be used to design tailored iEK microfluidic devices for the analysis of microorganisms.
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18
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Quevedo DF, Lentz CJ, Coll de Peña A, Hernandez Y, Habibi N, Miki R, Lahann J, Lapizco-Encinas BH. Electrokinetic characterization of synthetic protein nanoparticles. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 11:1556-1567. [PMID: 33134000 PMCID: PMC7590587 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.11.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The application of nanoparticle in medicine is promising for the treatment of a wide variety of diseases. However, the slow progress in the field has resulted in relatively few therapies being translated into the clinic. Anisotropic synthetic protein nanoparticles (ASPNPs) show potential as a next-generation drug-delivery technology, due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and functionality. Even though ASPNPs have the potential to be used in a variety of applications, such as in the treatment of glioblastoma, there is currently no high-throughput technology for the processing of these particles. Insulator-based electrokinetics employ microfluidics devices that rely on electrokinetic principles to manipulate micro- and nanoparticles. These miniaturized devices can selectively trap and enrich nanoparticles based on their material characteristics, and subsequently release them, which allows for particle sorting and processing. In this study, we use insulator-based electrokinetic (EK) microdevices to characterize ASPNPs. We found that anisotropy strongly influences electrokinetic particle behavior by comparing compositionally identical anisotropic and non-anisotropic SPNPs. Additionally, we were able to estimate the empirical electrokinetic equilibrium parameter (eE EEC) for all SPNPs. This particle-dependent parameter can allow for the design of various separation and purification processes. These results show how promising the insulator-based EK microdevices are for the analysis and purification of clinically relevant SPNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Quevedo
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor MI, USA
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor MI, USA
| | - Cody J Lentz
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory and Biomedical Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester NY, USA
| | - Adriana Coll de Peña
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory and Biomedical Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester NY, USA
| | - Yazmin Hernandez
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor MI, USA
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor MI, USA
| | - Nahal Habibi
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor MI, USA
- Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor MI, USA
| | - Rikako Miki
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor MI, USA
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor MI, USA
| | - Joerg Lahann
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor MI, USA
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor MI, USA
- Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor MI, USA
| | - Blanca H Lapizco-Encinas
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory and Biomedical Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester NY, USA
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19
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Benhal P, Quashie D, Kim Y, Ali J. Insulator Based Dielectrophoresis: Micro, Nano, and Molecular Scale Biological Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E5095. [PMID: 32906803 PMCID: PMC7570478 DOI: 10.3390/s20185095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Insulator based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) is becoming increasingly important in emerging biomolecular applications, including particle purification, fractionation, and separation. Compared to conventional electrode-based dielectrophoresis (eDEP) techniques, iDEP has been demonstrated to have a higher degree of selectivity of biological samples while also being less biologically intrusive. Over the past two decades, substantial technological advances have been made, enabling iDEP to be applied from micro, to nano and molecular scales. Soft particles, including cell organelles, viruses, proteins, and nucleic acids, have been manipulated using iDEP, enabling the exploration of subnanometer biological interactions. Recent investigations using this technique have demonstrated a wide range of applications, including biomarker screening, protein folding analysis, and molecular sensing. Here, we review current state-of-art research on iDEP systems and highlight potential future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prateek Benhal
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA;
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - David Quashie
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA;
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Yoontae Kim
- American Dental Association Science & Research Institute, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA;
| | - Jamel Ali
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA;
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
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20
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Editorial for the Special Issue on Micro/Nano-Chip Electrokinetics, Volume III. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11050482. [PMID: 32397064 PMCID: PMC7281164 DOI: 10.3390/mi11050482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Creation of an electrokinetic characterization library for the detection and identification of biological cells. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:3935-3945. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02621-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Selmi M, Belmabrouk H. AC Electroosmosis Effect on Microfluidic Heterogeneous Immunoassay Efficiency. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11040342. [PMID: 32218325 PMCID: PMC7230709 DOI: 10.3390/mi11040342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A heterogeneous immunoassay is an efficient biomedical test. It aims to detect the presence of an analyte or to measure its concentration. It has many applications, such as manipulating particles and separating cancer cells from blood. The enhanced performance of immunosensors comes down to capturing more antigens with greater efficiency by antibodies in a short time. In this work, we report an efficient investigation of the effects of alternating current (AC) electrokinetic forces such as AC electroosmosis (ACEO), which arise when the fluid absorbs energy from an applied electric field, on the kinetics of the antigen-antibody binding in a flow system. The force can produce swirling structures in the fluid and, thus, improve the transport of the analyte toward the reaction surface of the immunosensor device. A numerical simulation is adequate for this purpose and may provide valuable information. The convection-diffusion phenomenon is coupled with the first-order Langmuir model. The governing equations are solved using the finite element method (FEM). The impact of AC electroosmosis on the binding reaction kinetics, the fluid flow stream modification, the analyte concentration diffusion, and the detection time of the biosensor under AC electroosmosis are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Selmi
- Department of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
- Laboratory of Electronics and Microelectronics, Faculty of Science of Monastir, University of Monastir, Environment Boulevard, Monastir 5019, Tunisia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-563447961
| | - Hafedh Belmabrouk
- Laboratory of Electronics and Microelectronics, Faculty of Science of Monastir, University of Monastir, Environment Boulevard, Monastir 5019, Tunisia;
- Department of Physics, College of Sciences at Zulfi, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
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23
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Weirauch L, Lorenz M, Hill N, Lapizco-Encinas BH, Baune M, Pesch GR, Thöming J. Material-selective separation of mixed microparticles via insulator-based dielectrophoresis. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2019; 13:064112. [PMID: 31768198 PMCID: PMC6858286 DOI: 10.1063/1.5124110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Insulator-based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) has become a powerful tool for biomicrofluidic separation and analysis because it is capable to selectively separate biological particle systems according to properties like size, material, and shape. However, it has rarely been used to solve challenging separation problems involving nonbiological particles, namely, for systems that are prone to particle agglomeration. Here, we demonstrate material-selective separation of nonbiological systems, i.e., polystyrene and gold-coated polystyrene particles of two different sizes, using iDEP at high accuracy. For this purpose, we present a method to generate fluorescent gold-coated particles. We further introduce a method to reduce the static backpressure that builds up between in- and outlet reservoir due to electroosmotic flow. Moreover, we found that particle agglomeration makes their separation impossible when conventional iDEP routines are applied. Therefore, two solutions to reduce particle agglomeration are presented: A combination of AC and DC potentials and adjustment of pH and conductivity of the suspending medium. Both approaches allow separating particles under challenging conditions such as initially low absolute particle zeta potentials and high particle concentrations. Since those conditions can also be present in biological iDEP separation processes, the results are of general value for biological and nonbiological iDEP operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Weirauch
- Chemical Process Engineering (CVT), University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - M Lorenz
- Chemical Process Engineering (CVT), University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - N Hill
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - B H Lapizco-Encinas
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M Baune
- Chemical Process Engineering (CVT), University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - G R Pesch
- Chemical Process Engineering (CVT), University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - J Thöming
- Chemical Process Engineering (CVT), University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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