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Habboush S, Rojas S, Rodríguez N, Rivadeneyra A. The Role of Interdigitated Electrodes in Printed and Flexible Electronics. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2717. [PMID: 38732823 PMCID: PMC11086272 DOI: 10.3390/s24092717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Flexible electronics, also referred to as printable electronics, represent an interesting technology for implementing electronic circuits via depositing electronic devices onto flexible substrates, boosting their possible applications. Among all flexible electronics, interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) are currently being used for different sensor applications since they offer significant benefits beyond their functionality as capacitors, like the generation of high output voltage, fewer fabrication steps, convenience of application of sensitive coatings, material imaging capability and a potential of spectroscopy measurements via electrical excitation frequency variation. This review examines the role of IDEs in printed and flexible electronics since they are progressively being incorporated into a myriad of applications, envisaging that the growth pattern will continue in the next generations of flexible circuits to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayma Habboush
- Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; (S.H.); (N.R.)
| | - Sara Rojas
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Noel Rodríguez
- Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; (S.H.); (N.R.)
| | - Almudena Rivadeneyra
- Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; (S.H.); (N.R.)
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Childs A, Chand D, Pereira J, Santra S, Rajaraman S. BacteSign: Building a Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR) Database for Universal Bacterial Identification. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:176. [PMID: 38667169 PMCID: PMC11047924 DOI: 10.3390/bios14040176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
With the increasing incidence of diverse global bacterial outbreaks, it is important to build an immutable decentralized database that can capture regional changes in bacterial resistance with time. Herein, we investigate the use of a rapid 3D printed µbiochamber with a laser-ablated interdigitated electrode developed for biofilm analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Bacillus subtilis using electrochemical biological impedance spectroscopy (EBIS) across a 48 h spectrum, along with novel ladder-based minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) stencil tests against oxytetracycline, kanamycin, penicillin G and streptomycin. Furthermore, in this investigation, a search query database has been built demonstrating the deterministic nature of the bacterial strains with real and imaginary impedance, phase, and capacitance, showing increased bacterial specification selectivity in the 9772.37 Hz range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Childs
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - David Chand
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Jorge Pereira
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Swadeshmukul Santra
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Swaminathan Rajaraman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
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Didier CM, Orrico JF, Cepeda Torres OS, Castro JM, Baksh A, Rajaraman S. Microfabricated polymer-metal biosensors for multifarious data collection from electrogenic cellular models. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:22. [PMID: 36875634 PMCID: PMC9974480 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00488-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Benchtop tissue cultures have become increasingly complex in recent years, as more on-a-chip biological technologies, such as microphysiological systems (MPS), are developed to incorporate cellular constructs that more accurately represent their respective biological systems. Such MPS have begun facilitating major breakthroughs in biological research and are poised to shape the field in the coming decades. These biological systems require integrated sensing modalities to procure complex, multiplexed datasets with unprecedented combinatorial biological detail. In this work, we expanded upon our polymer-metal biosensor approach by demonstrating a facile technology for compound biosensing that was characterized through custom modeling approaches. As reported herein, we developed a compound chip with 3D microelectrodes, 3D microfluidics, interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) and a microheater. The chip was subsequently tested using the electrical/electrochemical characterization of 3D microelectrodes with 1 kHz impedance and phase recordings and IDE-based high-frequency (~1 MHz frequencies) impedimetric analysis of differential localized temperature recordings, both of which were modeled through equivalent electrical circuits for process parameter extraction. Additionally, a simplified antibody-conjugation strategy was employed for a similar IDE-based analysis of the implications of a key analyte (l-glutamine) binding to the equivalent electrical circuit. Finally, acute microfluidic perfusion modeling was performed to demonstrate the ease of microfluidics integration into such a polymer-metal biosensor platform for potential complimentary localized chemical stimulation. Overall, our work demonstrates the design, development, and characterization of an accessibly designed polymer-metal compound biosensor for electrogenic cellular constructs to facilitate comprehensive MPS data collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M. Didier
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 4353 Scorpius Street, Research I, Suite 231, FL 32816 Orlando, USA
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd, FL 32827 Orlando, USA
| | - Julia F. Orrico
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 4353 Scorpius Street, Research I, Suite 231, FL 32816 Orlando, USA
| | - Omar S. Cepeda Torres
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 4353 Scorpius Street, Research I, Suite 231, FL 32816 Orlando, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico, 377, 00918, Ponce de Leon, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Jorge Manrique Castro
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 4353 Scorpius Street, Research I, Suite 231, FL 32816 Orlando, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, 4238 Scorpius Street, FL 32816 Orlando, USA
| | - Aliyah Baksh
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 4353 Scorpius Street, Research I, Suite 231, FL 32816 Orlando, USA
| | - Swaminathan Rajaraman
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 4353 Scorpius Street, Research I, Suite 231, FL 32816 Orlando, USA
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd, FL 32827 Orlando, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, 4238 Scorpius Street, FL 32816 Orlando, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, 12760 Pegasus Drive, Engineering I, Suite 207, FL 32816 Orlando, USA
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Childs A, Pereira J, Didier CM, Baksh A, Johnson I, Castro JM, Davidson E, Santra S, Rajaraman S. Plotter Cut Stencil Masks for the Deposition of Organic and Inorganic Materials and a New Rapid, Cost Effective Technique for Antimicrobial Evaluations. MICROMACHINES 2022; 14:14. [PMID: 36677074 PMCID: PMC9864392 DOI: 10.3390/mi14010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plotter cutters in stencil mask prototyping are underutilized but have several advantages over traditional MEMS techniques. In this paper we investigate the use of a conventional plotter cutter as a highly effective benchtop tool for the rapid prototyping of stencil masks in the sub-250 μm range and characterize patterned layers of organic/inorganic materials. Furthermore, we show a new diagnostic monitoring application for use in healthcare, and a potential replacement of the Standard Kirby-Bauer Diffusion Antibiotic Resistance tests was developed and tested on both Escherichia coli and Xanthomonas alfalfae as pathogens with Oxytetracycline, Streptomycin and Kanamycin. We show that the reduction in area required for the minimum inhibitory concentration tests; allow for three times the number of tests to be performed within the same nutrient agar Petri dish, demonstrated both theoretically and experimentally resulting in correlations of R ≈ 0.96 and 0.985, respectively for both pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Childs
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Jorge Pereira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Charles M. Didier
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Aliyah Baksh
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Isaac Johnson
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Jorge Manrique Castro
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Edwin Davidson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Swadeshmukul Santra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - Swaminathan Rajaraman
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
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Castro JM, Sommerhage F, Khanna R, Childs A, DeRoo D, Rajaraman S. High-throughput microbead assay system with a portable, cost-effective Wi-Fi imaging module, and disposable multi-layered microfluidic cartridges for virus and microparticle detection, and tracking. RESEARCH SQUARE 2022:rs.3.rs-2383455. [PMID: 36597542 PMCID: PMC9810214 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2383455/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In recent years biomedical scientific community has been working towards the development of high-throughput devices that allow a reliable, rapid and parallel detection of several strains of virus or microparticles simultaneously. One of the complexities of this problem lies on the rapid prototyping of new devices and wireless rapid detection of small particles and virus alike. By reducing the complexity of microfluidics microfabrication and using economic materials along with makerspace tools (Avra Kundu, Ausaf, and Rajaraman 2018) it is possible to provide an affordable solution to both the problems of high-throughput devices and detection technologies. We present the development of a wireless, standalone device and disposable microfluidics chips that rapidly generate parallel readouts for selected, possible virus variants from a nasal or saliva sample, based on motorized and non-motorized microbeads detection, and imaging processing of the motion tracks of these beads in micrometers. Microbeads and SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 Delta variant were tested as proof-of-concept for testing the microfluidic cartridges and wireless imaging module. The Microbead Assay (MA) system kit consists of a WiFi readout module, a microfluidic chip, and a sample collection/processing sub-system. Here, we focus on the fabrication and characterization of the microfluidic chip to multiplex various micrometer-sized beads for economic, disposable, and simultaneous detection of up to six different viruses, microparticles or variants in a single test, and data collection using a commercially available, WiFi-capable, and camera integrated device (Fig. 1).
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Shih HJ, Chen KC. An Analytical Energy Harvester Model for Interdigitated Ring Electrode on Circular Elastic Membrane. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13010133. [PMID: 35056298 PMCID: PMC8781394 DOI: 10.3390/mi13010133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Energy harvesters are devices that accumulate ambient vibrational energy from the environment, and for the time being, variable capacitance is the most widely used mechanism. Various designs were proposed to increase the power of such devices, and in particular, the interdigitated electrode (IDE) pattern is the mainstream. Nevertheless, most IDE designs focus merely on the parallel-type vibrations of electrodes. In this study, the performance of a novel harvester, which combined circular membrane and interdigitated ring electrodes (IRE), was investigated. This design allows the device to collect energy from the rotational structure motions of electrodes through the vibrating membrane. Besides, the circular structure provides a dense capacitive arrangement that is higher than that of the arrangement obtained using regular rectangular chips. The IRE diagram is composed of many capacitive rings, each of which harvests vibrated energy simultaneously. Three gaps (1, 10, and 100 μm) of the ring are investigated for the first four vibrational modes of the membrane to understand the effect of energy output. It is found that the energy outputs are approximately the same for the three gaps; however, rings with a wider gap are easier to manufacture in MEMS.
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Gaining Micropattern Fidelity in an NOA81 Microsieve Laser Ablation Process. MICROMACHINES 2020; 12:mi12010021. [PMID: 33375445 PMCID: PMC7823379 DOI: 10.3390/mi12010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We studied the micropattern fidelity of a Norland Optical Adhesive 81 (NOA81) microsieve made by soft-lithography and laser micromachining. Ablation opens replicated cavities, resulting in three-dimensional (3D) micropores. We previously demonstrated that microsieves can capture cells by passive pumping. Flow, capture yield, and cell survival depend on the control of the micropore geometry and must yield high reproducibility within the device and from device to device. We investigated the NOA81 film thickness, the laser pulse repetition rate, the number of pulses, and the beam focusing distance. For NOA81 films spin-coated between 600 and 1200 rpm, the pulse number controls the breaching of films to form the pore’s aperture and dominates the process. Pulse repetition rates between 50 and 200 Hz had no observable influence. We also explored laser focal plane to substrate distance to find the most effective ablation conditions. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) of focused ion beam (FIB)-cut cross sections of the NOA81 micropores and inverted micropore copies in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) show a smooth surface topology with minimal debris. Our studies reveal that the combined process allows for a 3D micropore quality from device to device with a large enough process window for biological studies.
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Didier CM, Kundu A, Shoemaker JT, Vukasinovic J, Rajaraman S. SeedEZ™ Interdigitated Electrodes and Multifunctional Layered Biosensor Composites (MLBCs): A Paradigm Shift in the Development of In Vitro BioMicrosystems. JOURNAL OF MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS : A JOINT IEEE AND ASME PUBLICATION ON MICROSTRUCTURES, MICROACTUATORS, MICROSENSORS, AND MICROSYSTEMS 2020; 29:653-660. [PMID: 33762802 PMCID: PMC7982987 DOI: 10.1109/jmems.2020.3003452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a new technology for the realization of composite biosensor systems, capable of measuring electrical and electrophysiological signals from electrogenic cells, using SeedEZ™ 3D cell culture-scaffold material. This represents a paradigm-shift for BioMEMS processing; 'Biology-Microfabrication' versus the standard 'Microfabrication-Biology' approach. An Interdigitated Electrode (IDE) developed on the 3D cell-scaffold was used to successfully monitor acute cardiomyocyte growth and controlled population decline. We have further characterized processability of the 3D scaffold, demonstrated long-term biocompatibility of the scaffold with various cell lines and developed a multifunctional layered biosensor composites (MLBCs) using SeedEZ™ and other biocompatible substrates for future multilayer sensor integration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Avra Kundu
- University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
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Salari A, Dalton C. Editorial on the Special Issue on Microelectrode Arrays and Application to Medical Devices. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11080776. [PMID: 32823968 PMCID: PMC7464217 DOI: 10.3390/mi11080776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alinaghi Salari
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada;
| | - Colin Dalton
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-403-210-8464
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