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Chen M, Lin S, Mei T, Xie Z, Lin J, Lin Z, Guo T, Tang B. Research on Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Electronic Paper Pixels Based on Electrowetting. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1918. [PMID: 37893355 PMCID: PMC10609345 DOI: 10.3390/mi14101918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a driving waveform with a complex ramp pulse for an electrowetting display system. The relationship between the contact angle and viscosity of inks was calculated based on the fluid-motion characteristics of different viscosities. We obtained the suitable range of viscosity and voltage in the liquid-oil-solid three-phase contact display system. We carried out model simulation and driving waveform design. The result shows that the driving waveform improves the response speed and aperture ratio of electrowetting. The aperture ratio of electrowetting pixels is increased to 68.69%. This research is of great significance to optimizing the structure of fluid material and the design of driving waveforms in electrowetting displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhen Chen
- National and Local United Engineering Laboratory of Flat Panel Display Technology, School of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (T.M.); (Z.X.); (T.G.)
| | - Shanling Lin
- School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Quanzhou 362200, China; (S.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Ting Mei
- National and Local United Engineering Laboratory of Flat Panel Display Technology, School of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (T.M.); (Z.X.); (T.G.)
| | - Ziyu Xie
- National and Local United Engineering Laboratory of Flat Panel Display Technology, School of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (T.M.); (Z.X.); (T.G.)
| | - Jianpu Lin
- School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Quanzhou 362200, China; (S.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Zhixian Lin
- National and Local United Engineering Laboratory of Flat Panel Display Technology, School of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (T.M.); (Z.X.); (T.G.)
- School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Quanzhou 362200, China; (S.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Tailiang Guo
- National and Local United Engineering Laboratory of Flat Panel Display Technology, School of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (T.M.); (Z.X.); (T.G.)
| | - Biao Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
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Yi Z, Zhang H, Jiang M, Wang J. Editorial for the Special Issue on Advances in Optoelectronic Devices. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:652. [PMID: 36985059 PMCID: PMC10059590 DOI: 10.3390/mi14030652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Optoelectronic devices are fabricated based on an optoelectronic conversion effect, which is a developing research field of modern optoelectronic technology and microelectronics technology [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichuan Yi
- School of Electronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- School of Electronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering (National Exemplary School of Microelectronics), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Mouhua Jiang
- School of Electronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China
| | - Jiashuai Wang
- School of Electronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering (National Exemplary School of Microelectronics), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
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Zhang Z, Wang Y, Chen Q, Gao Q, Liu L, Yang J, Pan X, Miao Y, Chi F. Application of High Potential Electrophoretic Particles Modified with High Ionization Mono Ionic Liquid for Electrophoretic Displays. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13081235. [PMID: 36014156 PMCID: PMC9413381 DOI: 10.3390/mi13081235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The electrophoretic display (EPD) has attracted widespread attention due to its great visual perception, energy-saving, portability, and bistability. However, the EPD still has many problems in response time, colorization, etc., which limits its practical application. In this paper, novel blue electrophoretic particles were prepared with copper (II) phthalocyanine and high ionization 1-butyl-1-methyl piperidinium bromide mono ionic liquid. It was shown that electrophoretic particles dispersed in a non-polar tetrachloroethylene medium had high Zeta potential and electrophoretic mobility. At the same time, electrophoretic particles showed better dispersion stability. Finally, the prepared blue electrophoretic particles and white titanium dioxide particles were compounded to prepare blue and white dual-color electrophoretic dispersion. An EPD cell was made to test its performance. The results showed that the prepared blue and white dual-color electrophoretic dispersion could realize a reversible response. Piperidine mono ionic liquid increased the surface potential of copper (II) phthalocyanine from +30.50 mV to +60.27 mV, enhancing it by 97.61%. Therefore, we believed that modifying particles with high ionization mono ionic liquid had great applicability to the modification of electrophoretic particles, and blue particles prepared with piperidine mono ionic liquid as a charge control agent (CCA) were excellent candidates for EPDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhang
- School of Electronics and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (Q.C.); (Q.G.); (L.L.); (J.Y.); (X.P.); (Y.M.); (F.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Yao Wang
- Gui Yang Institute of Humanities and Technology, Guiyang 550025, China;
| | - Qun Chen
- School of Electronics and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (Q.C.); (Q.G.); (L.L.); (J.Y.); (X.P.); (Y.M.); (F.C.)
- South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qingguo Gao
- School of Electronics and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (Q.C.); (Q.G.); (L.L.); (J.Y.); (X.P.); (Y.M.); (F.C.)
| | - Liming Liu
- School of Electronics and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (Q.C.); (Q.G.); (L.L.); (J.Y.); (X.P.); (Y.M.); (F.C.)
| | - Jianjun Yang
- School of Electronics and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (Q.C.); (Q.G.); (L.L.); (J.Y.); (X.P.); (Y.M.); (F.C.)
| | - Xinjian Pan
- School of Electronics and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (Q.C.); (Q.G.); (L.L.); (J.Y.); (X.P.); (Y.M.); (F.C.)
| | - Yu Miao
- School of Electronics and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (Q.C.); (Q.G.); (L.L.); (J.Y.); (X.P.); (Y.M.); (F.C.)
| | - Feng Chi
- School of Electronics and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (Q.C.); (Q.G.); (L.L.); (J.Y.); (X.P.); (Y.M.); (F.C.)
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A Novel Modification of Copper (II) Phthalocyanine Particles towards Electrophoretic Displays. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13060880. [PMID: 35744495 PMCID: PMC9229134 DOI: 10.3390/mi13060880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Electrophoretic display (EPD) is a popular display technology in recent years. The core of the EPD is electrophoretic particles, and its Zeta potential has an important impact on EPDs. In this work, a method using pyrrolidine mono ionic liquid was proposed to improve the Zeta potential of electrophoretic particles: Copper (II) phthalocyanine pigment was modified with mono ionic liquid 1-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bromide. The characterization results show that the mono ionic liquid had been successfully coated on pigment particles. At the same time, the dispersion and stability of particles were improved. The modified Copper (II) phthalocyanine pigment could be stably dispersed in tetrachloroethylene for more than 20 days. The Zeta potential increased from 32.42 mV to 49.91 mV, increasing by 53.95%. Finally, the prepared blue electrophoretic particles were compounded with white titanium dioxide to prepare blue and white dual-color electrophoretic dispersion, and then an EPD cell was designed to test its performance. The results show that the prepared electrophoretic dispersion can realize reversible reciprocating motion. Therefore, because of the unique structure and properties of pyrrolidine mono ionic liquids, the blue nanoparticles prepared with pyrrolidine ionic liquids as charge control agents in this study can be used as excellent candidate materials for EPD.
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Liu L, Zeng W, Long Z, Yi Z, Bai P, Tang B, Yuan D, Zhou G. Red Display for Three-Color Electrophoretic Displays with High Saturation via a Separation Stage between Black and Red Particles. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:2555. [PMID: 35407886 PMCID: PMC9000271 DOI: 10.3390/ma15072555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A three-color electrophoretic display (EPD) can solve the defect of an insufficient color display of black/white EPDs, but it is difficult to achieve a high red saturation due to the same driving polarity between black and red electrophoretic particles. In this work, a separation stage was proposed in the driving process to increase the red saturation in three-color EPDs. Firstly, red particles' motion was analyzed by the electrophoretic theory and Stokes' theorem to optimize driving parameters. Secondly, the activity of black particles was analyzed by testing different driving process parameters, and an optimal activation parameter for red particles was obtained. Next, the separation stage parameters were analyzed to reduce the mixing degree of black and red electrophoretic particles. Experimental results showed that the red and black electrophoretic particles could be effectively separated. Compared with an existing driving method, the red saturation was increased by 23.4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linwei Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.L.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.); (P.B.); (B.T.); (G.Z.)
| | - Wenjun Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.L.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.); (P.B.); (B.T.); (G.Z.)
| | - Zhengxing Long
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.L.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.); (P.B.); (B.T.); (G.Z.)
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zongshan 528402, China
| | - Zichuan Yi
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan Institute, Zongshan 528402, China
| | - Pengfei Bai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.L.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.); (P.B.); (B.T.); (G.Z.)
| | - Biao Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.L.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.); (P.B.); (B.T.); (G.Z.)
| | - Dong Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.L.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.); (P.B.); (B.T.); (G.Z.)
| | - Guofu Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.L.); (W.Z.); (Z.L.); (P.B.); (B.T.); (G.Z.)
- Shenzhen Guohua Optoelectronics Tech. Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518110, China
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Red Ghost Image Elimination Method Based on Driving Waveform Design in Three-Color Electrophoretic Displays. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13020275. [PMID: 35208398 PMCID: PMC8875704 DOI: 10.3390/mi13020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Three-color electrophoretic displays (EPDs) are a new type of optoelectronic display device. However, they have the defect of red ghost images during gray scale transformation, which affects the accuracy of the gray scale display. In this paper, we proposed a new driving method for eliminating the red ghost images. A driving waveform was composed of an erasing stage, an activation stage, and a driving stage. First, the erasing stage was subdivided into a red erasing stage and an original erasing stage, the red erasing stage was used to eliminate residual red particles in the top of the microcapsules. Then, a high-frequency square wave was used as the activation stage for increasing the activity of the black and white particles. Meanwhile, the intensity of flickers could be decreased by the high-frequency square wave. Finally, the performance of the driving waveform was tested by a colorimeter. The experimental results showed that the driving waveform could effectively eliminate red ghost images by 80.43% and reduce the flicker intensity by 79.63%, compared with an existing driving waveform.
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Zhang H, Yi Z, Liu L, Chi F, Hu Y, Huang S, Miao Y, Wang L. A Fast-Response Driving Waveform Design Based on High-Frequency Voltage for Three-Color Electrophoretic Displays. MICROMACHINES 2021; 13:59. [PMID: 35056224 PMCID: PMC8777687 DOI: 10.3390/mi13010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Three-color electrophoretic displays (EPDs) have the characteristics of colorful display, reflection display, low power consumption, and flexible display. However, due to the addition of red particles, response time of three-color EPDs is increased. In this paper, we proposed a new driving waveform based on high-frequency voltage optimization and electrophoresis theory, which was used to shorten the response time. The proposed driving waveform was composed of an activation stage, a new red driving stage, and a black or white driving stage. The response time of particles was effectively reduced by removing an erasing stage. In the design process, the velocity of particles in non-polar solvents was analyzed by Newton's second law and Stokes law. Next, an optimal duration and an optimal frequency of the activation stage were obtained to reduce ghost images and improve particle activity. Then, an optimal voltage which can effectively drive red particles was tested to reduce the response time of red particles. Experimental results showed that compared with a traditional driving waveform, the proposed driving waveform had a better performance. Response times of black particles, white particles and red particles were shortened by 40%, 47.8% and 44.9%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Zhang
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (H.Z.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (Y.M.)
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering (National Exemplary School of Microelectronics), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Zichuan Yi
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (H.Z.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (Y.M.)
| | - Liming Liu
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (H.Z.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (Y.M.)
| | - Feng Chi
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (H.Z.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yunfeng Hu
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (H.Z.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (Y.M.)
| | - Sida Huang
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (H.Z.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yu Miao
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China; (H.Z.); (L.L.); (F.C.); (Y.H.); (S.H.); (Y.M.)
| | - Li Wang
- School of Information Engineering, Zhongshan Polytechnic, Zhongshan 528400, China;
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A Driving Method for Reducing Oil Film Splitting in Electrowetting Displays. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11120920. [PMID: 34940421 PMCID: PMC8707651 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11120920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Electrowetting displays (EWDs) are one of the most potential electronic papers. However, they have the problem of oil film splitting, which could lead to a low aperture ratio of EWDs. In this paper, a driving waveform was proposed to reduce oil film splitting. The driving waveform was composed of a rising stage and a driving stage. First, the rupture voltage of oil film was analyzed by testing the voltage characteristic curve of EWDs. Then, a quadratic function waveform with an initial voltage was applied at the rising stage to suppress oil film splitting. Finally, a square wave was applied at the driving stage to maintain the aperture ratio of EWDs. The experimental results show that the luminance was increased by 8.78% and the aperture ratio was increased by 4.47% compared with an exponential function driving waveform.
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