Margination of Platelet-Sized Particles in the Red Blood Cell Suspension Flow through Square Microchannels

Blood component separation in straight microfluidic channels

Separation of blood components is required in many diagnostic applications and blood processes. In laboratories, blood is usually fractionated by manual operation involving a bulk centrifugation equipment, which significantly increases logistic burden. Blood sample processing in the field and resource-limited settings cannot be readily implemented without the use of microfluidic technology. In this study, we developed a small footprint, rapid, and passive microfluidic channel device that relied on margination and inertial focusing effects for blood component separation. No blood dilution, lysis, or labeling step was needed as to preserve sample integrity. One main innovation of this work was the insertion of fluidic restrictors at outlet ports to divert the separation interface into designated outlet channels. Thus, separation efficiency was significantly improved in comparison to previous works. We demonstrated different operation modes ranging from platelet or plasma extraction from human whole blood to platelet concentration from platelet-rich plasma through the manipulation of outlet port fluidic resistance. Using straight microfluidic channels with a high aspect ratio rectangular cross section, we demonstrated 95.4% platelet purity extracted from human whole blood. In plasma extraction, 99.9% RBC removal rate was achieved. We also demonstrated 2.6× concentration of platelet-rich plasma solution to produce platelet concentrate. The extraction efficiency and throughput rate are scalable with continuous and clog-free recirculation operation, in contrast to other blood fractionation approaches using filtration membranes or affinity-based purification methods. Our microfluidic blood separation method is highly tunable and versatile, and easy to be integrated into multi-step blood processing and advanced sample preparation workflows.

Cell-free layer development and spatial organization of healthy and rigid red blood cells in a microfluidic bifurcation

Bifurcations and branches in the microcirculation dramatically affect blood flow as they determine the spatiotemporal organization of red blood cells (RBCs). Such changes in vessel geometries can further influence the formation of a cell-free layer (CFL) close to the vessel walls. Biophysical cell properties, such as their deformability, which is impaired in various diseases, are often thought to impact blood flow and affect the distribution of flowing RBCs. This study investigates the flow behavior of healthy and artificially hardened RBCs in a bifurcating microfluidic T-junction. We determine the RBC distribution across the channel width at multiple positions before and after the bifurcation. Thus, we reveal distinct focusing profiles in the feeding mother channel for rigid and healthy RBCs that dramatically impact the cell organization in the successive daughter channels. Moreover, we experimentally show how the characteristic asymmetric CFLs in the daughter vessels develop along their flow direction. Complimentary numerical simulations indicate that the buildup of the CFL is faster for healthy than for rigid RBCs. Our results provide fundamental knowledge to understand the partitioning of rigid RBC as a model of cells with pathologically impaired deformability in complex in vitro networks.

Editorial for the Special Issue on Advances in Microfluidics for Quantifying Cell Mechanics and Biotransport

Microfluidics is a powerful tool to precisely control fluids as well as to manipulate suspended small particles in a micrometer-sized space [...].

Numerical Study of Particle Margination in a Square Channel Flow with Red Blood Cells

Red blood cells flow near the axis in a small vessel, known as axial accumulation. This causes a region called the cell-free layer, which does not contain red blood cells near the wall. Then, small particles such as platelets come out to the cell-free layer. This phenomenon is called platelet margination. In this study, related to this phenomenon, direct numerical simulations were conducted using the immersed boundary method. The effects of the shear rate, channel size, and hematocrit value were investigated on the pressure-driven flow in a straight tube with a square cross-section. The simulation results indicated that the margination rate, which is the ratio of the distance traveled in the flow direction to the margination distance in the wall direction, is independent of the shear rate. The effect of the channel size on platelet margination was found to be well scaled by introducing a dimensionless parameter, which included the shear rate and effective area of the particle movement. It was also found that the margination rate varied nonlinearly with the tube hematocrit. This was due to the volume exclusion effect of red blood cells, which facilitated or hindered the motion of particles depending on the hematocrit. The relationship between the stable position of the particles near the corner and the width of the cell-free layer was also found. Furthermore, velocity fluctuations normalized by wall shear rate in a cross-section collapsed to one curve in the presented simulations. This indicates that the lateral force acting on the particles increases linearly with the shear rate.