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Ryan CT, Darhuber AA, Kunnen RPJ, Gelderblom H, Sobota A. Electrical properties determine the liquid flow direction in plasma-liquid interactions. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17152. [PMID: 39060457 PMCID: PMC11282241 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68337-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
During atmospheric pressure plasma impingement, plasma induced liquid flow will influence the transport and distribution of plasma generated charged and reactive species in liquids. We use particle image velocimetry and supplementary pH, conductivity and temperature measurements to investigate electrical properties of an AC kHz plasma jet interacting with water and electrolytes. We observe that the dominant driving mechanism in low conductive solutions are surface forces such as shear stresses and stagnation-pressure induced dimpling. These give upwards flows beneath the plasma-liquid interaction point. In highly conductive solutions, such as water with dissolved salts, the dominant driving mechanism is electro-hydrodynamic forces, with flows directed downwards underneath the plasma jet in our system. We therefore demonstrate that the direction of initial plasma induced liquid flows can be controlled through the addition of salt ions. In electrically grounded salt solutions, we also observe time resolved flow direction switching, possibly due to modification of salt solutions via electrolytic and plasma induced reactions changing the dominant flow mechanism over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum T Ryan
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- J.M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Mechanics, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Anton A Darhuber
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- J.M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Mechanics, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Rudie P J Kunnen
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- J.M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Mechanics, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke Gelderblom
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- J.M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Mechanics, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Sobota
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- J.M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Mechanics, Delft, The Netherlands
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Mao Z, Hosoya N, Maeda S. Flexible Electrohydrodynamic Fluid-Driven Valveless Water Pump via Immiscible Interface. CYBORG AND BIONIC SYSTEMS 2024; 5:0091. [PMID: 38318499 PMCID: PMC10843178 DOI: 10.34133/cbsystems.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The conventional electrohydrodynamic (EHD) pump is limited to pumping functional and dielectric liquids, which restricts its applications in fields like microfluidics, food safety, and materials production. In this study, we present a flexible water pump driven by EHD fluid, achieved by integrating valveless elements into the fluidic channel. Our approach leverages the water-EHD interface to propel the immiscible aqueous liquid and reciprocate this process using the nozzle-diffuser system. All components of the water pump are digitally fabricated and assembled. The valveless parts are created using a laser cutting machine. Additionally, we develop a model for the EHD pump and nozzle-diffuser system to predict the generated flow rate, considering factors such as the asymmetrical performance of the EHD pump, pulse frequency, applied voltage, and structural parameters. Finally, we experimentally characterize the flow rates of both the EHD pump and water pump and apply the newly developed device to air bubble manipulation and droplet generation. This research broadens the range of specialized liquids pumped by EHD pumps to include other aqueous liquids or mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zebing Mao
- Department of Mechanical engineering,
Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Hosoya
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics,
Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-7-5 Toyosu, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8548, Japan
| | - Shingo Maeda
- Department of Mechanical engineering,
Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Living Systems Materialogy (LiSM) Research Group, International Research Frontiers Initiative (IRFI),
Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Pu R, Yang X, Mu H, Xu Z, He J. Current status and future application of electrically controlled micro/nanorobots in biomedicine. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1353660. [PMID: 38314349 PMCID: PMC10834684 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1353660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Using micro/nanorobots (MNRs) for targeted therapy within the human body is an emerging research direction in biomedical science. These nanoscale to microscale miniature robots possess specificity and precision that are lacking in most traditional treatment modalities. Currently, research on electrically controlled micro/nanorobots is still in its early stages, with researchers primarily focusing on the fabrication and manipulation of these robots to meet complex clinical demands. This review aims to compare the fabrication, powering, and locomotion of various electrically controlled micro/nanorobots, and explore their advantages, disadvantages, and potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruochen Pu
- Jintan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Shanghai Bone Tumor Institution, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiyu Yang
- Shanghai Bone Tumor Institution, Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoran Mu
- Shanghai Bone Tumor Institution, Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhonghua Xu
- Jintan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin He
- Jintan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Wu M, Gao Y, Luan Q, Papautsky I, Chen X, Xu J. Three-dimensional lab-on-a-foil device for dielectrophoretic separation of cancer cells. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1802-1809. [PMID: 37026613 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
A simple, low-cost, three-dimensional (3D) lab-on-a-foil microfluidic device for dielectrophoretic separation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is designed and constructed. Disposable thin films are cut by xurography and microelectrode array are made with rapid inkjet printing. The multilayer device design allows the studying of spatial movements of CTCs and red blood cells (RBCs) under dielectrophoresis (DEP). A numerical simulation was performed to find the optimum driving frequency of RBCs and the crossover frequency for CTCs. At the optimum frequency, RBCs were lifted 120 µm in z-axis direction by DEP force, and CTCs were not affected due to negligible DEP force. By utilizing the displacement difference, the separation of CTCs (modeled with A549 lung carcinoma cells) from RBCs in z-axis direction was achieved. With the nonuniform electric field at optimized driving frequency, the RBCs were trapped in the cavities above the microchannel, whereas the A549 cells were separated with a high capture rate of 86.3% ± 0.2%. The device opens not only the possibility for 3D high-throughput cell separation but also for future developments in 3D cell manipulation through rapid and low-cost fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengren Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Qiyue Luan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ian Papautsky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington, USA
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Liu HX, Wang YB, Wang SY, Yan KC, Yang YR, Wang XD. Working Regime Criteria for Microscale Electrohydrodynamic Conduction Pumps. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023. [PMID: 38010376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the microscale electrohydrodynamic (EHD) conduction pumps in a wide range of working regimes, from the saturation regime to the ohmic regime. We showed that the existing macro- and microscale theoretical models could not accurately predict the electric force of microscale EHD conduction pumps, especially for the cases of a strong diffusion effect. We clarified that the failure is caused by a rough estimate of the heterocharge layer thickness. We revised the expression of heterocharge layer thickness by considering the diffusion effect and developed a new theoretical model for the microscale EHD conduction pumps based on the revised expression of heterocharge layer thickness. The results showed that our model can accurately predict the dimensionless electric force of the microscale EHD conduction pumps even for the cases of a strong diffusion effect. Furthermore, we developed a working regime map of microscale EHD conduction pumps and found that the microscale EHD conduction pumps more easily fall into the saturation regime compared with the macroscale EHD conduction pumps due to the enhanced diffusion effect; in other words, the microscale EHD conduction pumps have a wider saturation regime. We showed that the conduction number C0 could not distinguish the working regime of the microscale EHD conduction pumps because it does not take the diffusion effect into account. By employing the revised expression of heterocharge layer thickness, we proposed a new dimensionless number, C0D to distinguish the working regimes of microscale EHD conduction pumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Xiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
- Research Center of Engineering Thermophysics, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yi-Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
- Research Center of Engineering Thermophysics, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Shao-Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
- Research Center of Engineering Thermophysics, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ke-Chuan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
- Research Center of Engineering Thermophysics, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yan-Ru Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
- Research Center of Engineering Thermophysics, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
- Research Center of Engineering Thermophysics, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
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