1
|
Blankespoor M, Manzaneque T, Ghatkesar MK. Discrete Femtolitre Pipetting with 3D Printed Axisymmetrical Phaseguides. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2300942. [PMID: 37840387 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The capacity to precisely pipette femtoliter volumes of liquid enables many applications, for example, to functionalize a nanoscale surface and manipulate fluids inside a single-cell. A pressure-controlled pipetting method is the most preferred, since it enables the widest range of working liquids. However, precisely controlling femtoliter volumes by pressure is challenging. In this work, a new concept is proposed that makes use of axisymmetrical phaseguides inside a microfluidic channel to pipette liquid in discrete steps of known volume. An analytical model for the design of the femtopipettes is developed and verified experimentally. Femtopipettes are fabricated using a multi-scale 3D printing strategy integrating a digital light processing printed part and a two-photon-polymerization printed part. Three different variants are designed and fabricated with pipetting resolutions of 10 picoliters, 180 femtoliters and 50 femtoliters. As a demonstration, controlled amounts of a water-glycerol mixture were first aspirated and then dispensed into a mineral oil droplet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Blankespoor
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628CD, The Netherlands
| | - Tomás Manzaneque
- Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, Delft, 2628CD, The Netherlands
| | - Murali Krishna Ghatkesar
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628CD, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kramer RCLN, Verlinden EJ, Angeloni L, van den Heuvel A, Fratila-Apachitei LE, van der Maarel SM, Ghatkesar MK. Multiscale 3D-printing of microfluidic AFM cantilevers. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:311-319. [PMID: 31808485 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00668k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic atomic force microscopy (AFM) cantilever probes have all the functionalities of a standard AFM cantilever along with fluid pipetting. They have a channel inside the cantilever and an aperture at the tip. Such probes are useful for precise fluid manipulation at a desired location, for example near or inside cells. They are typically made by complex microfabrication process steps, resulting in expensive probes. Here, we used two different 3D additive manufacturing techniques, stereolithography and two-photon polymerization, to directly print ready-to-use microfluidic AFM cantilever probes. This approach has considerably reduced the fabrication time and increased the design freedom. One of the probes, 564 μm long, 30 μm wide, 30 μm high, with a 25 μm diameter channel and 2.5 μm wall thickness had a spring constant of 3.7 N m-1 and the polymer fabrication material had an elastic modulus of 4.2 GPa. Using these 3D printed probes, AFM imaging of a surface, puncturing of the cell membrane, and aspiration at the single cell level have been demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C L N Kramer
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering (PME), Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering (3mE), Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628CD Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Eleonoor J Verlinden
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering (PME), Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering (3mE), Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628CD Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Livia Angeloni
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering (PME), Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering (3mE), Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628CD Delft, The Netherlands. and Department of Biomechanical Engineering (BME), Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering (3mE), Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | - Anita van den Heuvel
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lidy E Fratila-Apachitei
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering (BME), Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering (3mE), Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | | | - Murali K Ghatkesar
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering (PME), Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering (3mE), Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628CD Delft, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aarts M, Alarcon-Llado E. Directed nanoscale metal deposition by the local perturbation of charge screening at the solid-liquid interface. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:18619-18627. [PMID: 31584050 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr05574f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and directing electrochemical reactions below the micrometer scale is a long-standing challenge in electrochemistry. Confining reactions to nanoscale areas paradoxically requires both isolation from and communication with the bulk electrolyte in terms of electrochemical potential and access of ions, respectively. Here, we demonstrate the directed electrochemical deposition of copper nanostructures by using an oscillating nanoelectrode operated with an atomic force microscope (AFM). Strikingly, the writing is only possible in highly dilute electrolytes and for a particular combination of AFM and electrochemical parameters. We propose a mechanism based on cyclic charging and discharging of the electrical double layer (EDL). The extended screening length and slower charge dynamics in dilute electrolytes allow the nanoelectrode to operate inside, and disturb, the EDL even for large oscillation amplitudes (∼100 nm). Our unique approach can not only be used for controlled additive nano-fabrication but also provides insights into ion behavior and EDL dynamics at the solid-liquid interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Aarts
- Center for Nanophotonics, NWO-I Amolf, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Esther Alarcon-Llado
- Center for Nanophotonics, NWO-I Amolf, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tourtit Y, Gilet T, Lambert P. Rupture of a Liquid Bridge between a Cone and a Plane. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:11979-11985. [PMID: 31497966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a systematic experimental study of the rupture of an axially symmetric liquid bridge between a cone and a plane was performed, with focus on the volume distribution after break up. A model based on the Young-Laplace equation is presented, and its solutions are compared to experimental data. Cones and conical cavities with different aperture angles were used in our experiments. We found that this aperture influences the potential pinning of the contact line, the meniscus shape, and therefore the liquid transfer. For half aperture angles α < 70°, where no pinning was observed, the liquid bridge slips off from the cone and almost no transfer to the cone is observed. However, at α > 70°, contact line pinning on the cone induces a net liquid transfer to the cone at rupture. In the case of conical cavities, a maximum of liquid transfer is observed for at α = 110°. The distance at which the rupture of the liquid bridge occurs is also discussed. The model can fairly predict the transfer ratio and the rupture height of the liquid bridge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youness Tourtit
- Transfers, Interfaces and Processes , Université Libre de Bruxelles , 50 Franklin D. Roosevelt , CP 165/67 B-1050 , Brussels , Belgium
- Microfluidics Lab, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering , University of Liège , quartier Polytech 1, Allée de la Découverte 13A , B52 4000 Liège , Belgium
| | - Tristan Gilet
- Microfluidics Lab, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering , University of Liège , quartier Polytech 1, Allée de la Découverte 13A , B52 4000 Liège , Belgium
| | - Pierre Lambert
- Transfers, Interfaces and Processes , Université Libre de Bruxelles , 50 Franklin D. Roosevelt , CP 165/67 B-1050 , Brussels , Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hosford J, Valles M, Krainer FW, Glieder A, Wong LS. Parallelized biocatalytic scanning probe lithography for the additive fabrication of conjugated polymer structures. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:7185-7193. [PMID: 29620786 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr01283k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Scanning probe lithography (SPL) offers a more accessible alternative to conventional photolithography as a route to surface nanofabrication. In principle, the synthetic scope of SPL could be greatly enhanced by combining the precision of scanning probe systems with the chemoselectivity offered by biocatalysis. This report describes the development of multiplexed SPL employing probes functionalized with horseradish peroxidase, and its subsequent use for the constructive fabrication of polyaniline features on both silicon oxide and gold substrates. This polymer is of particular interest due to its potential applications in organic electronics, but its use is hindered by its poor processability, which could be circumvented by the direct in situ synthesis at the desired locations. Using parallelized arrays of probes, the lithography of polymer features over 1 cm2 areas was achieved with individual feature widths as small as 162 ± 24 nm. The nature of the deposited materials was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy, and it was further shown that the features could be chemically derivatized postlithographically by Huisgen [2 + 3] "click" chemistry, when 2-propargyloxyaniline was used as the monomer in the initial lithography step.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Hosford
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Davydova M, de los Santos Pereira A, Bruns M, Kromka A, Ukraintsev E, Hirtz M, Rodriguez-Emmenegger C. Catalyst-free site-specific surface modifications of nanocrystalline diamond films via microchannel cantilever spotting. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra12194b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microchannel cantilever spotting is combined with a copper-free click chemistry ligation to achieve the patterning of nanocrystalline diamond films.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Davydova
- Institute of Physics v.v.i
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
- 16200 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - Andres de los Santos Pereira
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Surfaces and Biointerfaces
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry v.v.i
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
- 16206 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - Michael Bruns
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM)
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| | - Alexander Kromka
- Institute of Physics v.v.i
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
- 16200 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - Egor Ukraintsev
- Institute of Physics v.v.i
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
- 16200 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - Michael Hirtz
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT)
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| | - Cesar Rodriguez-Emmenegger
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Surfaces and Biointerfaces
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry v.v.i
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
- 16206 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|