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Li C, Zhang C, Li H, Luo Z, Zhang Y, Hou X, Yang Q, Chen F. Femtosecond Laser Fabrication of High-Linearity Liquid Metal-Based Flexible Strain Sensor. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1979. [PMID: 38730785 PMCID: PMC11084944 DOI: 10.3390/ma17091979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Liquid metal (LM) is widely used in flexible electronic devices due to its excellent metallic conductivity and ductility. However, the fabrication of LM flexible strain sensors with high sensitivity and linearity is still a huge challenge, since the resistance of LM does not change much with strain. Here, a highly sensitive and linear fully flexible strain sensor with a resistive sensing function is proposed. The sensor comprises an Fe-doped liquid metal (Fe-LM) electrode for enhanced performance. The design and manufacturing of flexible strain sensors are based on the technology of controlling surface wettability by femtosecond laser micro/nano-processing. A supermetalphobic microstructure is constructed on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate to achieve the selection adhesion of Fe-LM on the PDMS substrate. The Fe-LM-based flexible strain sensor has high sensitivity and linearity, a gauge factor (GF) up to 1.18 in the strain range of 0-100%, excellent linearity with an R2 of 0.9978, a fast response time of 358 ms, and an excellent durability of more than 2400 load cycles. Additionally, the successful monitoring of human body signals demonstrates the potential of our developed flexible strain sensor in wearable monitoring applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology for Information, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (C.L.); (H.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.H.)
| | - Chengjun Zhang
- School of Instrument Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (C.Z.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Haoyu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology for Information, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (C.L.); (H.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.H.)
| | - Zexiang Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology for Information, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (C.L.); (H.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.H.)
| | - Yuanchen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology for Information, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (C.L.); (H.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.H.)
| | - Xun Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology for Information, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (C.L.); (H.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.H.)
| | - Qing Yang
- School of Instrument Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (C.Z.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology for Information, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (C.L.); (H.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.H.)
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2
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Lavrentev FV, Shilovskikh VV, Alabusheva VS, Yurova VY, Nikitina AA, Ulasevich SA, Skorb EV. Diffusion-Limited Processes in Hydrogels with Chosen Applications from Drug Delivery to Electronic Components. Molecules 2023; 28:5931. [PMID: 37570901 PMCID: PMC10421015 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffusion is one of the key nature processes which plays an important role in respiration, digestion, and nutrient transport in cells. In this regard, the present article aims to review various diffusion approaches used to fabricate different functional materials based on hydrogels, unique examples of materials that control diffusion. They have found applications in fields such as drug encapsulation and delivery, nutrient delivery in agriculture, developing materials for regenerative medicine, and creating stimuli-responsive materials in soft robotics and microrobotics. In addition, mechanisms of release and drug diffusion kinetics as key tools for material design are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipp V. Lavrentev
- Infochemistry Scientific Center, ITMO University, 191002 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.S.A.); (V.Y.Y.); (A.A.N.); (S.A.U.)
| | - Vladimir V. Shilovskikh
- Laboratory of Polymer and Composite Materials “SmartTextiles”, IRC–X-ray Coherent Optics, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236041 Kaliningrad, Russia;
| | - Varvara S. Alabusheva
- Infochemistry Scientific Center, ITMO University, 191002 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.S.A.); (V.Y.Y.); (A.A.N.); (S.A.U.)
| | - Veronika Yu. Yurova
- Infochemistry Scientific Center, ITMO University, 191002 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.S.A.); (V.Y.Y.); (A.A.N.); (S.A.U.)
| | - Anna A. Nikitina
- Infochemistry Scientific Center, ITMO University, 191002 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.S.A.); (V.Y.Y.); (A.A.N.); (S.A.U.)
| | - Sviatlana A. Ulasevich
- Infochemistry Scientific Center, ITMO University, 191002 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.S.A.); (V.Y.Y.); (A.A.N.); (S.A.U.)
| | - Ekaterina V. Skorb
- Infochemistry Scientific Center, ITMO University, 191002 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.S.A.); (V.Y.Y.); (A.A.N.); (S.A.U.)
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Chen G, Kumar A, Heidari-Bafroui H, Smith W, Charbaji A, Rahmani N, Anagnostopoulos C, Faghri M. Paper-Based Bi-Material Cantilever Actuator Bending Behavior and Modeling. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:mi14050924. [PMID: 37241548 DOI: 10.3390/mi14050924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the behavior of the Bi-Material Cantilever (B-MaC) response deflection upon fluidic loading was experimentally studied and modeled for bilayer strips. A B-MaC consists of a strip of paper adhered to a strip of tape. When fluid is introduced, the paper expands while the tape does not, which causes the structure to bend due to strain mismatch, similar to the thermal loading of bi-metal thermostats. The main novelty of the paper-based bilayer cantilevers is the mechanical properties of two different types of material layers, a top layer of sensing paper and a bottom layer of actuating tape, to create a structure that can respond to moisture changes. When the sensing layer absorbs moisture, it causes the bilayer cantilever to bend or curl due to the differential swelling between the two layers. The portion of the paper strip that gets wet forms an arc, and as the fluid advances and fully wets the B-MaC, the entire B-MaC assumes the shape of the initial arc. This study showed that paper with higher hygroscopic expansion forms an arc with a smaller radius of curvature, whereas thicker tape with a higher Young's modulus forms an arc with a larger radius of curvature. The results showed that the theoretical modeling could accurately predict the behavior of the bilayer strips. The significance of paper-based bilayer cantilevers lies in their potential applications in various fields, such as biomedicine, and environmental monitoring. In summary, the novelty and significance of paper-based bilayer cantilevers lie in their unique combination of sensing and actuating capabilities using a low-cost and environmentally friendly material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Chen
- Microfluidics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Rhode Island, 2 East Alumni Avenue, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Microfluidics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Rhode Island, 2 East Alumni Avenue, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Hojat Heidari-Bafroui
- Microfluidics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Rhode Island, 2 East Alumni Avenue, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Winfield Smith
- Microfluidics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Rhode Island, 2 East Alumni Avenue, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Amer Charbaji
- Microfluidics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Rhode Island, 2 East Alumni Avenue, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Nassim Rahmani
- Microfluidics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Rhode Island, 2 East Alumni Avenue, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Constantine Anagnostopoulos
- Microfluidics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Rhode Island, 2 East Alumni Avenue, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Mohammad Faghri
- Microfluidics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Rhode Island, 2 East Alumni Avenue, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
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Chen M, Yu P, Ao C, Zhang M, Xing J, Ding C, Xie J, Li J. Ethanol-Induced Responsive Behavior of Natural Polysaccharide Hydrogels. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meilin Chen
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Peng Yu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Chuanbei Ao
- Jingmen Oral Hospital, Jingmen 448000, P. R. China
| | - Miao Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Xing
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Chunmei Ding
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Jing Xie
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Jianshu Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
- Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
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5
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Sivaperuman Kalairaj M, Banerjee H, Senthil Kumar K, Lopez KG, Ren H. Thermo-Responsive Hydrogel-Based Soft Valves with Annular Actuation Calibration and Circumferential Gripping. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:127. [PMID: 34562949 PMCID: PMC8468597 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8090127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Valves are largely useful for treatment assistance devices, e.g., supporting fluid circulation movement in the human body. However, the valves presently used in biomedical applications still use materials that are rigid, non-compliant, and hard to integrate with human tissues. Here, we propose biologically-inspired, stimuli-responsive valves and evaluate N-Isopropylacrylamide hydrogels-based valve (NPHV) and PAAm-alginate hydrogels-based valve (PAHV) performances with different chemical syntheses for optimizing better valve action. Once heated at 40 ∘C, the NPHV outperforms the PAHV in annular actuation (NPHV: 1.93 mm displacement in 4 min; PAHV: 0.8 mm displacement in 30 min). In contrast, the PAHV exhibits a flow rate change of up to 20%, and a payload of 100% when the object is at 100 ∘C. The PAHV demonstrated a completely soft, stretchable circular gripper with a high load-to-weight ratio for diversified applications. These valves are fabricated with a simple one-pot method that, once further optimized, can offer transdisciplinary applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manivannan Sivaperuman Kalairaj
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore; (M.S.K.); (H.B.); (K.S.K.); (K.G.L.)
| | - Hritwick Banerjee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore; (M.S.K.); (H.B.); (K.S.K.); (K.G.L.)
| | - Kirthika Senthil Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore; (M.S.K.); (H.B.); (K.S.K.); (K.G.L.)
| | - Keith Gerard Lopez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore; (M.S.K.); (H.B.); (K.S.K.); (K.G.L.)
| | - Hongliang Ren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore; (M.S.K.); (H.B.); (K.S.K.); (K.G.L.)
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Central Ave., Hong Kong, China
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6
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Levine DJ, Turner KT, Pikul JH. Materials with Electroprogrammable Stiffness. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2007952. [PMID: 34245062 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Stiffness is a mechanical property of vital importance to any material system and is typically considered a static quantity. Recent work, however, has shown that novel materials with programmable stiffness can enhance the performance and simplify the design of engineered systems, such as morphing wings, robotic grippers, and wearable exoskeletons. For many of these applications, the ability to program stiffness with electrical activation is advantageous because of the natural compatibility with electrical sensing, control, and power networks ubiquitous in autonomous machines and robots. The numerous applications for materials with electrically driven stiffness modulation has driven a rapid increase in the number of publications in this field. Here, a comprehensive review of the available materials that realize electroprogrammable stiffness is provided, showing that all current approaches can be categorized as using electrostatics or electrically activated phase changes, and summarizing the advantages, limitations, and applications of these materials. Finally, a perspective identifies state-of-the-art trends and an outlook of future opportunities for the development and use of materials with electroprogrammable stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Levine
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Applied Mechanics, 220 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kevin T Turner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Applied Mechanics, 220 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - James H Pikul
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Applied Mechanics, 220 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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7
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Weng W, Yang J, Zhang Y, Li Y, Yang S, Zhu L, Zhu M. A Route Toward Smart System Integration: From Fiber Design to Device Construction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1902301. [PMID: 31328845 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Fiber is a symbol of human civilization, being ubiquitous but obscure in society over most of history. Fiber has been revived upon the advent of fiber-based electronic devices in the past two decades. This is due to its desirable lightweight, flexible, and conformable characteristics, which enable it to play a fundamental role in the electronic and information era. Numerous fiber-based electronic devices have sprung up in energy conversion, energy storage, sensing, actuation, etc. A possibility is thereby conceived that they can be integrated into smart systems compatible with the human body, consisting of biotic fiber-based organs and tissues, which possess similar but more advanced functions. However, the design of mono-/multifibers, the construction of fiber-based devices, and the integration of these smart systems represent great challenges in fundamental understanding and practical implementation. A systematic review of the current state of the art with respect to the design and fabrication of electronic fiber materials, construction of fiber-based devices, and integration of smart systems is presented. In addition, limitations of current fiber-based devices and perspectives are explored toward potential and promising smart integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Weng
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Junjie Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yuxing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Shengyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Liping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
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8
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Jiang Y, Korpas LM, Raney JR. Bifurcation-based embodied logic and autonomous actuation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:128. [PMID: 30631058 PMCID: PMC6328580 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08055-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Many plants autonomously change morphology and function in response to environmental stimuli or sequences of stimuli. In contrast with the electronically-integrated sensors, actuators, and microprocessors in traditional mechatronic systems, natural systems embody these sensing, actuation, and control functions within their compositional and structural features. Inspired by nature, we embody logic in autonomous systems to enable them to respond to multiple stimuli. Using 3D printable fibrous composites, we fabricate structures with geometries near bifurcation points associated with a transition between bistability and monostability. When suitable stimuli are present, the materials swell anisotropically. This forces a key geometric parameter to pass through a bifurcation, triggering rapid and large-amplitude self-actuation. The actuation time can be programmed by varying structural parameters (from 0.6 to 108 s for millimeter-scale structures). We demonstrate this bioinspired control strategy with examples that respond to their environment according to their embodied logic, without electronics, external control, or tethering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, 220 S 33rd St., University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Lucia M Korpas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, 220 S 33rd St., University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jordan R Raney
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, 220 S 33rd St., University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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9
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Shang J, Le X, Zhang J, Chen T, Theato P. Trends in polymeric shape memory hydrogels and hydrogel actuators. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01286e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recently, “smart” hydrogels with either shape memory behavior or reversible actuation have received particular attention and have been further developed into sensors, actuators, or artificial muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Shang
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry
- University of Hamburg
- D-20146 Hamburg
- Germany
| | - Xiaoxia Le
- Department of Polymers and Composites
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- 315201 Ningbo
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Department of Polymers and Composites
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- 315201 Ningbo
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Polymers and Composites
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- 315201 Ningbo
| | - Patrick Theato
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- D-76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
- Institute for Biological Interfaces III
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10
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Khan A, Alamry KA, Jain RK. Polypyrrole nanoparticles-based soft actuator for artificial muscle applications. RSC Adv 2019; 9:39721-39734. [PMID: 35541412 PMCID: PMC9076173 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06900c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, a straightforward fabrication technique for the development of soft actuators to explore their potential in robotic applications using environmentally compatible raw materials represents an important challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajahar Khan
- Faculty of Science
- Department of Chemistry
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah 21589
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid A. Alamry
- Faculty of Science
- Department of Chemistry
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah 21589
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Ravi Kant Jain
- Microrobotics Laboratory/Information Technology Group
- CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (CMERI)
- Durgapur 713209
- India
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11
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Dixit A, Bag DS, Sharma DK, Eswara Prasad N. Synthesis of multifunctional high strength, highly swellable, stretchable and self-healable pH-responsive ionic double network hydrogels. POLYM INT 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Akansha Dixit
- Defence Materials and Stores Research and Development Establishment; Kanpur India
| | - Dibyendu S Bag
- Defence Materials and Stores Research and Development Establishment; Kanpur India
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12
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Li Y, Yang J, Yu X, Sun X, Chen F, Tang Z, Zhu L, Qin G, Chen Q. Controlled shape deformation of bilayer films with tough adhesion between nanocomposite hydrogels and polymer substrates. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:6629-6636. [PMID: 32254871 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb01971a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Shape-shifting materials have received increasing attention owing to their promising applications in soft robotics, biomedical devices, actuators, morphing aircraft and so on. However, their practical applications are limited due to their weak mechanical strength, low interfacial adhesion and complex preparation method. In this paper, bilayer films were synthesized by in situ one-step forming soft and water-swellable nanocomposite hydrogels on the surface of the rigid and nonresponsive poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) film without any surface modification. The strong interfacial toughness between the hydrogel layer and the PET layer, the high swelling ability of the soft hydrogel layer, and the high strength of the rigid PET film endowed the bilayer film with excellent self-bending behaviour. The shape deformation of the bilayer films can be controlled by adjusting the geometry parameters of the bilayer film, such as the hydrogel thickness, the aspect ratio and the width of the bilayer film. Moreover, the bilayer film exhibited excellent reversible bidirectional self-bending behaviour. In addition, the mechanisms for driving the shape transformation were discussed. We believe this work will provide a promising and simple strategy to develop novel responsive materials with controlled shape deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, China454003.
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13
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Shay T, Velev OD, Dickey MD. Soft electrodes combining hydrogel and liquid metal. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:3296-3303. [PMID: 29670971 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00337h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Soft and stretchable materials play an important role in the emerging fields of soft robotics, human-machine interfaces, and stretchable electronics. Hydrogels are compelling materials because they are soft, chemically tunable, biocompatible, and ionically conductive. Hydrogels have been used as components of skin mountable sensors, such as electrocardiogram (ECG) electrodes, and show promise in emerging devices as stretchable, transparent electrodes. Ultimately, these types of devices interface the hydrogel with rigid metallic electrodes to connect with electronic circuitry. Here, we show it is possible to interface hydrogel with liquid metal (eutectic gallium indium, EGaIn) electrodes to create completely soft and deformable electrodes that provide low resistance traces through the gel without altering its mechanical properties. As a case study, we created and tested electrodes for ECG monitoring. ECG electrodes require low impedance at biomedically relevant frequencies (1-50 Hz). Potentiostatic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements show that capacitive effects at the hydrogel-EGaIn interface dominate the impedance at these low frequencies, yet can be reduced by interfacing the metal with acidic or basic hydrogels that remove the native oxide skin from the metal. Increasing the ionic strength of the hydrogel also helps in lowering the impedance of the metal-hydrogel electrodes. The resulting devices have signal-to-noise ratios that exceed commercial ECG electrodes. The softness of these hydrogels can be modified without compromising the electrical properties to create truly soft electrodes. Interfacing liquid metal conductors with hydrogels represents a potential strategy of creating soft electrodes for various bioelectronic applications, e-skins, and next-generation soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Shay
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7905, USA.
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14
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Abstract
Bioinspired smart asymmetric nanochannel membranes (BSANM) have been explored extensively to achieve the delicate ionic transport functions comparable to those of living organisms. The abiotic system exhibits superior stability and robustness, allowing for promising applications in many fields. In view of the abundance of research concerning BSANM in the past decade, herein, we present a systematic overview of the development of the state-of-the-art BSANM system. The discussion is focused on the construction methodologies based on raw materials with diverse dimensions (i.e. 0D, 1D, 2D, and bulk). A generic strategy for the design and construction of the BSANM system is proposed first and put into context with recent developments from homogeneous to heterogeneous nanochannel membranes. Then, the basic properties of the BSANM are introduced including selectivity, gating, and rectification, which are associated with the particular chemical and physical structures. Moreover, we summarized the practical applications of BSANM in energy conversion, biochemical sensing and other areas. In the end, some personal opinions on the future development of the BSANM are briefly illustrated. This review covers most of the related literature reported since 2010 and is intended to build up a broad and deep knowledge base that can provide a solid information source for the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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Roh S, Parekh DP, Bharti B, Stoyanov SD, Velev OD. 3D Printing by Multiphase Silicone/Water Capillary Inks. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29. [PMID: 28590510 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201701554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
3D printing of polymers is accomplished easily with thermoplastics as the extruded hot melt solidifies rapidly during the printing process. Printing with liquid polymer precursors is more challenging due to their longer curing times. One curable liquid polymer of specific interest is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). This study demonstrates a new efficient technique for 3D printing with PDMS by using a capillary suspension ink containing PDMS in the form of both precured microbeads and uncured liquid precursor, dispersed in water as continuous medium. The PDMS microbeads are held together in thixotropic granular paste by capillary attraction induced by the liquid precursor. These capillary suspensions possess high storage moduli and yield stresses that are needed for direct ink writing. They could be 3D printed and cured both in air and under water. The resulting PDMS structures are remarkably elastic, flexible, and extensible. As the ink is made of porous, biocompatible silicone that can be printed directly inside aqueous medium, it can be used in 3D printed biomedical products, or in applications such as direct printing of bioscaffolds on live tissue. This study demonstrates a number of examples using the high softness, elasticity, and resilience of these 3D printed structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangchul Roh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Dishit P Parekh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Bhuvnesh Bharti
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Simeon D Stoyanov
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Wageningen, 6708, WE, The Netherlands
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Orlin D Velev
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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Abstract
Biological systems found in nature provide excellent stimuli-responsive functions. The camouflage adaptation of cephalopods (octopus, cuttlefish), rapid stiffness change of sea cucumbers, opening of pine cones in response to humidity, and rapid closure of Venus flytraps upon insect touch are some examples of nature's smart systems. Although current technologies are still premature to mimic these sophisticated structures and functions in smart biological systems, recent work on stimuli-responsive programmable matter has shown great progress. Stimuli-responsive materials based on hydrogels, responsive nanocomposites, hybrid structures, shape memory polymers, and liquid crystal elastomers have demonstrated excellent responsivities to various stimuli such as temperature, light, pH, and electric field. However, the technologies in these stimuli-responsive materials are still not sophisticated enough to demonstrate the ultimate attributes of an ideal programmable matter: fast and reversible reconfiguration of programmable matter into complex and robust shapes. Recently, reconfigurable (or programmable) matter that reversibly changes its structure/shape or physical/chemical properties in response to external stimuli has attracted great interest for applications in sensors, actuators, robotics, and smart systems. In particular, key attributes of programmable matter including fast and reversible reconfiguration into complex and robust 2D and 3D shapes have been demonstrated by various approaches. In this Account, we review focused areas of smart materials with special emphasis on the material and device structure designs to enhance the response time, reversibility, multistimuli responsiveness, and smart adhesion for efficient shape transformation and functional actuations. First, the capability of fast reconfiguration of 2D and 3D structures in a reversible way is a critical requirement for programmable matter. For the fast and reversible reconfiguration, various approaches based on enhanced solvent diffusion rate through the porous or structured hydrogel materials, electrostatic repulsion between cofacial electrolyte nanosheets, and photothermal actuation are discussed. Second, the ability to reconfigure programmable matters into a variety of complex structures is beneficial for the use of reconfigurable matter in diverse applications. For the reconfiguration of planar 2D structures into complex 3D structures, asymmetric and multidirectional stress should be applied. In this regard, local hinges with stimuli-responsive stiffness, multilayer laminations with different responsiveness in individual layers, and origami and kirigami assembly approaches are reviewed. Third, multistimuli responsiveness will be required for the efficient reconfiguration of complex programmable matter in response to user-defined stimulus under different chemical and physical environments. In addition, with multistimuli responsiveness, the reconfigured shape can be temporarily affixed by one signal and disassembled by another signal at a user-defined location and time. Photoactuation depending on the chirality of carbon nanotubes and composite gels with different responsiveness will be discussed. Finally, the development of smart adhesives with on-demand adhesion strength is critically required to maintain the robust reconfigurable shapes and for the switching on/off of the binding between components or with target objects. Among various connectors and adhesives, thermoresponsive nanowire connectors, octopus-inspired smart adhesives, and elastomeric tiles with soft joints are described due to their potential applications in joints of deformable 3D structures and smart gripping systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunhyub Ko
- School
of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ali Javey
- Electrical
Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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17
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Yoshida K, Onoe H. Functionalized core-shell hydrogel microsprings by anisotropic gelation with bevel-tip capillary. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45987. [PMID: 28378803 PMCID: PMC5380988 DOI: 10.1038/srep45987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes a novel microfluidic-based method for the synthesis of hydrogel microsprings that are capable of encapsulating various functional materials. A continuous flow of alginate pre-gel solution can spontaneously form a hydrogel microspring by anisotropic gelation around the bevel-tip of the capillary. This technique allows fabrication of hydrogel microsprings using only simple capillaries and syringe pumps, while their complex compartmentalization characterized by a laminar flow inside the capillary can contribute to the optimization of the microspring internal structure and functionality. Encapsulation of several functional materials including magnetic-responsive nanoparticles or cell dispersed collagen for tissue scaffold was demonstrated to functionalize the microsprings. Our core-shell hydrogel microsprings have immense potential for application in a number of fields, including biological/chemical microsensors, biocompatible soft robots/microactuators, drug release, self-assembly of 3D structures and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Yoshida
- Center for Multidisciplinary and Design Science, Graduate School of Integrated Design Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Onoe
- Center for Multidisciplinary and Design Science, Graduate School of Integrated Design Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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18
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Sato T, Ebara M. Fabrication of Temperature-responsive Hydrogels with Arbitrary Geometries by Using Self-healing Template. CHEM LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.160796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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