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Anshori I, Lukito V, Adhawiyah R, Putri D, Harimurti S, Rajab TLE, Pradana A, Akbar M, Syamsunarno MRAA, Handayani M, Purwidyantri A, Prabowo BA. Versatile and Low-Cost Fabrication of Modular Lock-and-Key Microfluidics for Integrated Connector Mixer Using a Stereolithography 3D Printing. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13081197. [PMID: 36014119 PMCID: PMC9413493 DOI: 10.3390/mi13081197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We present a low-cost and simple method to fabricate a novel lock-and-key mixer microfluidics using an economic stereolithography (SLA) three-dimensional (3D) printer, which costs less than USD 400 for the investment. The proposed study is promising for a high throughput fabrication module, typically limited by conventional microfluidics fabrications, such as photolithography and polymer-casting methods. We demonstrate the novel modular lock-and-key mixer for the connector and its chamber modules with optimized parameters, such as exposure condition and printing orientation. In addition, the optimization of post-processing was performed to investigate the reliability of the fabricated hollow structures, which are fundamental to creating a fluidic channel or chamber. We found out that by using an inexpensive 3D printer, the fabricated resolution can be pushed down to 850 µm and 550 µm size for squared- and circled-shapes, respectively, by the gradual hollow structure, applying vertical printing orientation. These strategies opened up the possibility of developing straightforward microfluidics platforms that could replace conventional microfluidics mold fabrication methods, such as photolithography and milling, which are costly and time consuming. Considerably cheap commercial resin and its tiny volume employed for a single printing procedure significantly cut down the estimated fabrication cost to less than 50 cents USD/module. The simulation study unravels the prominent properties of the fabricated devices for biological fluid mixers, such as PBS, urine and plasma blood. This study is eminently prospective toward microfluidics application in clinical biosensing, where disposable, low-cost, high-throughput, and reproducible chips are highly required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isa Anshori
- Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; (V.L.); (R.A.); (D.P.); (S.H.); (T.L.E.R.)
- Research Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology (RCNN), Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, Indonesia;
- Correspondence: (I.A.); (B.A.P.)
| | - Vincent Lukito
- Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; (V.L.); (R.A.); (D.P.); (S.H.); (T.L.E.R.)
| | - Rafita Adhawiyah
- Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; (V.L.); (R.A.); (D.P.); (S.H.); (T.L.E.R.)
| | - Delpita Putri
- Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; (V.L.); (R.A.); (D.P.); (S.H.); (T.L.E.R.)
| | - Suksmandhira Harimurti
- Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; (V.L.); (R.A.); (D.P.); (S.H.); (T.L.E.R.)
| | - Tati Latifah Erawati Rajab
- Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; (V.L.); (R.A.); (D.P.); (S.H.); (T.L.E.R.)
| | - Arfat Pradana
- Research Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology (RCNN), Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, Indonesia;
| | - Mohammad Akbar
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran and Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung 40161, Indonesia;
| | | | - Murni Handayani
- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Tangerang Selatan 15314, Indonesia; (M.H.); (A.P.)
| | - Agnes Purwidyantri
- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Tangerang Selatan 15314, Indonesia; (M.H.); (A.P.)
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Briliant Adhi Prabowo
- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Tangerang Selatan 15314, Indonesia; (M.H.); (A.P.)
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
- Correspondence: (I.A.); (B.A.P.)
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On the photochemical reaction of pyridinium salts with nucleophiles. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:923-926. [PMID: 34191256 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00070-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
DFT calculations on the photochemical reaction of 1-n-N-butylpyridinium salt in water with hydroxide anion is in agreement with a singlet state process where the S2 state at λ = 253 nm can be converted into a Dewar isomer (2-butyl-2-azabicyclo[2.2.0]hexa-2,5-dien-2-yl cation). The Dewar isomer can react with hydroxide anion giving the product, 6-n-butyl-6-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-en-2-ol.
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