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Jang H, Eshwar A, Lehner A, Gangiredla J, Patel IR, Beaubrun JJG, Chase HR, Negrete F, Finkelstein S, Weinstein LM, Ko K, Addy N, Ewing L, Woo J, Lee Y, Seo K, Jaradat Z, Srikumar S, Fanning S, Stephan R, Tall BD, Gopinath GR. Characterization of Cronobacter sakazakii Strains Originating from Plant-Origin Foods Using Comparative Genomic Analyses and Zebrafish Infectivity Studies. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071396. [PMID: 35889115 PMCID: PMC9319161 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii continues to be isolated from ready-to-eat fresh and frozen produce, flours, dairy powders, cereals, nuts, and spices, in addition to the conventional sources of powdered infant formulae (PIF) and PIF production environments. To understand the sequence diversity, phylogenetic relationship, and virulence of C. sakazakii originating from plant-origin foods, comparative molecular and genomic analyses, and zebrafish infection (ZI) studies were applied to 88 strains. Whole genome sequences of the strains were generated for detailed bioinformatic analysis. PCR analysis showed that all strains possessed a pESA3-like virulence plasmid similar to reference C. sakazakii clinical strain BAA-894. Core genome analysis confirmed a shared genomic backbone with other C. sakazakii strains from food, clinical and environmental strains. Emerging nucleotide diversity in these plant-origin strains was highlighted using single nucleotide polymorphic alleles in 2000 core genes. DNA hybridization analyses using a pan-genomic microarray showed that these strains clustered according to sequence types (STs) identified by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). PHASTER analysis identified 185 intact prophage gene clusters encompassing 22 different prophages, including three intact Cronobacter prophages: ENT47670, ENT39118, and phiES15. AMRFinderPlus analysis identified the CSA family class C β-lactamase gene in all strains and a plasmid-borne mcr-9.1 gene was identified in three strains. ZI studies showed that some plant-origin C. sakazakii display virulence comparable to clinical strains. Finding virulent plant-origin C. sakazakii possessing significant genomic features of clinically relevant STs suggests that these foods can serve as potential transmission vehicles and supports widening the scope of continued surveillance for this important foodborne pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyein Jang
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (I.R.P.); (J.J.-G.B.); (H.R.C.); (F.N.); (S.F.); (L.M.W.); (K.K.); (N.A.); (L.E.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Athmanya Eshwar
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.E.); (A.L.); (R.S.)
| | - Angelika Lehner
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.E.); (A.L.); (R.S.)
| | - Jayanthi Gangiredla
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (I.R.P.); (J.J.-G.B.); (H.R.C.); (F.N.); (S.F.); (L.M.W.); (K.K.); (N.A.); (L.E.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Isha R. Patel
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (I.R.P.); (J.J.-G.B.); (H.R.C.); (F.N.); (S.F.); (L.M.W.); (K.K.); (N.A.); (L.E.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Junia Jean-Gilles Beaubrun
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (I.R.P.); (J.J.-G.B.); (H.R.C.); (F.N.); (S.F.); (L.M.W.); (K.K.); (N.A.); (L.E.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Hannah R. Chase
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (I.R.P.); (J.J.-G.B.); (H.R.C.); (F.N.); (S.F.); (L.M.W.); (K.K.); (N.A.); (L.E.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Flavia Negrete
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (I.R.P.); (J.J.-G.B.); (H.R.C.); (F.N.); (S.F.); (L.M.W.); (K.K.); (N.A.); (L.E.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Samantha Finkelstein
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (I.R.P.); (J.J.-G.B.); (H.R.C.); (F.N.); (S.F.); (L.M.W.); (K.K.); (N.A.); (L.E.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Leah M. Weinstein
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (I.R.P.); (J.J.-G.B.); (H.R.C.); (F.N.); (S.F.); (L.M.W.); (K.K.); (N.A.); (L.E.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Katie Ko
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (I.R.P.); (J.J.-G.B.); (H.R.C.); (F.N.); (S.F.); (L.M.W.); (K.K.); (N.A.); (L.E.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Nicole Addy
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (I.R.P.); (J.J.-G.B.); (H.R.C.); (F.N.); (S.F.); (L.M.W.); (K.K.); (N.A.); (L.E.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Laura Ewing
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (I.R.P.); (J.J.-G.B.); (H.R.C.); (F.N.); (S.F.); (L.M.W.); (K.K.); (N.A.); (L.E.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jungha Woo
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (I.R.P.); (J.J.-G.B.); (H.R.C.); (F.N.); (S.F.); (L.M.W.); (K.K.); (N.A.); (L.E.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Youyoung Lee
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (I.R.P.); (J.J.-G.B.); (H.R.C.); (F.N.); (S.F.); (L.M.W.); (K.K.); (N.A.); (L.E.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Kunho Seo
- Center for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - Ziad Jaradat
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan;
| | - Shabarinath Srikumar
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science, University College Dublin & WHO Collaborating Centre for Cronobacter, Belfield, D04 N2E5 Dublin, Ireland; (S.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Séamus Fanning
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science, University College Dublin & WHO Collaborating Centre for Cronobacter, Belfield, D04 N2E5 Dublin, Ireland; (S.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.E.); (A.L.); (R.S.)
| | - Ben D. Tall
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (I.R.P.); (J.J.-G.B.); (H.R.C.); (F.N.); (S.F.); (L.M.W.); (K.K.); (N.A.); (L.E.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (B.D.T.); (G.R.G.)
| | - Gopal R. Gopinath
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (I.R.P.); (J.J.-G.B.); (H.R.C.); (F.N.); (S.F.); (L.M.W.); (K.K.); (N.A.); (L.E.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (B.D.T.); (G.R.G.)
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Bai Y, Yu H, Guo D, Fei S, Shi C. Survival and Environmental Stress Resistance of Cronobacter sakazakii Exposed to Vacuum or Air Packaging and Stored at Different Temperatures. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:303. [PMID: 30842765 PMCID: PMC6391331 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the survival of Cronobacter sakazakii exposed to vacuum or air packaging, then stored at 4, 10, or 25°C, and the environmental stress resistance of vacuum-packaged or air-packaged bacterial cells were determined by subjecting the cells to reconstituted infant formula at 50°C, in acid (simulated gastric fluid, pH = 3.5), and in bile salt [bile salt solution, 5% (wt/vol)]. A cocktail culture of C. sakazakii desiccated on the bottom of sterile petri plates was air-packaged or vacuum-packaged and then stored at 4, 10, or 25°C for 10 days. The viable cell populations during storage were examined, and the vacuum-packaged and air-packaged cells (stored at 10°C for 4 days) were subsequently exposed to heat, acid, or bile salt. The results show that the populations of vacuum-packaged and air-packaged C. sakazakii were reduced by 1.6 and 0.9 log colony-forming units (CFU)/ml at 4°C and by 1.6 and 1.3 log CFU/ml at 25°C, respectively, in 10 days. At 10°C, significant reductions of 3.1 and 2.4 log CFU/ml were observed for vacuum-packaged and air-packaged cells, respectively. Vacuum packaging followed by storage at 10°C for 4 days caused significant decreases in the resistance of C. sakazakii to heat, acid, and bile salt conditions compared with air packaging. These results suggest that the application of vacuum packaging for powdered infant formula could be useful to minimize the risk of C. sakazakii.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Chao Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Gopinath GR, Chase HR, Gangiredla J, Eshwar A, Jang H, Patel I, Negrete F, Finkelstein S, Park E, Chung T, Yoo Y, Woo J, Lee Y, Park J, Choi H, Jeong S, Jun S, Kim M, Lee C, Jeong H, Fanning S, Stephan R, Iversen C, Reich F, Klein G, Lehner A, Tall BD. Genomic characterization of malonate positive Cronobacter sakazakii serotype O:2, sequence type 64 strains, isolated from clinical, food, and environment samples. Gut Pathog 2018; 10:11. [PMID: 29556252 PMCID: PMC5845375 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-018-0238-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Malonate utilization, an important differential trait, well recognized as being possessed by six of the seven Cronobacter species is thought to be largely absent in Cronobacter sakazakii (Csak). The current study provides experimental evidence that confirms the presence of a malonate utilization operon in 24 strains of sequence type (ST) 64, obtained from Europe, Middle East, China, and USA; it offers explanations regarding the genomic diversity and phylogenetic relatedness among these strains, and that of other C. sakazakii strains. Results In this study, the presence of a malonate utilization operon in these strains was initially identified by DNA microarray analysis (MA) out of a pool of 347 strains obtained from various surveillance studies involving clinical, spices, milk powder sources and powdered infant formula production facilities in Ireland and Germany, and dried dairy powder manufacturing facilities in the USA. All ST64 C. sakazakii strains tested could utilize malonate. Zebrafish embryo infection studies showed that C. sakazakii ST64 strains are as virulent as other Cronobacter species. Parallel whole genome sequencing (WGS) and MA showed that the strains phylogenetically grouped as a separate clade among the Csak species cluster. Additionally, these strains possessed the Csak O:2 serotype. The nine-gene, ~ 7.7 kbp malonate utilization operon was located in these strains between two conserved flanking genes, gyrB and katG. Plasmidotyping results showed that these strains possessed the virulence plasmid pESA3, but in contrast to the USA ST64 Csak strains, ST64 Csak strains isolated from sources in Europe and the Middle East, did not possess the type six secretion system effector vgrG gene. Conclusions Until this investigation, the presence of malonate-positive Csak strains, which are associated with foods and clinical cases, was under appreciated. If this trait was used solely to identify Cronobacter strains, many strains would likely be misidentified. Parallel WGS and MA were useful in characterizing the total genome content of these Csak O:2, ST64, malonate-positive strains and further provides an understanding of their phylogenetic relatedness among other virulent C. sakazakii strains. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13099-018-0238-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal R Gopinath
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Hannah R Chase
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Jayanthi Gangiredla
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Athmanya Eshwar
- 2Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hyein Jang
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Isha Patel
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Flavia Negrete
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Samantha Finkelstein
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Eunbi Park
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - TaeJung Chung
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - YeonJoo Yoo
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - JungHa Woo
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - YouYoung Lee
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Jihyeon Park
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Hyerim Choi
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Seungeun Jeong
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Soyoung Jun
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Mijeong Kim
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Chaeyoon Lee
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - HyeJin Jeong
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
| | - Séamus Fanning
- 3UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science, University College, Dublin & WHO Collaborating Centre for Cronobacter, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Roger Stephan
- 2Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carol Iversen
- 2Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,3UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science, University College, Dublin & WHO Collaborating Centre for Cronobacter, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Felix Reich
- 4Institute for Food Quality and Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Günter Klein
- 4Institute for Food Quality and Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Angelika Lehner
- 2Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ben D Tall
- 1Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708 USA
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