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Ramatla T, Mokgokong P, Lekota K, Thekisoe O. Antimicrobial resistance profiles of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated from broiler chickens. Food Microbiol 2024; 120:104476. [PMID: 38431322 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2024.104476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Globally, the spread of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae from food to humans poses a severe threat to public health. The aim of this study was to assess the co-occurrence of colistin and β-lactamase resistance genes in E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa strains isolated from faeces of abattoir broiler chickens. The E. coli, P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae isolates were successfully detected from faecal samples by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at infection rates of 60.7%, 22.5% and 16.7% respectively. The isolates displayed the highest levels of antibiotic resistance (AR) against ampicillin (82.3%) and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (74.2%) for E. coli, followed by cefoxitin (70.6%) for K. pneumoniae, whilst P. aeruginosa displayed 26.1% antibiotic resistance (AR) against both ampicillin and colistin sulphate. The colistin mcr-1 gene was harboured by 46.8%, 47.1% and 21.7%, E. coli, K. pneumonia and P. aeruginosa isolates respectively. Ten out of 62 (16.1%), 6/17 (35.3%), 4/23 (17.4%) isolates were phenotypically classified as ESBL E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa respectively. The ESBL-E. coli isolates respectively possessed blaCTX-M (60%), blaTEM (20%) and blaCTX-M-9 (10%) genes. The ESBL-K. pneumoniae harboured, blaCTX-M (50%), blaOXA (33%), blaCARB (17%), and blaCTX-M-9 (17%) genes respectively, whilst, P. aeruginosa isolates respectively carried blaTEM (75%), blaCTX-M (50%), blaOXA (25%) and blaCARB (25%) genes. Molecular analysis identified the blaCTX-Mβ-lactamase-encoding genes collectively from E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae isolates. Colistin and β-lactamase genes were present in only 16.7%, 6.9%, and 2.9% of E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa isolates, respectively. A total of 17, 7 and 3 isolates for E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa respectively carried both colistin and β-lactamase antibiotics resistant genes. This is a public health threat that points to a challenge in the treatment of infections caused by these zoonotic bacteria. Data generated from this study will contribute to formulation of new strategies for combating spread of E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa isolates as well as prevention of their AR development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsepo Ramatla
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa; Gastrointestinal Research Unit, Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa.
| | - Prudent Mokgokong
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
| | - Kgaugelo Lekota
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
| | - Oriel Thekisoe
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
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Ramatla T, Khasapane NG, Mlangeni LN, Mokgokong P, Ramaili T, Ndou R, Nkhebenyane JS, Lekota K, Thekisoe O. Detection of Salmonella Pathogenicity Islands and Antimicrobial-Resistant Genes in Salmonella enterica Serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium Isolated from Broiler Chickens. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:458. [PMID: 38786186 PMCID: PMC11117945 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13050458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Rapid growth in commercial poultry production is one of the major sources of Salmonella infections that leads to human salmonellosis. The two main Salmonella enterica serovars associated with human salmonellosis are enteritidis and typhimurium. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of S. enterica serovars Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium as well as their Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPI) and antibiotic resistance profiles in broiler chicken feces from slaughterhouses. A total of 480 fecal samples from broiler chickens that were grouped into 96 pooled samples were identified to have Salmonella spp. using the invA gene, whilst the Spy and sdfI genes were used to screen for the presence of S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium serovars, respectively, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. The isolates were also screened for the presence of Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs) using PCR. The disc diffusion assay was performed to determine the antibiotic resistance profiles of the isolates. A total of 36 isolates were confirmed as Salmonella spp. through amplification of the invA gene. Out of 36 confirmed Salmonella spp. a total of 22 isolates were classified as S. Enteritidis (n = 8) and were S. Typhimurium (n = 14) serovars. All (n = 22) S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium isolates possessed the hilA (SPI-1), ssrB (SPI-2) and pagC (SPI-11) pathogenicity islands genes. Amongst these serovars, 50% of the isolates (n = 11/22) were resistant to tetracycline and nalidixic acid. Only 22% of the isolates, S. Typhimurium (13.6%) and S. Enteritidis (9.1%) demonstrated resistance against three or more antibiotic classes. The most detected antibiotic resistance genes were tet(K), mcr-1, sulI and strA with 13 (59.1%), 9 (40.9%), 9 (40.9%) and 7 (31.8%), respectively. The findings of this study revealed that S. Typhimurium is the most prevalent serotype detected in chicken feces. To reduce the risk to human health posed by salmonellosis, a stringent public health and food safety policy is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsepo Ramatla
- Centre for Applied Food Safety and Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Technology, 1 Park Road, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; (T.R.); (J.S.N.)
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; (L.N.M.); (P.M.); (R.N.); (K.L.); (O.T.)
| | - Ntelekwane G. Khasapane
- Centre for Applied Food Safety and Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Technology, 1 Park Road, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; (T.R.); (J.S.N.)
| | - Lungile N. Mlangeni
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; (L.N.M.); (P.M.); (R.N.); (K.L.); (O.T.)
| | - Prudent Mokgokong
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; (L.N.M.); (P.M.); (R.N.); (K.L.); (O.T.)
| | - Taole Ramaili
- Department of Animal Health, School of Agriculture, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa;
| | - Rendani Ndou
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; (L.N.M.); (P.M.); (R.N.); (K.L.); (O.T.)
| | - Jane S. Nkhebenyane
- Centre for Applied Food Safety and Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Technology, 1 Park Road, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; (T.R.); (J.S.N.)
| | - Kgaugelo Lekota
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; (L.N.M.); (P.M.); (R.N.); (K.L.); (O.T.)
| | - Oriel Thekisoe
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; (L.N.M.); (P.M.); (R.N.); (K.L.); (O.T.)
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Elzhraa F, Al-Ashmawy M, El-Sherbini M, El-Sebaey AM, Mohácsi-Farkas C, Kiskó G, Belák Á. Rumi and Pasteurized Kareish Cheeses Are a Source of β-Lactam-Resistant Salmonella in the Nile Delta Region of Egypt: Insights into Their Incidence, AMR Pattern, Genotypic Determinants of Virulence and β-Lactam Resistance. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:454. [PMID: 38786185 PMCID: PMC11117923 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13050454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The spread of superbugs in dairy products can jeopardize global public health. To date, information on the incidence rates of virulent and β-lactams-resistant (BLR) Salmonella in cheeses from rural areas of Egypt has been lacking. Biochemical, serological, antibiotic susceptibility, and multiplex PCR (M-PCR) tests were performed to identify and characterize Salmonella isolates. In this study, 44 (15.71%) Salmonella isolates of eight different serotypes were recovered from 280 samples of Rumi and pasteurized Kariesh cheeses across the Nile Delta region of Egypt. The most predominant serotypes were S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, and S. Infantis. The virulence genes (invA, stn, and hilA) were identified in all isolates. However, spvC was only detected in S. Typhimurium. The highest resistance was developed against Erythromycin and Clindamycin (90.91%), followed by Ceftazidime and Cephalothin (84.09%). Meropenem and colistin were the most effective antibiotics. A high proportion (79.55%) of multi-drug resistance (MDR) isolates carried narrow spectrum (NS), extended-spectrum (ES), and AmpC-BLR genes. The blaOXA-1, blaOXA-2, blaTEM-1, blaCTX-M, blaCMY-1, and blaCMY-2 BLR genes were positive in 37.04%, 29.63%, 25.93%, 14.81%, 37.04%, and 3.70% of isolates, respectively. In conclusion, a high prevalence of virulence and BLR genes harboring Salmonella strains in Egyptian cheeses is considered a great threat to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Elzhraa
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (F.E.); (M.A.-A.); (M.E.-S.)
- Department of Food Microbiology, Hygiene and Safety, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Somlói út 14-16, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary; (G.K.); (Á.B.)
| | - Maha Al-Ashmawy
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (F.E.); (M.A.-A.); (M.E.-S.)
| | - Mohammed El-Sherbini
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (F.E.); (M.A.-A.); (M.E.-S.)
| | - Ahmed M. El-Sebaey
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Csilla Mohácsi-Farkas
- Department of Food Microbiology, Hygiene and Safety, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Somlói út 14-16, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary; (G.K.); (Á.B.)
| | - Gabriella Kiskó
- Department of Food Microbiology, Hygiene and Safety, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Somlói út 14-16, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary; (G.K.); (Á.B.)
| | - Ágnes Belák
- Department of Food Microbiology, Hygiene and Safety, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Somlói út 14-16, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary; (G.K.); (Á.B.)
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Moraes DMC, Almeida AMDS, Andrade MA, Nascente EDP, Duarte SC, Nunes IA, Jayme VDS, Minafra C. Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Salmonella sp. Isolates from Commercial Laying Hen Farms in Central-Western Brazil. Microorganisms 2024; 12:669. [PMID: 38674612 PMCID: PMC11052260 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial resistance to antibiotics poses a significant threat to both human and animal health, necessitating international efforts to mitigate this issue. This study aimed to assess the resistance profiles of Salmonella sp. isolates and identify the presence of intl1, sul1, and blaTEM resistance genes within antigenically characterized isolates, including Agona, Livingstone, Cerro, Schwarzengrund, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype O:4.5, Anatum, Enteritidis, Johannesburg, Corvallis, and Senftenberg. These isolates underwent susceptibility testing against 14 antibiotics. The highest resistance percentages were noted for sulfamethoxazole (91%), sulfonamides (51%), and ceftiofur (28.9%), while no resistance was observed for ciprofloxacin. Salmonella Johannesburg and Salmonella Corvallis showed resistance to one antibiotic, whereas other serovars were resistant to at least two. Salmonella Schwarzengrund exhibited resistance to 13 antibiotics. The intl1 gene was detected in six out of the ten serovars, and the sul1 gene in three, always co-occurring with intl1. The blaTEM gene was not identified. Our findings highlight the risk posed by the detected multiple resistances and genes to animal, human, and environmental health. The multidrug resistance, especially to third-generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones, highlights the need for stringent monitoring of Salmonella in laying hens. The potential of the environment, humans, eggs, and their products to act as vectors for antibiotic resistance represents a significant concern for One Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunya Mara Cardoso Moraes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania 74605-080, Goiás, Brazil; (D.M.C.M.); (A.M.D.S.A.); (M.A.A.); (E.d.P.N.); (I.A.N.); (V.D.S.J.)
| | - Ana Maria De Souza Almeida
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania 74605-080, Goiás, Brazil; (D.M.C.M.); (A.M.D.S.A.); (M.A.A.); (E.d.P.N.); (I.A.N.); (V.D.S.J.)
| | - Maria Auxiliadora Andrade
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania 74605-080, Goiás, Brazil; (D.M.C.M.); (A.M.D.S.A.); (M.A.A.); (E.d.P.N.); (I.A.N.); (V.D.S.J.)
| | - Eduardo de Paula Nascente
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania 74605-080, Goiás, Brazil; (D.M.C.M.); (A.M.D.S.A.); (M.A.A.); (E.d.P.N.); (I.A.N.); (V.D.S.J.)
| | | | - Iolanda Aparecida Nunes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania 74605-080, Goiás, Brazil; (D.M.C.M.); (A.M.D.S.A.); (M.A.A.); (E.d.P.N.); (I.A.N.); (V.D.S.J.)
| | - Valéria De Sá Jayme
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania 74605-080, Goiás, Brazil; (D.M.C.M.); (A.M.D.S.A.); (M.A.A.); (E.d.P.N.); (I.A.N.); (V.D.S.J.)
| | - Cíntia Minafra
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania 74605-080, Goiás, Brazil; (D.M.C.M.); (A.M.D.S.A.); (M.A.A.); (E.d.P.N.); (I.A.N.); (V.D.S.J.)
- Center for Food Research, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania 74660-970, Goiás, Brazil
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Ramatla T, Ramaili T, Lekota K, Mileng K, Ndou R, Mphuthi M, Khasapane N, Syakalima M, Thekisoe O. Antibiotic resistance and virulence profiles of Proteus mirabilis isolated from broiler chickens at abattoir in South Africa. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1371. [PMID: 38357843 PMCID: PMC10867704 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteus mirabilis has been identified as an important zoonotic pathogen, causing several illnesses such as diarrhoea, keratitis and urinary tract infections. OBJECTIVE This study assessed the prevalence of P. mirabilis in broiler chickens, its antibiotic resistance (AR) patterns, ESBL-producing P. mirabilis and the presence of virulence genes. METHODS A total of 26 isolates were confirmed as P. mirabilis from 480 pooled broiler chicken faecal samples by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The disk diffusion method was used to evaluate the antibacterial susceptibility test, while nine virulence genes and 26 AR genes were also screened by PCR. RESULTS All 26 P. mirabilis isolates harboured the ireA (siderophore receptors), ptA, and zapA (proteases), ucaA, pmfA, atfA, and mrpA (fimbriae), hlyA and hpmA (haemolysins) virulence genes. The P. mirabilis isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin (62%) and levofloxacin (54%), while 8 (30.7%) of the isolates were classified as multidrug resistant (MDR). PCR analysis identified the blaCTX-M gene (62%), blaTEM (58%) and blaCTX-M-2 (38%). Further screening for AMR genes identified mcr-1, cat1, cat2, qnrA, qnrD and mecA, 12%, 19%, 12%, 54%, 27% and 8%, respectively for P. mirabilis isolates. The prevalence of the integron integrase intI1 and intI2 genes was 43% and 4%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The rise of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin resistance, as well as MDR strains, is a public health threat that points to a challenge in the treatment of infections caused by these zoonotic bacteria. Furthermore, because ESBL-producing P. mirabilis has the potential to spread to humans, the presence of blaCTX -M -producing P. mirabilis in broilers should be kept under control. This is the first study undertaken to isolate P. mirabilis from chicken faecal samples and investigate its antibiotic resistance status as well as virulence profiles in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsepo Ramatla
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and ManagementNorth‐West UniversityPotchefstroomSouth Africa
- Gastrointestinal Research UnitDepartment of SurgerySchool of Clinical MedicineUniversity of the Free StateBloemfonteinSouth Africa
| | - Taole Ramaili
- Department of Animal Health, School of AgricultureNorth‐West UniversityMmabathoSouth Africa
| | - Kgaugelo Lekota
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and ManagementNorth‐West UniversityPotchefstroomSouth Africa
| | - Kealeboga Mileng
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and ManagementNorth‐West UniversityPotchefstroomSouth Africa
| | - Rendani Ndou
- Department of Animal Health, School of AgricultureNorth‐West UniversityMmabathoSouth Africa
| | - Malekoba Mphuthi
- Department of Animal Health, School of AgricultureNorth‐West UniversityMmabathoSouth Africa
| | - Ntelekwane Khasapane
- Department of Life SciencesCentre for Applied Food Safety and BiotechnologyCentral University of TechnologyBloemfonteinSouth Africa
| | - Michelo Syakalima
- Department of Animal Health, School of AgricultureNorth‐West UniversityMmabathoSouth Africa
- Department of Disease ControlSchool of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of ZambiaLusakaZambia
| | - Oriel Thekisoe
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and ManagementNorth‐West UniversityPotchefstroomSouth Africa
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Mlangeni LN, Ramatla T, Lekota KE, Price C, Thekisoe O, Weldon C. Occurrence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Virulence Profiles of Salmonella Serovars Isolated from Wild Reptiles in South Africa. Int J Microbiol 2024; 2024:5213895. [PMID: 38222969 PMCID: PMC10787053 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5213895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Reptiles are carriers of an array of microorganisms, including significant zoonotic bacteria of the genus Salmonella, which cause a disease referred to as salmonellosis that affects both animals and humans. This study investigated the occurrence of Salmonella serovars in wild reptiles at Timbavati Private Game Reserve in Limpopo Province, South Africa, and examined their virulence and antimicrobial resistance gene profiles. A total of 19 wild reptiles were sampled, which resulted in 30 presumptive Salmonella isolates. The isolates were identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by amplifying the invA gene and were further confirmed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Salmonella serovars were detected in chameleons (36.8%), lizards (31.6%), snakes (15.8%), and tortoises (15.8%). The use of 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Salamae (30%), S. enterica subsp. enterica (16.7%), S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (13.3%), and S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Indiana (13.3%) were the four most common subspecies among the investigated 30 isolates. Detected virulence genes included pagN (100%), hilA (96.7%), ssrB (96.7%), prgH (86.7%), and marT (86.7%). The isolates exhibited resistance to nalidixic acid (43.3%) and kanamycin (43.3%), followed by streptomycin (16.7%) and ciprofloxacin (3.3%). Antibiotic-resistant genes were detected as follows: strA, strB, qnrA, qnrS, parC, aadA, aac(6')-Ib, and aac(6')-Ib-cr at 33.3%, 6.7%, 16.7, 13.3%, 10%, 23.3%, 6.7%, and 10%, respectively. The findings highlight the necessity of educational initiatives aimed at reducing reptile-related infections. Effective antibiotic treatment appears promising for infection, given the minimal drug resistance observed in reptile Salmonella serovars in the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lungile N. Mlangeni
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - Tsepo Ramatla
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
- Gastrointestinal Research Unit, Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Kgaugelo E. Lekota
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - Cormac Price
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - Oriel Thekisoe
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - Che Weldon
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
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Ramatla T, Tutubala M, Motlhaping T, de Wet L, Mokgokong P, Thekisoe O, Lekota K. Molecular detection of Shiga toxin and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli isolates from sheep and goats. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:57. [PMID: 38165462 PMCID: PMC10761393 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08987-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) have become important global public health concerns. This study investigated the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance profile, and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing E. coli in sheep and goat faeces. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 53 E. coli isolates were confirmed by PCR targeting the uidA [β-D glucuronidase] gene. The Shiga toxin genes stx1 and stx2, as well as bfpA, vir, eaeA, lt and aafII virulence genes, were detected in this study. Of the 53 isolates confirmed to be STEC, 100% were positive for stx2 and 47.2% for stx1. Three isolates possessed a combination of stx1 + stx2 + eaeA, while four isolates harboured stx1 + stx2 + vir virulence genes. The isolates displayed phenotypic antimicrobial resistance against erythromycin (66.04%), colistin sulphate (43.4%), chloramphenicol (9.4%) and ciprofloxacin (1.9%). A total of 28.8% of the strains were phenotypically considered ESBL producers and contained the beta-lactamase blaCTX-M-9 and blaCTX-M-25 gene groups. A larger proportion of the E. coli strains (86.8%) contained the antibiotic sulphonamide resistant (sulII) gene, while 62.3%, 62.3%, 52.8%, 43.4%, 41.5%, 20.8%, 18.9%, 11.3%, 11.3%, 9.4%, 9.4% and 5.7% possessed mcr-4, floR, mcr-1, tet(A), sulI, tet(O), tet(W), parC, mcr-2, ampC 5, qnrS and ermB genes, respectively. Thirteen isolates of the ESBL-producing E. coli were considered multi-drug resistant (MDR). One Shiga toxin (stx2) and two beta-lactamase genes (blaCTX-M-9 and blaCTX-M-25 groups) were present in 16 isolates. In conclusion, the E. coli isolates from the small stock in this study contained a large array of high antibiotic resistance and virulence profiles. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the importance of sheep and goats as sources of virulence genes and MDR E. coli. From a public health and veterinary medicine perspective, the characterization of ESBL producers originating from small livestock (sheep and goats) is crucial due to their close contact with humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsepo Ramatla
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa.
| | - Mpho Tutubala
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
| | - Tshepang Motlhaping
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
| | - Lara de Wet
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
| | - Prudent Mokgokong
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
| | - Oriel Thekisoe
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
| | - Kgaugelo Lekota
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
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Khan I, Nawaz M, Anjum AA, Ahmed MUD, Tanvir R, Sarwar N, Ashraf MA, Mehmood A, Aqib M. Limosilactobacillus fermentum IKP 111 reduces pathogen load and improves immunity of broilers when challenged with Salmonella enteritidis. Microb Pathog 2023; 185:106401. [PMID: 37858634 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we checked the effectiveness of L. fermentum IKP 111 in treating S. enteritidis infection in an in vivo study. Its oral administration to broiler chicks significantly reduced the colonization of S. enteritidis in the gut and there was a lower bacterial count of S. enteritidis in the droppings after infection. The administration of the probiotic L. fermentum IKP 111 also led to increase in weight gain in the broiler chicks as well as their immunomodulation against avian influenza virus (AIV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) as compared to the chicks challenged only with S. enteritidis. Our study provides evidence that the probiotic strain L. fermentum IKP 111 could be an alternate for controlling S. enteritidis infection while enhancing the gut health as well as the immune response of broiler chickens against viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Khan
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 54000, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nawaz
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 54000, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Aftab Ahmad Anjum
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 54000, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mansur-Ud-Din Ahmed
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Tanvir
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 54000, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Noreen Sarwar
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 54000, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adnan Ashraf
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 54000, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Mehmood
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 54000, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Aqib
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 54000, Lahore, Pakistan
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9
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Noenchat P, Direksin K, Sornplang P. The phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella isolated from chickens and meat at poultry slaughterhouses in Japan and Thailand. Vet World 2023; 16:1527-1533. [PMID: 37621529 PMCID: PMC10446718 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1527-1533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Poultry meat is a popular food consumed globally. However, poultry farming is a source of Salmonella contamination which causes human salmonellosis. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of Salmonella among chickens and meat at poultry slaughterhouses in province study areas in Thailand and Japan. Materials and Methods Chicken meat and feces samples were collected in Thailand and Japan. In Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand, 558 samples were obtained from slaughterhouses from January 2021 to March 2022. In Gifu Prefecture, Japan, 140 samples (70 each of intestinal contents and meat) were purchased from slaughterhouses from June to October 2022. For Salmonella detection, the samples were cultivated according to the International Organization for Standardization 6579:2002/AMD 1:2007 method and confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and agglutination tests for serotyping. Isolated Salmonella were tested for AMR to nine antibiotics using the disk diffusion method. Selected phenotypic multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates were evaluated for AMR genes (AMRGs) using PCR. Results Salmonella prevalence from chickens and meat at slaughterhouses in Thailand and Japan was 41.2% and 40.7%, respectively. All the Salmonella isolates in Japan were serotyped as Schwarzengrund, and no Salmonella isolates were resistant to the nine antibiotics tested. In contrast, most of the Thai Salmonella isolates from chicken cloacal swabs and meat were resistant to doxycycline (78.3%) and colistin (63.5%). The prevalence of MDR Salmonella (MDRS) in chickens and meat from Thailand and Japan was 29.1% (67/230) and 0% (0/57), respectively. However, the most frequent AMRGs found in MDRS in Thailand were extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-Temoneira (ESBL-TEM) (45.1%). All isolated Salmonella from Japan revealed a class 1 integron gene (Int-1). Conclusion Phenotypic MDRS isolates from Thailand showed the greatest correlation to AMRG and ESBL-TEM. Although there were no phenotypic AMR Salmonella isolates found in Japan, they can be found associated with Int-1, which may carry other AMRGs within the gene cassettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattarakitti Noenchat
- Sakon Nakhon Provincial Livestock Office, Department of Livestock Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Kochakorn Direksin
- Division of Livestock Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Pairat Sornplang
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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10
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Anyanwu MU, Jaja IF, Okpala COR, Njoga EO, Okafor NA, Oguttu JW. Mobile Colistin Resistance ( mcr) Gene-Containing Organisms in Poultry Sector in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Epidemiology, Characteristics, and One Health Control Strategies. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1117. [PMID: 37508213 PMCID: PMC10376608 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes (mcr-1 to mcr-10) are plasmid-encoded genes that threaten the clinical utility of colistin (COL), one of the highest-priority critically important antibiotics (HP-CIAs) used to treat infections caused by multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant bacteria in humans and animals. For more than six decades, COL has been used largely unregulated in the poultry sector in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and this has led to the development/spread of mcr gene-containing bacteria (MGCB). The prevalence rates of mcr-positive organisms from the poultry sector in LMICs between January 1970 and May 2023 range between 0.51% and 58.8%. Through horizontal gene transfer, conjugative plasmids possessing insertion sequences (ISs) (especially ISApl1), transposons (predominantly Tn6330), and integrons have enhanced the spread of mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4, mcr-5, mcr-7, mcr-8, mcr-9, and mcr-10 in the poultry sector in LMICs. These genes are harboured by Escherichia, Klebsiella, Proteus, Salmonella, Cronobacter, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Shigella, Providencia, Aeromonas, Raoultella, Pseudomonas, and Acinetobacter species, belonging to diverse clones. The mcr-1, mcr-3, and mcr-10 genes have also been integrated into the chromosomes of these bacteria and are mobilizable by ISs and integrative conjugative elements. These bacteria often coexpress mcr with virulence genes and other genes conferring resistance to HP-CIAs, such as extended-spectrum cephalosporins, carbapenems, fosfomycin, fluoroquinolone, and tigecycline. The transmission routes and dynamics of MGCB from the poultry sector in LMICs within the One Health triad include contact with poultry birds, feed/drinking water, manure, poultry farmers and their farm workwear, farming equipment, the consumption and sale of contaminated poultry meat/egg and associated products, etc. The use of pre/probiotics and other non-antimicrobial alternatives in the raising of birds, the judicious use of non-critically important antibiotics for therapy, the banning of nontherapeutic COL use, improved vaccination, biosecurity, hand hygiene and sanitization, the development of rapid diagnostic test kits, and the intensified surveillance of mcr genes, among others, could effectively control the spread of MGCB from the poultry sector in LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ishmael Festus Jaja
- Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Charles Odilichukwu R Okpala
- Department of Functional Food Products Development, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
- UGA Cooperative Extension, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Emmanuel Okechukwu Njoga
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 400001, Nigeria
| | | | - James Wabwire Oguttu
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, Florida Campus, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa
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11
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Mendybayeva A, Abilova Z, Bulashev A, Rychshanova R. Prevalence and resistance to antibacterial agents in Salmonella enterica strains isolated from poultry products in Northern Kazakhstan. Vet World 2023; 16:657-667. [PMID: 37041849 PMCID: PMC10082744 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.657-667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Salmonella is one of the main causative agents of foodborne infections. The source of the pathogen, in most cases, is poultry products. The intensification of poultry farming and the constant and uncontrolled use of antimicrobials has led to an increase in the level of antibiotic resistance, especially in developing countries. This study aimed to determine the level of sensitivity to antimicrobial agents in Salmonella enterica strains isolated from poultry products in Northern Kazakhstan, as well as to determine the genetic mechanisms of resistance and the presence of integrons.
Materials and Methods: In total, 398 samples of poultry products sold in Northern Kazakhstan were selected. Salmonella strains were isolated from product samples using microbiological methods. Salmonella was identified based on morphological, biochemical, and serological methods, as well as polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sensitivity testing for antimicrobial agents was performed using the disk diffusion method. The detection of resistance genes was performed using PCR and gel electrophoresis.
Results: Out of 398 samples of poultry products, a total of 46 Salmonella isolates were obtained. Most of the isolates belong to the serovar Salmonella Enteritidis (80.4%). The assessment of sensitivity to antibacterial agents showed that Salmonella was mainly resistant to nalidixic acid (63%), furadonin (60.9%), ofloxacin (45.6%), and tetracycline (39.1%). In 64.3% of cases, Salmonella was resistant to three or more groups of antibacterial agents. Resistance genes such as tetA, tetB, blaTEM, aadA, sul3, and catII, as well as integrons of two classes (teg1 and teg2), were identified.
Conclusion: Poultry products contain antimicrobial-resistant strains of Salmonella, as well as genes encoding resistance mechanisms. The results emphasize the need for constant monitoring of not only pathogenic microorganisms but also their sensitivity to antimicrobial agents. The potential threat to human health requires a unified approach to the problem of antibiotic resistance from representatives of both public health and the agroindustrial complex.
Keywords: antibiotic resistance, food safety, poultry, resistance genes, Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anara Mendybayeva
- Research Institute of Applied Biotechnology, A. Baitursynov Kostanay Regional University, Kostanay, Kazakhstan
| | - Zulkyya Abilova
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, A. Baitursynov Kostanay Regional University, Kostanay, Kazakhstan
| | - Aitbay Bulashev
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, S. Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Raushan Rychshanova
- Research Institute of Applied Biotechnology, A. Baitursynov Kostanay Regional University, Kostanay, Kazakhstan
- Corresponding author: Raushan Rychshanova, e-mail: Co-authors: AM: , ZA: , AB:
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12
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Seo KW, Do KH, Shin MK, Lee WK, Lee WK. Comparative genetic characterization of CMY-2-type beta-lactamase producing pathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from humans and pigs suffering from diarrhea in Korea. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2023; 22:7. [PMID: 36658572 PMCID: PMC9854124 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-023-00559-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogenic Escherichia coli are an important cause of bacterial infections in both humans and pigs and many of antimicrobials are used for the treatment of E. coli infection. The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics and relationship between humans and pigs regarding third-generation cephalosporin resistance and CMY-2-producing E. coli in Korea. RESULTS All 103 third-generation cephalosporin-resistant E. coli isolates showed multidrug resistance. Also, except for β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations, all antimicrobials resistant rates were higher in pigs than in humans. A total of 36 isolates (humans: five isolates; pigs: 31 isolates) were positive for the CMY-2-encoding genes and thirty-two (88.9%) isolates detected class 1 integrons with 10 different gene cassette arrangements, and only 1 isolate detected a class 2 integron. The most common virulence genes in pigs were LT (71.0%), F18 (51.6%), and STb (51.6%), while stx2 (80.0%) was the most frequently detected gene in humans. Stx2 gene was also detected in pigs (6.5%). Interestingly, 36 CMY-2-producing E. coli isolates showed a high diversity of sequence types (ST), and ST88 was present in E. coli from both pigs (11 isolates) and humans (one isolate). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that a critical need for comprehensive surveillance of third-generation cephalosporin resistance is necessary to preserve the usefulness of third-generation cephalosporins in both humans and pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Won Seo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hyo Do
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology and Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyoung Shin
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Kon Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan-Kyu Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology and Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Fakorede CO, Amisu KO, Saki M, Akinyemi KO. Co-existence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases bla CTX-M-9 and bla CTX-M-15 genes in Salmonella species isolated from febrile and diarrhoeagenic patients in Lagos, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:3. [PMID: 36593500 PMCID: PMC9806906 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00960-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance to different antimicrobial classes by Salmonella species has generated a global public health concern. The spread of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) blaCTX gene variants is also increasing. This study aimed to investigate the antibiotic resistance and the carriage of blaCTX-M-9 and blaCTX-M-15 as well as the quinolone resistance gene (qnrB19) among Salmonella species from hospitalised patients in Lagos, Nigeria. METHODS In this cross-sectional study from April 2021 to August 2021, a total of 508 samples were collected from hospitalised patients. The samples were subjected to standard microbiological investigation. All the isolates were identified using API 20E kits and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The in vitro antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) was investigated using the disk diffusion method. Detection of antibiotic resistance and virulence gene makers was conducted using RT-PCR. RESULTS In total, 24 Salmonella species were identified. All the isolates were non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates. None of the isolates screened was S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi. Most of the isolates were susceptible to imipenem, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and gentamycin, while a high level of resistance to all cephalosporins, penicillin, and some carbapenems was observed. In total, 79.2% (19/24) of the Salmonella isolates harboured the blaCTX-M variant including 54.2% (13/24) blaCTX-M-9 and 12.5% (3/24) blaCTX-M-15, while co-habitation of blaCTX-M-9 and blaCTX-M-15 was observed in 12.5% (3/24) of the isolates, respectively. None of the isolates harboured quinolone-resistant qnrB19 gene and virulence gene stn. However, invA gene was present in 66.7% (16/24) of all isolates. CONCLUSIONS This study is considered the first report of blaCTX-M-9 and blaCTX-M-15 variants in Salmonella species in Nigeria. The continued existence of cefotaximase (CTX-M)-producing Salmonella within our environment calls for the prudent use of cephalosporins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher O. Fakorede
- grid.411276.70000 0001 0725 8811Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Lagos State University, Lasu Post Office, Ojo, P.O. Box 0001, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Kehinde O. Amisu
- grid.411276.70000 0001 0725 8811Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Lagos State University, Lasu Post Office, Ojo, P.O. Box 0001, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Morteza Saki
- grid.411230.50000 0000 9296 6873Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran ,grid.411230.50000 0000 9296 6873Infectious Ophthalmologic Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital Clinical Research Development Unit, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kabiru O. Akinyemi
- grid.411276.70000 0001 0725 8811Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Lagos State University, Lasu Post Office, Ojo, P.O. Box 0001, Lagos, Nigeria
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14
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Kong L, Lu Y, Yang L, Zhang W, Zuo B, Peng X, Qin Z, Li M, Zeng Z, Zeng D. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Colistin Combined With Isopropoxy Benzene Guanidine Against mcr-1-Positive Salmonella in an Intestinal Infection Model. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:907116. [PMID: 35668766 PMCID: PMC9163831 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.907116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmid-borne colistin resistance mediated by mcr-1 is a growing problem, which poses a serious challenge to the clinical application of colistin for Gram-negative bacterial infections. Drug combination is one of the effective strategies to treat colistin-resistant bacteria. Here, we found a guanidine compound, namely, isopropoxy benzene guanidine (IBG), which boosted the efficacy of colistin against mcr-1-positive Salmonella. This study aimed to develop a pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) model by combining colistin with IBG against mcr-1-positive Salmonella in an intestinal infection model. Antibiotic susceptibility testing, checkerboard assays and time-kill curves were used to investigate the antibacterial activity of the synergistic activity of the combination. PK studies of colistin in the intestine were determined through oral gavage of single dose of 2, 4, 8, and 16 mg/kg of body weight in broilers with intestinal infection. On the contrary, PD studies were conducted over 24 h based on a single dose ranging from 2 to 16 mg/kg. The inhibitory effect Imax model was used for PK/PD modeling. The combination of colistin and IBG showed significant synergistic activity. The AUC0−24h/MIC index was used to evaluate the relationship between PK and PD, and the correlation was >0.9085. The AUC0−24h /MIC targets in combination required to achieve the bacteriostatic action, 3-log10 kill, and 4-log10 kill of bacterial counts were 47.55, 865.87, and 1894.39, respectively. These results can facilitate the evaluation of the use of IBG as a potential colistin adjuvant in the treatment of intestinal diseases in broilers caused by colistin-resistant Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Kong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yixing Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liuye Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanying Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Beini Zuo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianfeng Peng
- Guangzhou Insighter Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Zonghua Qin
- Guangzhou Insighter Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Miao Li
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Zhenling Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhenling Zeng
| | - Dongping Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Dongping Zeng
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15
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Campylobacter jejuni from Slaughter Age Broiler Chickens: Genetic Characterization, Virulence, and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes. Int J Microbiol 2022; 2022:1713213. [PMID: 35634271 PMCID: PMC9135541 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1713213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of food-borne human gastroenteritis worldwide and is designated as a high priority antimicrobial-resistant pathogen by the World Health Organization (WHO). In this study, a total of 26 C. jejuni isolates from broiler chickens were screened for the presence of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes by PCR. As a result, the study detected 11/26 (42.3%), 9/26 (34.6%), 8/26 (30.8%), 7/26 (26.9%), 6/26 (23.1%), and 6/26 (23.1%) of cdtC, pldA, cdtB, cdtA, cadF, and ciaB virulence genes, respectively, with seven of the isolates carrying more than two virulence genes. The majority of the isolates n = 25 (96.1%) were resistant to nalidixic acid, followed by n = 21 (80.7%), n = 22 (84.6%), and n = 5 (19.2%) for tetracycline, erythromycin, and ciprofloxacin, respectively. Most isolates were harboring catI (n = 16; 84.2%), catII (n = 15; 78.9%), catIII (n = 10; 52.6%), catIV (n = 2; 10.5%), floR (n = 10; 52.6%), ermB (n = 14; 73.7%), tetO (n = 13; 68.4%), tetA (n = 9; 47.4%), mcr-4 (n = 8; 42.1%), and ampC (n = 2; 10.5%). Meanwhile, mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-5, tet(X), tet(P), and tet(W) genes were not detected in all isolates. Class I and Class II integrons were detected in 92.3% (n = 24) and 65.4% (n = 17) isolates, respectively. About 31% (8 of the 26 isolates) isolates were carrying more than two resistance genes. According to our knowledge, this is the first study to detect class II integrons in Campylobacter spp. (C. jejuni). The high prevalence of cdtA, cdtB, cdtC, cadF, pldA, and ciaB genes and antibiotic resistance genes in C. jejuni in this study indicates the pathogenic potential of these isolates. Majority of the isolates demonstrated resistance to nalidixic acid, tetracycline (tet), and erythromycin (ermB), which are the drugs of choice for treating Campylobacter infections. Therefore, these findings highlight the importance of implementing an efficient strategy to control Campylobacter in chickens and to reduce antimicrobial use in the poultry industry, which will help to prevent the spread of infections to humans.
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