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Wilot LC, Poester VR, Severo CB, Sanchotene KO, Esperon BM, Trápaga MR, Stevens DA, Xavier MO. Experimental study of specific and nonspecific blood culture bottles for the diagnosis of candidemia. Rev Iberoam Micol 2024; 41:13-16. [PMID: 39304432 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2024.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early diagnosis of candidemia is critical for the correct management and treatment of patients. AIMS To test the efficacy of different blood culture bottles in the growth of Candida strains. METHODS We compared the performance of BD BACTEC™ Plus Aerobic/F (Aero) culture bottles with the specific BD BACTEC™ Mycosis IC/F Lytic (Myco) culture bottles using the BD BACTEC™ FX 40 automated blood culture system to determine the mean time-to-detection (TTD) in Candida species. One isolate each of six Candida species was inoculated into blood culture bottles (final concentration, 1-5CFUml-1) and incubated at 37°C until automated growth detection. RESULTS Candida albicans and Nakaseomyces glabratus (Candida glabrata) were detected earlier in the specific culture bottle, whereas Candida tropicalis was detected earlier in the nonspecific bottle; Candida parapsilosis, Pichia kudriavzevii (Candida krusei), and Meyerozyma guilliermondii (Candida guilliermondii) presented similar TTD in both bottles. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests the suitability of using both bottles in clinical laboratories for a faster diagnosis and prompt starting of any treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandre Carmem Wilot
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil; Mycology Laboratory of FAMED-FURG, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil
| | - Vanice Rodrigues Poester
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil; Mycology Laboratory of FAMED-FURG, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil
| | - Cecília Bittencourt Severo
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil
| | | | - Bruna Muradás Esperon
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil; Mycology Laboratory of FAMED-FURG, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil
| | - Mariana Rodrigues Trápaga
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil; Mycology Laboratory of FAMED-FURG, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil
| | - David A Stevens
- California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, California (CA), United States (USA); Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, California (CA), United States (USA)
| | - Melissa Orzechowski Xavier
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil; Mycology Laboratory of FAMED-FURG, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil.
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Cai W, Ruan Q, Li J, Lin L, Xi L, Sun J, Lu S. Fungal Spectrum and Susceptibility Against Nine Antifungal Agents in 525 Deep Fungal Infected Cases. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:4687-4696. [PMID: 37484904 PMCID: PMC10362860 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s403863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Deep fungal infection has become an important cause of infection and death in hospitalized patients, and this has worsened with increasing antifungal drug resistance. Objective A 3-year retrospective study was conducted to investigate the clinical characteristics, pathogen spectrum, and drug resistance of deep fungal infection in a regional hospital of Guangzhou, China. Methods Non-duplicate fungi isolates recovered from blood and other sterile body fluids of in-patients of the clinical department were identified using biochemical tests of pure culture with the API20C AUX and CHROMagar medium. Antifungal susceptibilities were determined by Sensititre YeastOne® panel trays. Results In this study, 525 patients (283 female, 242 male) with deep fungal infection were included, half of them were elderly patients (≥60 years) (54.67%, n=286). A total of 605 non-repetitive fungi were finally isolated from sterile samples, of which urine specimens accounted for 66.12% (n=400). Surgery, ICU, and internal medicine were the top three departments that fungi were frequently detected. The mainly isolated fungal species were Candida albicans (43.97%, n=266), Candida glabrata (20.00%, n=121), and Candida tropicalis (17.02%, n=103), which contributed to over 80% of fungal infection. The susceptibility of the Candida spp. to echinocandins, 5-fluorocytosine, and amphotericin B remained above 95%, while C. glabrata and C. tropicalis to itraconazole were about 95%, and the dose-dependent susceptibility of C. glabrata to fluconazole was more than 90%. The echinocandins had no antifungal activity against Trichosporon asahi in vitro (MIC90>8 μg/mL), but azole drugs were good, especially voriconazole and itraconazole (MIC90 = 0.25 μg/mL). Conclusion The main causative agents of fungal infection were still the genus of Candida. Echinocandins were the first choice for clinical therapy of Candida infection, followed with 5-fluorocytosine and amphotericin B. Azole antifungal agents should be used with caution in Candida glabrata and Candida tropicalis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Cai
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Ruan
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiahao Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liyan Xi
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiufeng Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sha Lu
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Hernandez R, Jimenez-Chávez A, De Vizcaya A, Lozano-Alvarez JA, Esquivel K, Medina-Ramírez IE. Synthesis of TiO 2-Cu 2+/CuI Nanocomposites and Evaluation of Antifungal and Cytotoxic Activity. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1900. [PMID: 37446416 DOI: 10.3390/nano13131900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Fungal infections have become a significant public health concern due to their increasing recurrence and harmful effects on plants, animals, and humans. Opportunistic pathogens (among others from the genera Candida and Aspergillus) can be present in indoor air, becoming a risk for people with suppressed immune systems. Engineered nanomaterials are novel alternatives to traditional antifungal therapy. In this work, copper(I) iodide (CuI) and a copper-doped titanium dioxide-copper(I) iodide (TiO2-Cu2+/CuI) composite nanomaterials (NMs)-were synthesized and tested as antifungal agents. The materials were synthesized using sol-gel (TiO2-Cu2+) and co-precipitation (CuI) techniques. The resulting colloids were evaluated as antifungal agents against Candida parapsilosis and Aspergillus niger strains. The NMs were characterized by XRD, HRTEM, AFM, and DLS to evaluate their physicochemical properties. The NMs present a high size dispersion and different geometrical shapes of agglomerates. The antifungal capacity of the NMs by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) was below 15 µg/mL against Candida parapsilosis and below 600 µg/mL against Aspergillus niger for both NMs. Holotomography microscopy showed that the NMs could penetrate cell membranes causing cell death through its rupture and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Cytotoxicity tests showed that NMs could be safe to use at low concentrations. The synthesized nanomaterials could be potential antifungal agents for biomedical or environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Hernandez
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad 940, Aguascalientes 20100, Mexico
| | - Arturo Jimenez-Chávez
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de Mexico 07360, Mexico
| | - Andrea De Vizcaya
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de Mexico 07360, Mexico
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Program in Public Health, Susan and Henry Samueli College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Juan Antonio Lozano-Alvarez
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad 940, Aguascalientes 20100, Mexico
| | - Karen Esquivel
- División de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas, Santiago de Querétaro 76010, Mexico
| | - Iliana E Medina-Ramírez
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad 940, Aguascalientes 20100, Mexico
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Liu C, Yao X, Liu C, You S, Qi W, Wang M. Development and evaluation of RPA-NFO-LFT and RPA-Cas12a-LFT systems for the detection of Candida albicans. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:2355-2365. [PMID: 37161551 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00259d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the growing number of medical interventions has led to the risk of invasive candidiasis. Among them, Candida albicans (C. albicans) infection has the highest incidence, which has led to great demand for developing early diagnosis methods. In this study, two lateral flow device based molecular assay systems, RPA-NFO-LFT and RPA-Cas12a-LFT, were established and optimized to achieve the detection of C. albicans. Firstly, efficient and specific primers for C. albicans detection were designed and screened, and the purification of amplification products was also explored. Then, many important conditions and issues for each system were investigated and discussed to improve the performances of the test strip devices in C. albicans detection. An evaluation study revealed that both systems showed favorable specificity and sensitivity in the detection of C. albicans samples with a lower detection limit of 103 CFU ml-1, while RPA-Cas12a-LFT is more accurate for visual interpretation and more stable toward samples that exhibit serum nucleic acid interference. Finally, the performances of RPA-NFO-LFT and RPA-Cas12a-LFT were compared with that of the conventional qPCR method. This work might provide a reference for the development of molecular assay devices in practical candidiasis diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
| | - Xuechun Yao
- Dynamiker Biotechnology Sub-Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanism Study and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases, Tianjin 300467, China
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chunlong Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
- Dynamiker Biotechnology Sub-Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanism Study and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases, Tianjin 300467, China
| | - Shengping You
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Wei Qi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
- The Co-Innovation Centre of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Mengfan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
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Aydin M, Ozturk A, Duran T, Ozmen UO, Sumlu E, Ayan EB, Korucu EN. In vitro antifungal and antibiofilm activities of novel sulfonyl hydrazone derivatives against Candida spp. J Mycol Med 2023; 33:101327. [PMID: 36272382 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2022.101327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the antifungal and antibiofilm activity of the new sulfonyl hydrazones compound derived from sulphonamides. METHODS In this study, new sulfonyl hydrazone series were synthesized via a green chemistry method. The structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized by elemental analyses and spectroscopic methods. The antifungal activities of the Anaf compounds against Candida strains under planktonic conditions were tested. The biofilm-forming ability of Candida strains was determined and the inhibitory effects of Anaf compounds on Candida biofilms compared with fluconazole were measured by MTT assay. Expression analysis of biofilm-related genes was investigated with qRT-PCR. The statistical analysis was performed using a one-way ANOVA test. CANDIDA: strains was determined and the inhibitory effects of Anaf compounds on Candida biofilms compared with fluconazole were measured by MTT assay. Expression analysis of biofilm-related genes was investigated with qRT-PCR. The statistical analysis was performed using a one-way ANOVA test. RESULTS A total of 16 (45.7%) out of 35 Candida isolates were determined as strong biofilm producers in this study. C. albicans was the most biofilm producer, followed by C. krusei and C. lusitaniae. The Anaf compounds had a broad spectrum of activity with MIC values ranging from 4 μg/ml to 64 μg/ml. Our data indicated that the Anaf compound had a significant effect on inhibiting biofilm formation in both fluconazole-susceptible and -resistant strains. The expression levels of hypha-specific genes als3, hwp1, ece1 and sap5 were downregulated by Anaf compounds. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed that the Anaf compounds had antifungal activity and inhibited fungal biofilms, which may be related to the suppression of C. albicans adherence and hyphal formation. These results suggest that Anaf compounds may have therapeutic potential for the treatment and prevention of biofilm-associated Candida infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Aydin
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, KTO Karatay University, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Ali Ozturk
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Niğde, Turkey
| | - Tugce Duran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, KTO Karatay University, Konya, Turkey
| | | | - Esra Sumlu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, KTO Karatay University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Esra Bilen Ayan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emine Nedime Korucu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
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Wang K, Huo L, Li Y, Zhu L, Wang Y, Wang L. Establishment of a rapid diagnosis method for Candida glabrata based on the ITS2 gene using recombinase polymerase amplification combined with lateral flow strips. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:953302. [PMID: 35967865 PMCID: PMC9366737 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.953302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is the second or third most common Candida-associated species isolated from hospital-acquired infections, surpassing even C. albicans in some hospitals. With the rapid progression of the disease course of C. glabrata infections, there is an urgent need for a rapid and sensitive on-site assay for clinical diagnosis. Isothermal amplification is a recently developed method for rapid nucleic acid detection that is being increasingly used for on-site detection, especially recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA). RPA combined with lateral flow strips (LFS) can rapidly amplify and visually detect the target gene within 20 min. The whole detection process can be controlled within 30–60 min by rapid sample pre-treatment. In this study, RPA-LFS was used to amplify the internal transcribed spacer region 2 gene of C. glabrata. The primer–probe design was optimized by introducing base mismatches (probe modification of one base) to obtain a highly specific and sensitive primer–probe combination for clinical sample detection. RPA-LFS was performed on 23 common clinical pathogens to determine the specificity of the assay system. The RPA-LFS system specifically detected C. glabrata without cross-reaction with other fungi or bacteria. Gradient dilutions of the template were tested to explore the lower limit of detection of this detection system and to determine the sensitivity of the assay. The sensitivity was 10 CFU/µL, without interference from genomic DNA of other species. The RPA-LFS and qPCR assays were performed on 227 clinical samples to evaluate the detection performance of the RPA-LFS system. Eighty-five samples were identified as C. glabrata, representing a detection rate of 37.5%. The results were consistent with qPCR and conventional culture methods. The collective findings indicate a reliable molecular diagnostic method for the detection of C. glabrata, and to meet the urgent need for rapid, specific, sensitive, and portable clinical field-testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, Second People’s Hospital of Lianyungang (Cancer Hospital of Lianyungang), Lianyungang, China
| | - Li Huo
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, Second People’s Hospital of Lianyungang (Cancer Hospital of Lianyungang), Lianyungang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, Second People’s Hospital of Lianyungang (Cancer Hospital of Lianyungang), Lianyungang, China
| | - Lihua Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Lihua Zhu, ; Yan Wang, ; Lei Wang,
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, Second People’s Hospital of Lianyungang (Cancer Hospital of Lianyungang), Lianyungang, China
- *Correspondence: Lihua Zhu, ; Yan Wang, ; Lei Wang,
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, Second People’s Hospital of Lianyungang (Cancer Hospital of Lianyungang), Lianyungang, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Lihua Zhu, ; Yan Wang, ; Lei Wang,
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Wang L, Xu A, Zhou P, Zhao M, Xu C, Wang Y, Wang K, Wang F, Miao Y, Zhao W, Gao X. Rapid Detection of Candida tropicalis in Clinical Samples From Different Sources Using RPA-LFS. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:898186. [PMID: 35873165 PMCID: PMC9301490 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.898186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida tropicalis is one of the few Candida species besides Candida albicans that is able to produce true hyphae. At present, the commonly used clinical methods for the identification of this organism are traditional fungal culture, CTB staining, and color development. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) are also used to identify this fungus. Since the course of C. tropicalis infection progresses rapidly, there is an urgent need for rapid, sensitive, real-time field assays to meet the needs of clinical diagnosis. Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) combined with lateral flow strip (LFS) can rapidly amplify and visualize target genes within 20 min, and by pre-processing samples from different sources, the entire process can be controlled within 30 min. In this study, RPA-LFS was used to amplify the internal transcribed spacer-2 (ITS2) gene of C. tropicalis, and primer-probe design was optimized by introducing base mismatches to obtain a specific and sensitive primer-probe combination for clinical sample detection. LFS assay for 37 common clinical pathogens was performed, sensitivity and specificity of the detection system was determined, reaction temperature and time were optimized, and 191 actual clinical samples collected from different sources were tested to evaluate the detection performance of the established RPA-LFS system to provide a reliable molecular diagnostic method for the detection of C. tropicalis, the results show that the RPA-LFS system can specifically detect C. tropicalis without cross-reacting with other fungi or bacterial, with a sensitivity of 9.94 CFU/µL, without interference from genomic DNA of other species, at an optimal reaction temperature of 39°C, and the whole reaction process can be controlled within 20 min, and to meet the clinical need for rapid, sensitive, real-time, and portable field testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Lianyungang Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University (Cancer Hospital of Lianyungang), Lianyungang, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Aiguo Xu
- Department of Central Laboratory, Lianyungang Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University (Cancer Hospital of Lianyungang), Lianyungang, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Department of Central Laboratory, Lianyungang Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University (Cancer Hospital of Lianyungang), Lianyungang, China
| | - Mengdi Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, China
| | - Chenglai Xu
- Department of Central Laboratory, Lianyungang Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University (Cancer Hospital of Lianyungang), Lianyungang, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Lianyungang Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University (Cancer Hospital of Lianyungang), Lianyungang, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Lianyungang Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University (Cancer Hospital of Lianyungang), Lianyungang, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Lianyungang Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University (Cancer Hospital of Lianyungang), Lianyungang, China
| | - Yongchang Miao
- Department of Central Laboratory, Lianyungang Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University (Cancer Hospital of Lianyungang), Lianyungang, China
- *Correspondence: Weiguo Zhao, ; Yongchang Miao, ; Xuzhu Gao,
| | - Weiguo Zhao
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Weiguo Zhao, ; Yongchang Miao, ; Xuzhu Gao,
| | - Xuzhu Gao
- Department of Central Laboratory, Lianyungang Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University (Cancer Hospital of Lianyungang), Lianyungang, China
- *Correspondence: Weiguo Zhao, ; Yongchang Miao, ; Xuzhu Gao,
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