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Manap MAHA, Mustaza NSA, Nasruddin NA, Abdullah WLW, Yaakub H, Hayyan BN. Molecular prevalence of Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bigemina, and Theileria orientalis and their associations with Mafriwal cattle's age groups. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11:384-391. [PMID: 39101092 PMCID: PMC11296174 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2024.k787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study was designed to determine the molecular prevalence of hemoparasites and their associations with Mafriwal cattle's age groups. Materials and Methods Blood samples were taken from the coccygeal veins of calves (n = 92), yearlings (n = 95), lactating (n = 90), and dry (n = 94) cows, which were subjected to microscopic and molecular identification of hemoparasites. The prevalence rate was determined based on the proportion of infected samples in the observed samples. Associations between hemoparasitism and different age groups of Mafriwal cattle were determined by the odds ratio and Fisher's exact test. Results Babesia bigemina was the most prevalent hemoparasite in monospecies infection (20.8%), while the co-infection of Anaplasma marginale and B. bigemina (36.4%) had the highest molecular prevalence. Highly significant associations of hemoparasitism were observed between calves and yearlings (p < 0.001, Odds ratio = 21.340, 95% CI = 3.200-907.871), lactating (p < 0.01, Odds ratio = 6.600, 95% CI = 1.808-36.516), and dry (p < 0.001, Odds ratio = 10.457, 95% CI = 2.363-96.242) cows. Nevertheless, calves and yearlings were 2-4 times more likely to be co-infected with multiple hemoparasite species in comparison to older age groups. Conclusion Mafriwal cattle were more susceptible to hemoparasitism with advancing age, but the younger calves were more prone to be co-infected with multiple hemoparasite species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhamad Ali Hanapiah Ab. Manap
- Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Pusat Ternakan Haiwan Air Hitam, Kluang, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Sabrina Ahmad Mustaza
- Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nur Amalina Nasruddin
- Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | | | - Halimatun Yaakub
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Basripuzi Nurul Hayyan
- Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
- UMK Veterinary Diagnostic Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Hernandez SAV, Salamat SEA, Galay RL. Analysis of the bacterial community in female Rhipicephalus microplus ticks from selected provinces in Luzon, Philippines, using next-generation sequencing. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2023; 91:463-475. [PMID: 37823957 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00851-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the tick microbiome can help understand tick-symbiont interactions and identify undiscovered pathogens, which may aid in implementing control of ticks and tick-borne diseases. The tropical cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus is a widespread ectoparasite of cattle in the Philippines, negatively affecting animal productivity and health. This study characterized the bacterial community of R. microplus from Luzon, Philippines, through next-generation sequencing of 16s rRNA. DNA was extracted from 45 partially engorged female ticks from nine provinces. The DNA samples were pooled per province and then sequenced and analyzed using an open-source bioinformatics platform. In total, 667 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified. The ticks in all nine provinces were found to have Coxiella, Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus, and Acinetobacter. Basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) analysis revealed the presence of known pathogens of cattle, such as Bartonella, Ehrlichia minasensis, and Dermatophilus congolensis. The tick samples from Laguna, Quezon, and Batangas had the most diverse bacterial species, whereas the tick samples from Ilocos Norte had the lowest diversity. Similarities in the composition of the bacterial community in ticks from provinces near each other were also observed. This is the first study on metagenomic analysis of cattle ticks in the Philippines, providing new insights that may be useful for controlling ticks and tick-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheane Andrea V Hernandez
- Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, 4031, Philippines
| | - Saubel Ezrael A Salamat
- Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, 4031, Philippines
| | - Remil L Galay
- Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, 4031, Philippines.
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Galon EM, Macalanda AM, Sugi T, Hayashida K, Kawai N, Kidaka T, Ybañez RH, Adjou Moumouni PF, Ringo AE, Li H, Ji S, Yamagishi J, Ybañez A, Xuan X. Bovine Piroplasma Populations in the Philippines Characterized Using Targeted Amplicon Deep Sequencing. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2584. [PMID: 37894242 PMCID: PMC10609017 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular assays and capillary electrophoresis sequencing have been used to identify parasites in livestock. The low sample capacity, which increases labor and processing time, is one drawback. Targeted amplicon sequencing (Ampliseq) uses the fast and large sample capacity platform to identify parasites in the target host, overcoming this limitation. DNA was extracted from 162 whole blood samples collected from cattle in three provinces in the Philippines. Using Illumina's Miseq platform, the V4 hypervariable region of the piroplasma 18S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced. The AMPtk pipeline was used to obtain distinct amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) and the NCBI BLAST non-redundant database was used to assign taxonomy. In total, 95 (58.64%) samples were positive for piroplasma. Using the AMPTk pipeline, 2179 ASVs were obtained. A total of 79 distinct ASVs were obtained after clustering and filtering, which belonged to genera Babesia (n = 58), Theileria (n = 17), Hepatozoon (n = 2), and Sarcocystis (n = 2). The ASV top hits were composed of 10 species: Babesia bovis, B. bigemina, Theileria orientalis, Babesia sp., Hepatozoon canis, Sarcocystis cruzi, T. annulata, T. equi, T. mutans, and Theileria sp. Thung Song. The results generated in this study demonstrated the applicability of Ampliseq in detecting piroplasmid parasites infecting cattle in the Philippines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloiza May Galon
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan; (E.M.G.); (R.H.Y.); (P.F.A.M.); (A.E.R.); (H.L.); (S.J.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cavite State University, Indang 4122, Philippines;
| | - Adrian Miki Macalanda
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cavite State University, Indang 4122, Philippines;
| | - Tatsuki Sugi
- International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (T.S.); (K.H.); (N.K.); (T.K.); (J.Y.)
| | - Kyoko Hayashida
- International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (T.S.); (K.H.); (N.K.); (T.K.); (J.Y.)
| | - Naoko Kawai
- International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (T.S.); (K.H.); (N.K.); (T.K.); (J.Y.)
| | - Taishi Kidaka
- International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (T.S.); (K.H.); (N.K.); (T.K.); (J.Y.)
| | - Rochelle Haidee Ybañez
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan; (E.M.G.); (R.H.Y.); (P.F.A.M.); (A.E.R.); (H.L.); (S.J.)
| | - Paul Franck Adjou Moumouni
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan; (E.M.G.); (R.H.Y.); (P.F.A.M.); (A.E.R.); (H.L.); (S.J.)
| | - Aaron Edmond Ringo
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan; (E.M.G.); (R.H.Y.); (P.F.A.M.); (A.E.R.); (H.L.); (S.J.)
| | - Hang Li
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan; (E.M.G.); (R.H.Y.); (P.F.A.M.); (A.E.R.); (H.L.); (S.J.)
| | - Shengwei Ji
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan; (E.M.G.); (R.H.Y.); (P.F.A.M.); (A.E.R.); (H.L.); (S.J.)
| | - Junya Yamagishi
- International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (T.S.); (K.H.); (N.K.); (T.K.); (J.Y.)
| | - Adrian Ybañez
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Parasitology, and Vector-Borne Diseases—Main Campus, Cebu Technological University, Cebu City 6000, Philippines;
- College of Veterinary Medicine—Barili Campus, Cebu Technological University, Barili 6036, Philippines
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan; (E.M.G.); (R.H.Y.); (P.F.A.M.); (A.E.R.); (H.L.); (S.J.)
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Kuibagarov M, Makhamed R, Zhylkibayev A, Berdikulov M, Abdrakhmanov S, Kozhabayev M, Akhmetollayev I, Mukanov K, Ryskeldina A, Ramankulov Y, Shustov A, Bauer C, Shevtsov A. Theileria and Babesia infection in cattle - First molecular survey in Kazakhstan. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2023; 14:102078. [PMID: 36395616 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.102078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Central Asia, including Kazakhstan, is an endemic area of Theileria and Babesia infections in cattle. Current data on the geographic distribution, prevalence, and genetic diversity of these pathogens in vertebrate hosts are lacking in Kazakhstan. The present study aimed to fill this gap, using molecular techniques for the first time. A cross-sectional survey was performed on adult cattle from 40 villages in nine administrative districts of the provinces of Turkistan and Zhambyl, southern Kazakhstan, in summer 2020. A total of 766 blood samples were screened for Theileria annulata (enolase gene), Theileria orientalis (major piroplasm surface protein gene, MPSP) and Babesia spp. (18 S ribosomal RNA gene) using polymerase chain reaction. The genetic variability of Theileria spp. was assessed by sequencing one amplicon from each village. All Babesia spp. positive amplicons were sequenced to identify the species involved. The overall prevalence of infections with T. annulata, T. orientalis and Babesia spp. was 83.0% (40 villages positive), 33.3% (31 villages) and 13.5% (36 villages), respectively. Co-infections with two or three species were present in 48.9% of all positive cattle. Theileria annulata showing a high polymorphism of the enolase gene occurred with similar frequency in both provinces. Theileria orientalis was detected for the first time in Kazakhstan being significantly (P = 0.014) more prevalent in Zhambyl than in Turkistan. Fourteen genotypes of T. orientalis were identified; two belonged to the moderately virulent MPSP-type 1 ('Chitose') and the others to MPSP-type 3 ('Buffeli') which is considered avirulent. The prevalence of Babesia infection was significantly (P < 0.000) higher in Turkistan than in Zhambyl. An unequivocal identification of the species involved was possible in 127 sequenced samples: Babesia occultans was the most common species, followed by Babesia bigemina and Babesia major, the latter being the first record in the country. The results show that Theileria and Babesia infections in cattle are widespread and occur with remarkably high prevalence in the southern Kazakhstan. They also provide first data on the genetic diversity of the species involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marat Kuibagarov
- National Center for Biotechnology, Korgalzhyn Road 13/5, 010000 Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.
| | - Riza Makhamed
- National Center for Biotechnology, Korgalzhyn Road 13/5, 010000 Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Assylbek Zhylkibayev
- National Center for Biotechnology, Korgalzhyn Road 13/5, 010000 Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Maxat Berdikulov
- National Veterinary Reference Center, 150 let Abaya Street 22/3, 010000 Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Sarsenbay Abdrakhmanov
- S. Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zhenis Avenue 62, 010011 Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Mazhit Kozhabayev
- National Veterinary Reference Center, 150 let Abaya Street 22/3, 010000 Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Ilyas Akhmetollayev
- National Center for Biotechnology, Korgalzhyn Road 13/5, 010000 Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Kasim Mukanov
- National Center for Biotechnology, Korgalzhyn Road 13/5, 010000 Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Anara Ryskeldina
- National Center for Biotechnology, Korgalzhyn Road 13/5, 010000 Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Yerlan Ramankulov
- National Center for Biotechnology, Korgalzhyn Road 13/5, 010000 Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Alexandr Shustov
- National Center for Biotechnology, Korgalzhyn Road 13/5, 010000 Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Christian Bauer
- S. Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zhenis Avenue 62, 010011 Astana, Kazakhstan; Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Alexandr Shevtsov
- National Center for Biotechnology, Korgalzhyn Road 13/5, 010000 Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.
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Abdel-Shafy S, Abdullah HHAM, Elbayoumy MK, Elsawy BSM, Hassan MR, Mahmoud MS, Hegazi AG, Abdel-Rahman EH. Molecular Epidemiological Investigation of Piroplasms and Anaplasmataceae Bacteria in Egyptian Domestic Animals and Associated Ticks. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101194. [PMID: 36297251 PMCID: PMC9609901 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Piroplasmosis and anaplasmosis are serious tick-borne diseases (TBDs) that are concerning for the public and animal health. This study aimed to detect the molecular prevalence and epidemiological risk factors of Piroplasma and Anaplasma species in animal hosts and their associated ticks in Egypt. A total of 234 blood samples and 95 adult ticks were collected from animal hosts (112 cattle, 38 sheep, 28 goats, 26 buffaloes, 22 donkeys, and 8 horses) from six provinces of Egypt (AL-Faiyum, AL-Giza, Beni-Suef, Al-Minufia, Al-Beheira, and Matruh). Blood and tick samples were investigated by polymerase chain reaction coupled with sequencing targeting 18S and 16S RNA genes for Piroplasma and anaplasmataceae, respectively. Statistical analysis was conducted on the potential epidemiological factors. Of the 234 animals examined, 54 (23.08%) were positive for pathogens DNA distributed among the six provinces, where 10 (4.27%) were positive for Piroplasma, 44 (18.80%) for anaplasmataceae, and 5 (2.14%) were co-infected. Co-infections were observed only in cattle as Theileria annulata and Anaplasma marginale plus Babesia bigemina, A. marginale plus B. bigemina, and T. annulata plus B. bigemina. Piroplasmosis was recorded in cattle, with significant differences between their prevalence in their tick infestation factors. Animal species, age, and tick infestation were the potential risk factors for anaplasmosis. All ticks were free from piroplasms, but they revealed high prevalence rates of 72.63% (69/95) with anaplasmataceae. We identified T. annulata, B. bigemina, and A. marginale in cattle; A. platys in buffaloes; A. marginale and A. ovis in sheep; for the first time, A. ovis in goats; and Ehrlichia sp. in Rhipicephalus annulatus ticks. Our findings confirm the significant prevalence of piroplasmosis and anaplasmosis among subclinical and carrier animals in Egypt, highlighting the importance of the government developing policies to improve animal and public health security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobhy Abdel-Shafy
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Donkki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Hend H. A. M. Abdullah
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Donkki, Giza 12622, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +20-100-464-3859
| | - Mohamed K. Elbayoumy
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Donkki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Bassma S. M. Elsawy
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Donkki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Mohamed R. Hassan
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Donkki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Mona S. Mahmoud
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Donkki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Ahmed G. Hegazi
- Department of Zoonotic Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Donkki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Eman H. Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Donkki, Giza 12622, Egypt
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First Molecular Identification of Babesia, Theileria, and Anaplasma in Goats from the Philippines. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101109. [PMID: 36297166 PMCID: PMC9612162 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Goats are key livestock animals and goat raising is an income-generating venture for smallholder farmers, supporting agricultural development in many parts of the world. However, goat production is often limited by various factors, such as tick-borne diseases. Goat piroplasmosis is a disease caused by apicomplexan parasites Babesia spp. and Theileria spp., while anaplasmosis is caused by bacterial Anaplasma spp. In the Philippines, the presence of Babesia, Theileria, and Anaplasma has not been reported in goats. In this study, DNA obtained from goats were molecularly screened for Babesia/Theileria and Anaplasma. Of 396, 77.02% (305/396) and 38.64% (153/396) were positive for piroplasma and Anaplasma using PCR assays targeting the 18S rRNA and 16S rRNA genes, respectively. Similarly, Babesia ovis was detected in six samples (1.52%). Representative Babesia/Theileria sequences shared 89.97–97.74% identity with each other and were most closely related to T. orientalis, T. annulata, and Theileria spp. Meanwhile, Anaplasma 16SrRNA sequences were related to A. odocoilei, A. platys, and A. phagocytophilum. This is the first molecular identification of B. ovis, Theileria spp., and Anaplasma spp. in goats from the Philippines.
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El-Alfy ES, Abbas I, Baghdadi HB, El-Sayed SAES, Ji S, Rizk MA. Molecular Epidemiology and Species Diversity of Tick-Borne Pathogens of Animals in Egypt: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080912. [PMID: 36015033 PMCID: PMC9416077 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks and tick-borne pathogens (TTBPs) are listed among the most serious concerns harming Egyptian livestock’s productivity. Several reports on tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) from various geographical regions in the country were published. However, data on the molecular characterization of TBPs are the most beneficial for understanding the epidemiology of this important group of pathogens. In this study, we present the first meta-analysis on the molecular epidemiology and species diversity of TBPs infecting animals in Egypt. All published studies on TBPs were systematically collected from various databases (PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, the Egyptian Knowledge Bank, and Google Scholar). Data from eligible papers were extracted and subjected to various analyses. Seventy-eight studies were found to be eligible for inclusion. Furthermore, ticks infesting animals that were molecularly screened for their associated pathogens were also included in this study to display high species diversity and underline the high infection risk to animals. Theileria annulata was used as parasite model of TBPs to study the genetic diversity and transmission dynamics across different governorates of Egypt. This study extends cross-comparisons between all published molecular data on TBPs in Egypt and provides resources from Egyptian data in order to better understand parasite epidemiology, species diversity, and disease outcome as well as the development and implementation of prevention and control methods for public health, veterinary care practitioners, and animal owners all over the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- El-Sayed El-Alfy
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Abbas
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Hanadi B. Baghdadi
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31113, Saudi Arabia
- Basic and Applied Scientific Research Center (BASRC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31113, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shimaa Abd El-Salam El-Sayed
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Shengwei Ji
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Mohamed Abdo Rizk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Correspondence:
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Molecular Reports of Ruminant Babesia in Southeast Asia. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080915. [PMID: 36015035 PMCID: PMC9415187 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The protozoon Babesia is a blood parasite transmitted by hard ticks and commonly parasitizes ruminants such as cattle, buffaloes, goats, and sheep. Babesiosis, the disease caused by Babesia infection, has been considered a potential threat to ruminant production due to the grave and enormous impact it brings. About 125 million ruminants are at risk of babesiosis in Southeast Asia (SEA), a region composed of 11 countries. In recent decades, molecular-based diagnostic platforms, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, have been a reliable and broadly employed tool in Babesia detection. In this article, the authors compiled and summarized the molecular studies conducted on ruminant babesiosis and mapped the species, including B. bovis, B. bigemina, B. ovata, Babesia sp. Mymensingh, Babesia sp. Hue, and B. ovis, and determined the host diversity of ruminant Babesia in SEA.
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