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Chen S, Lai W, Song X, Lu J, Liang J, Ouyang H, Zheng W, Chen J, Yin Z, Li H, Zhou Y. The distribution and antibiotic-resistant characteristics and risk factors of pathogens associated with clinical biliary tract infection in humans. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1404366. [PMID: 38784792 PMCID: PMC11112516 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1404366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Biliary Infection in patients is a common and important phenomenon resulting in severe complications and high morbidity, while the distributions and drug resistance profiles of biliary bacteria and related risk factors are dynamic. This study explored the characteristics of and risk factors for biliary infection to promote the rational use of antibiotics in clinically. Methods Bacterial identification and drug susceptibility testing were completed using the Vitek 2 Compact analysis system. The distribution and antibiotic-resistant characteristics of 3,490 strains of biliary bacteria in patients at Nankai Hospital from 2019 to 2021 were analyzed using Whonet 5.6 and SPSS 26.0 software. We then retrospectively analyzed the clinical data and risk factors associated with 2,340 strains of Gram-negative bacilli, which were divided into multidrug-resistant bacteria (1,508 cases) and non-multidrug-resistant bacteria (832 cases) by a multivariate Cox regression model. Results and discussion A total of 3,490 pathogenic bacterial strains were isolated from bile samples, including 2,340 (67.05%) Gram-negative strains, 1,029 (29.48%) Gram-positive strains, and 109 (4.56%) fungal strains. The top five pathogenic bacteria were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The rate of Escherichia coli resistance to ciprofloxacin increased (p < 0.05), while the resistance to amikacin decreased (p < 0.05). The resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae to cephalosporins, carbapenems, β-lactamase inhibitors, cephalases, aminoglycosides, and quinolones increased (p < 0.05), and the resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to piperacillin, piperacillin/tazobactam, ticacillin/clavulanic acid, and amicacin declined significantly (p < 0.05). The resistance of Enterococcus faecium to tetracycline increased by year (p < 0.05), and the resistance of Enterococcus faecalis to erythromycin and high-concentration gentamicin declined (p < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis suggested that the administration of third- or fourth-generation cephalosporins was an independent risk factor for biliary infection. In summary, Gram-negative bacilli were the most common pathogenic bacteria isolated from biliary infection patients, especially Escherichia coli, and the rates and patterns of drug resistance were high and in constant flux; therefore, rational antimicrobial drug use should be carried out considering risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayan Chen
- Department of Laboratory Science, Binhaiwan Central Hospital of Dongguan, Guangdong, China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Accurate Etiological Research on the Pathogenesis of Inflammation and Cancer, Guangdong, China
- Central Laboratory, Binhaiwan Central Hospital of Dongguan, Guangdong, China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenbin Lai
- Department of Laboratory Science, Binhaiwan Central Hospital of Dongguan, Guangdong, China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Accurate Etiological Research on the Pathogenesis of Inflammation and Cancer, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuejing Song
- Department of Laboratory Science, Binhaiwan Central Hospital of Dongguan, Guangdong, China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Accurate Etiological Research on the Pathogenesis of Inflammation and Cancer, Guangdong, China
- Central Laboratory, Binhaiwan Central Hospital of Dongguan, Guangdong, China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiongtang Lu
- Department of Laboratory Science, Binhaiwan Central Hospital of Dongguan, Guangdong, China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Accurate Etiological Research on the Pathogenesis of Inflammation and Cancer, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianxin Liang
- Department of Laboratory Science, Binhaiwan Central Hospital of Dongguan, Guangdong, China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Accurate Etiological Research on the Pathogenesis of Inflammation and Cancer, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao Ouyang
- Department of Laboratory Science, Binhaiwan Central Hospital of Dongguan, Guangdong, China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Accurate Etiological Research on the Pathogenesis of Inflammation and Cancer, Guangdong, China
| | - Weihua Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Science, Binhaiwan Central Hospital of Dongguan, Guangdong, China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Accurate Etiological Research on the Pathogenesis of Inflammation and Cancer, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Department of Laboratory Science, Binhaiwan Central Hospital of Dongguan, Guangdong, China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Accurate Etiological Research on the Pathogenesis of Inflammation and Cancer, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenggang Yin
- Department of Laboratory Science, Binhaiwan Central Hospital of Dongguan, Guangdong, China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Accurate Etiological Research on the Pathogenesis of Inflammation and Cancer, Guangdong, China
| | - Huimin Li
- Department of Laboratory Science, Binhaiwan Central Hospital of Dongguan, Guangdong, China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Accurate Etiological Research on the Pathogenesis of Inflammation and Cancer, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Science, Binhaiwan Central Hospital of Dongguan, Guangdong, China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Accurate Etiological Research on the Pathogenesis of Inflammation and Cancer, Guangdong, China
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Bayat M, Nahand JS, Farsad-Akhatr N, Memar MY. Bile effects on the Pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogenesis in cystic fibrosis patients with gastroesophageal reflux. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22111. [PMID: 38034726 PMCID: PMC10685303 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) occurs in most cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and is the primary source of bile aspiration in the airway tract of CF individuals. Aspirated bile is associated with the severity of lung diseases and chronic inflammation caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa as the most common pathogen of CF respiratory tract infections. P. aeruginosa is equipped with several mechanisms to facilitate the infection process, including but not limited to the expression of virulence factors, biofilm formation, and antimicrobial resistance, all of which are under the strong regulation of quorum sensing (QS) mechanism. By increasing the expression of lasI, rhlI, and pqsA-E, bile exposure directly impacts the QS network. An increase in psl expression and pyocyanin production can promote biofilm formation. Along with the loss of flagella and reduced swarming motility, GER-derived bile can repress the expression of genes involved in creating an acute infection, such as expression of Type Three Secretion (T3SS), hydrogen cyanide (hcnABC), amidase (amiR), and phenazine (phzA-E). Inversely, to cause persistent infection, bile exposure can increase the Type Six Secretion System (T6SS) and efflux pump expression, which can trigger resistance to antibiotics such as colistin, polymyxin B, and erythromycin. This review will discuss the influence of aspirated bile on the pathogenesis, resistance, and persistence of P. aeruginosa in CF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mobina Bayat
- Department of Plant, Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javid Sadri Nahand
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nader Farsad-Akhatr
- Department of Plant, Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Yousef Memar
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Grace A, Sahu R, Owen DR, Dennis VA. Pseudomonas aeruginosa reference strains PAO1 and PA14: A genomic, phenotypic, and therapeutic review. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1023523. [PMID: 36312971 PMCID: PMC9607943 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1023523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous, motile, gram-negative bacterium that has been recently identified as a multi-drug resistant pathogen in critical need of novel therapeutics. Of the approximately 5,000 strains, PAO1 and PA14 are common laboratory reference strains, modeling moderately and hyper-virulent phenotypes, respectively. PAO1 and PA14 have been instrumental in facilitating the discovery of novel drug targets, testing novel therapeutics, and supplying critical genomic information on the bacterium. While the two strains have contributed to a wide breadth of knowledge on the natural behaviors and therapeutic susceptibilities of P. aeruginosa, they have demonstrated significant deviations from observations in human infections. Many of these deviations are related to experimental inconsistencies in laboratory strain environment that complicate and, at times, terminate translation from laboratory results to clinical applications. This review aims to provide a comparative analysis of the two strains and potential methods to improve their clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Grace
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, United States
| | - Rajnish Sahu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, United States
| | | | - Vida A. Dennis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, United States
- *Correspondence: Vida A. Dennis,
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