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Zhang Y, Zhang TN, Lu YP, Ren LN, Chen ST, Liu L, Wei LP, Chen JM, Huang JN, Mo ML. Increased viperin expression induced by avian infectious bronchitis virus inhibits viral replication by restricting cholesterol synthesis: an in vitro study. Vet Res 2024; 55:116. [PMID: 39334500 PMCID: PMC11429478 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01368-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
With the emergence of new variant strains resulting from high mutation rates and genome recombination, avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) has caused significant economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. Little is known about the underlying mechanisms of IBV-host interactions, particularly how IBV utilizes host metabolic pathways for efficient viral replication and transmission. In the present study, the effects of the cell membrane, viral envelope membrane, and viperin-mediated cholesterol synthesis on IBV replication were explored. Our results revealed significant increase in cholesterol levels and the expression of viperin after IBV infection. Acute cholesterol depletion in the cell membrane and viral envelope membrane by treating cells with methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) obviously inhibited IBV replication; thereafter, replenishment of the cell membrane with cholesterol successfully restored viral replication, and direct addition of exogenous cholesterol to the cell membrane significantly promoted IBV infection during the early stages of infection. In addition, overexpression of viperin effectively suppressed cholesterol synthesis, as well as IBV replication, whereas knockdown of viperin (gene silencing with siRNA targeting viperin, siViperin) significantly increased IBV replication and cholesterol levels, whereas supplementation with exogenous cholesterol to viperin-transfected cells markedly restored viral replication. In conclusion, the increase in viperin induced by IBV infection plays an important role in IBV replication by affecting cholesterol production, providing a theoretical basis for understanding the pathogenesis of IBV and discovering new potential antiviral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Tao-Ni Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yan-Peng Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Li-Na Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Sheng-Ting Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Ling Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Lan-Ping Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Ji-Ming Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Jian-Ni Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Mei-Lan Mo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, 530004, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, 530004, China.
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Bolinger AA, Li J, Xie X, Li H, Zhou J. Lessons learnt from broad-spectrum coronavirus antiviral drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024; 19:1023-1041. [PMID: 39078037 PMCID: PMC11390334 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2024.2385598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Highly pathogenic coronaviruses (CoVs), such as severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV), and the most recent SARS-CoV-2 responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, pose significant threats to human populations over the past two decades. These CoVs have caused a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic to severe distress syndromes (ARDS), resulting in high morbidity and mortality. AREAS COVERED The accelerated advancements in antiviral drug discovery, spurred by the COVID-19 pandemic, have shed new light on the imperative to develop treatments effective against a broad spectrum of CoVs. This perspective discusses strategies and lessons learnt in targeting viral non-structural proteins, structural proteins, drug repurposing, and combinational approaches for the development of antivirals against CoVs. EXPERT OPINION Drawing lessons from the pandemic, it becomes evident that the absence of efficient broad-spectrum antiviral drugs increases the vulnerability of public health systems to the potential onslaught by highly pathogenic CoVs. The rapid and sustained spread of novel CoVs can have devastating consequences without effective and specifically targeted treatments. Prioritizing the effective development of broad-spectrum antivirals is imperative for bolstering the resilience of public health systems and mitigating the potential impact of future highly pathogenic CoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A. Bolinger
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Xuping Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Sealy Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Hongmin Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Sealy Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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Gong M, Xia X, Chen D, Ren Y, Liu Y, Xiang H, Li X, Zhi Y, Mo Y. Antiviral activity of chrysin and naringenin against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1278997. [PMID: 38130439 PMCID: PMC10733469 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1278997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is one of the critical pathogens causing diarrhea in piglets and has caused huge economic losses to the swine industry in worldwide. However, there is currently no effective therapeutic medication available for the treatment of PEDV. Natural compounds are a hot topic for researching and screening antiviral lead compounds due to their abundant sources, varied activities, and low toxicity. In this study, a total of 6 compounds from different plant sources were selected for in vitro anti-PEDV screening, including chrysin, naringenin, soy isoflavone, glycyrrhetinic acid, oleanolic acid, and geniposide. Then two active compounds, chrysin and naringenin, were further evaluated on PEDV infected cells at different stage. And the anti-PEDV mechanism was analyzed by molecule docking and molecular dynamics. The results showed that both chrysin and naringenin showed the most significant anti-PEDV activity by increasing the cell viability and decreasing the virus copy number. Both natural compounds could inhibit viral titer, mRNA and protein levels in the prophylactic and post-viral entry stages of PEDV infection. Furthermore, chrysin and naringenin mainly interacted with viral replicase proteins such as 3CLpro and PLP-2 through hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic forces. The complexes formed by chrysin and naringenin with the two PEDV replication proteases had high stability. These results suggested that chrysin and naringenin may exert antiviral effects by interacting with the virus 3CLpro protein or PLP2 protein, thereby affecting their role in the formation of PEDV non-structural proteins or interfering with virus replication. This study lays the foundation for developing chrysin and naringenin as novel anti-PEDV therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfei Gong
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuemei Xia
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dishi Chen
- Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Chengdu, China
| | - Yupeng Ren
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yutong Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Xiang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohuan Li
- Agricultural and Rural Bureau of Shizhong District, Leshan, China
| | - Yupeng Zhi
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Mo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
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