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Ding S, Wang X, Ma F, Cai Z, Li X, Gao J, Chen X, Wu L. Effect and Mechanism of Mycobacterium avium MAV-5183 on Apoptosis of Mouse Ana-1 Macrophages. Cell Biochem Biophys 2024; 82:885-894. [PMID: 38430410 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-024-01239-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
To investigate the effects and mechanisms of Mycobacterium avium MAV-5183 protein on apoptosis in mouse Ana-1 macrophages. A pET-21a-MAV-5183 recombinant plasmid was constructed. The recombinant MAV-5183 protein was cloned, expressed, purified, and identified using an anti-His-tagged antibody. Rabbits were immunized to obtain antiserum, and its potency and immunoreactivity were assessed through WB. Mouse Ana-1 macrophages were incubated with varying concentrations of MAV-5183 protein. Flow cytometry, following ANNEXIN V-FITC/PI double staining, detected apoptosis. Western Blot analysis was conducted to identify apoptosis-related molecules Caspase-9/8/3 and vesicle-related molecules ASC, NLRP3, and Cleaved-casp1. ELISA measured TNF-α and IL-6 levels in the culture supernatant. LDH activity and ROS levels were analyzed separately. RT-qPCR measured mRNA levels of Caspase-9/8/3, ASC, NLRP3, Caspase-1, IL-1β, Bax, MAPK-p38, Bcl-2, TNF-α, and IL-6. MAV-5183 protein was successfully cloned, purified, and identified. In in vitro studies on Ana-1 macrophages, MAV-5183 protein increased the expression of Caspase-9/8/3, ASC, NLRP3 (P < 0.01), induced ROS secretion (P < 0.05), and promoted inflammatory cytokine secretion (TNF-α, IL-6, P < 0.0001); however, it did not significantly affect LDH (P > 0.05). MAV-5183 also induced apoptosis in Ana-1 macrophages (P < 0.05). RT-qPCR results indicated a significant increase in mRNA expression of Caspase-9/8/3, ASC, NLRP3, TNF-α, IL-6, MAPK-p38, and pro-apoptotic factor Bax (P < 0.01), with no significant effect on Bcl-2 and IL-1β mRNA (P > 0.05). The data indicate that MAV-5183 induces macrophage apoptosis through a caspase-dependent pathway and promotes inflammatory cytokine secretion via ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoupeng Ding
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University, Dali, 671000, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gutian County Hospital, Gutian, 352200, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University, Dali, 671000, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Nanchang University Queen Mary School, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Fengqian Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University, Dali, 671000, China
| | - Zihan Cai
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Siyang Hospital, Suqian, 237000, China
| | - Xiangfang Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University, Dali, 671000, China
| | - Jinghua Gao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University, Dali, 671000, China
| | - Xiaowen Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University, Dali, 671000, China
| | - Lixian Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University, Dali, 671000, China.
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Transcriptome-wide assessment of N6-methyladenosine modification identifies different gene expression and infection-associated pathways in Treponema pallidum-infected macrophage. J Dermatol Sci 2023; 109:108-116. [PMID: 36841722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treponema pallidum (Tp) is a widespread and destructive pathogen that leads to syphilis. As the acknowledged executor of host immunity, macrophage plays vital roles in combating the invasion and migration of Tp. However, the mechanisms of these processes are largely unknown, especially the critical driver genes and associated modifications. OBJECTIVE We aimed to systematically dissect the global N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA modification patterns in Tp-infected macrophages. METHODS The RNA of Tp-infected/non-infected macrophage was extracted, followed by mRNA sequencing and methylated RNA immunoprecipitation (MeRIP) sequencing. Bioinformatics analysis was executed by m6A peaks and motifs identification, Gene ontology and signaling pathways analysis of differentially expressed genes, and comprehensive comparison. The m6A levels were measured by RNA Methylation Assay, and m6A modified genes were determined by qPCR. RESULTS Totally, 2623 unique and 3509 common m6A peaks were proved along with related transcripts in Tp-infected macrophages. The common m6A-related genes were enriched in the signals of oxidative stress, cell differentiation, and angiogenesis, while unique genes in those of metabolism, inflammation, and infection. And differentially expressed transcripts revealed various biological processes and pathways associated with catabolic and infection. They also experienced comprehensive analysis due to hyper-/hypo-methylation. And the m6A level of macrophage was elevated, along with qPCR validation of specific genes. CONCLUSION With a particular m6A transcriptome-wide map, our study provides unprecedented insights into the RNA modification of macrophage stimulated by Tp in vitro, which partially differs from other infections and may provide clues to explore the immune process for syphilis.
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Abukhalid N, Islam S, Ndzeidze R, Bermudez LE. Mycobacterium avium Subsp. hominissuis Interactions with Macrophage Killing Mechanisms. Pathogens 2021; 10:1365. [PMID: 34832521 PMCID: PMC8623537 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-tuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM) are ubiquitously found throughout the environment. NTM can cause respiratory infections in individuals with underlying lung conditions when inhaled, or systemic infections when ingested by patients with impaired immune systems. Current therapies can be ineffective at treating NTM respiratory infections, even after a long course or with multidrug treatment regimens. NTM, such as Mycobacterium avium subspecies hominissuis (M. avium), is an opportunistic pathogen that shares environments with ubiquitous free-living amoeba and other environmental hosts, possibly their evolutionary hosts. It is highly likely that interactions between M. avium and free-living amoeba have provided selective pressure on the bacteria to acquire survival mechanisms, which are also used against predation by macrophages. In macrophages, M. avium resides inside phagosomes and has been shown to exit it to infect other cells. M. avium's adaptation to the hostile intra-phagosomal environment is due to many virulence mechanisms. M. avium is able to switch the phenotype of the macrophage to be anti-inflammatory (M2). Here, we have focused on and discussed the bacterial defense mechanisms associated with the intra-phagosome phase of infection. M. avium possesses a plethora of antioxidant enzymes, including the superoxide dismutases, catalase and alkyl hydroperoxide reductase. When these defenses fail or are overtaken by robust oxidative burst, many other enzymes exist to repair damage incurred on M. avium proteins, including thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase. Finally, M. avium has several oxidant sensors that induce transcription of antioxidant enzymes, oxidation repair enzymes and biofilm- promoting genes. These expressions induce physiological changes that allow M. avium to survive in the face of leukocyte-generated oxidative stress. We will discuss the strategies used by M. avium to infect human macrophages that evolved during its evolution from free-living amoeba. The more insight we gain about M. avium's mode of pathogenicity, the more targets we can have to direct new anti-virulence therapies toward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norah Abukhalid
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (N.A.); (S.I.); (R.N.)
| | - Sabrina Islam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (N.A.); (S.I.); (R.N.)
| | - Robert Ndzeidze
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (N.A.); (S.I.); (R.N.)
| | - Luiz E. Bermudez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (N.A.); (S.I.); (R.N.)
- Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Shin MK, Shin SJ. Genetic Involvement of Mycobacterium avium Complex in the Regulation and Manipulation of Innate Immune Functions of Host Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063011. [PMID: 33809463 PMCID: PMC8000623 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), a collection of mycobacterial species representing nontuberculous mycobacteria, are characterized as ubiquitous and opportunistic pathogens. The incidence and prevalence of infectious diseases caused by MAC have been emerging globally due to complications in the treatment of MAC-pulmonary disease (PD) in humans and the lack of understating individual differences in genetic traits and pathogenesis of MAC species or subspecies. Despite genetically close one to another, mycobacteria species belonging to the MAC cause diseases to different host range along with a distinct spectrum of disease. In addition, unlike Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the underlying mechanisms for the pathogenesis of MAC infection from environmental sources of infection to their survival strategies within host cells have not been fully elucidated. In this review, we highlight unique genetic and genotypic differences in MAC species and the virulence factors conferring the ability to MAC for the tactics evading innate immune attacks of host cells based on the recent advances in genetic analysis by exemplifying M. avium subsp. hominissuis, a major representative pathogen causing MAC-PD in humans. Further understanding of the genetic link between host and MAC may contribute to enhance host anti-MAC immunity, but also provide novel therapeutic approaches targeting the pangenesis-associated genes of MAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Kyoung Shin
- Department of Microbiology and Convergence Medical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea;
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2228-1813
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Szulc-Dąbrowska L, Bossowska-Nowicka M, Struzik J, Toka FN. Cathepsins in Bacteria-Macrophage Interaction: Defenders or Victims of Circumstance? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:601072. [PMID: 33344265 PMCID: PMC7746538 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.601072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are the first encounters of invading bacteria and are responsible for engulfing and digesting pathogens through phagocytosis leading to initiation of the innate inflammatory response. Intracellular digestion occurs through a close relationship between phagocytic/endocytic and lysosomal pathways, in which proteolytic enzymes, such as cathepsins, are involved. The presence of cathepsins in the endo-lysosomal compartment permits direct interaction with and killing of bacteria, and may contribute to processing of bacterial antigens for presentation, an event necessary for the induction of antibacterial adaptive immune response. Therefore, it is not surprising that bacteria can control the expression and proteolytic activity of cathepsins, including their inhibitors – cystatins, to favor their own intracellular survival in macrophages. In this review, we summarize recent developments in defining the role of cathepsins in bacteria-macrophage interaction and describe important strategies engaged by bacteria to manipulate cathepsin expression and activity in macrophages. Particularly, we focus on specific bacterial species due to their clinical relevance to humans and animal health, i.e., Mycobacterium, Mycoplasma, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Salmonella, Shigella, Francisella, Chlamydia, Listeria, Brucella, Helicobacter, Neisseria, and other genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Szulc-Dąbrowska
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wejskiego, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Bossowska-Nowicka
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wejskiego, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Struzik
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wejskiego, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Felix N Toka
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wejskiego, Warsaw, Poland.,Center for Integrative Mammalian Research, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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