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Li Q, Feng Y, Li J, Hai Y, Si L, Tan C, Peng J, Hu Z, Li Z, Li C, Hao D, Tang W. Multi-omics approaches to understand pathogenicity during potato early blight disease caused by Alternaria solani. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1357579. [PMID: 38529180 PMCID: PMC10961351 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1357579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Potato early blight (PEB), a foliar disease of potato during the growing period, caused by Alternaria sp., is common in major potato-producing areas worldwide. Effective agents to control this disease or completely resistant potato varieties are absent. Large-scale use of fungicides is limited due to possibility of increase in pathogen resistance and the requirements of ecological agriculture. In this study, we focused on the composition and infection characteristics of early blight pathogens in Yunnan Province and screened candidate pathogenesis-related pathways and genes. We isolated 85 strains of Alternaria sp. fungi from typical early blight spots in three potato-growing regions in Yunnan Province from 2018 to 2022, and identified 35 strains of Alternaria solani and 50 strains of Alternaria alternata by morphological characterization and ITS sequence comparison, which were identified as the main and conditional pathogens causing early blight in potato, respectively. Scanning electron microscope analysis confirmed only A. solani producing appressorium at 4 h after inoculation successfully infected the leaf cells. Via genome assembly and annotation, combine transcriptome and proteomic analysis, the following pathogenicity-related unit, transcription factors and metabolic pathway were identified: (1) cell wall-degrading enzymes, such as pectinase, keratinase, and cellulase; (2) genes and pathways related to conidia germination and pathogenicity, such as ubiquitination and peroxisomes; and (3) transcription factors, such as Zn-clus, C2H2, bZIP, and bHLH. These elements were responsible for PEB epidemic in Yunnan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Potato Biology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Yan Feng
- School of Economics and Management, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Jianmei Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Potato Biology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Yang Hai
- Yunnan YinMore Modern Agriculture Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
| | - Liping Si
- Yunnan YinMore Modern Agriculture Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
| | - Chen Tan
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Jing Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Zuo Hu
- Zhaotong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhaotong, China
| | - Zhou Li
- Zhaotong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhaotong, China
| | - Canhui Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Potato Biology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Dahai Hao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Potato Biology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Potato Biology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
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Eichelberger KR, Paul S, Peters BM, Cassat JE. Candida-bacterial cross-kingdom interactions. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:1287-1299. [PMID: 37640601 PMCID: PMC10843858 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
While the fungus Candida albicans is a common colonizer of healthy humans, it is also responsible for mucosal infections and severe invasive disease. Understanding the mechanisms that allow C. albicans to exist as both a benign commensal and as an invasive pathogen have been the focus of numerous studies, and recent findings indicate an important role for cross-kingdom interactions on C. albicans biology. This review highlights how C. albicans-bacteria interactions influence healthy polymicrobial community structure, host immune responses, microbial pathogenesis, and how dysbiosis may lead to C. albicans infection. Finally, we discuss how cross-kingdom interactions represent an opportunity to identify new antivirulence compounds that target fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara R Eichelberger
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Saikat Paul
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Brian M Peters
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - James E Cassat
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation (VI4), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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David H, Solomon AP. Molecular association of Candida albicans and vulvovaginal candidiasis: focusing on a solution. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1245808. [PMID: 37900321 PMCID: PMC10611527 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1245808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans-mediated vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a significant challenge in clinical settings, owing to the inefficacy of current antifungals in modulating virulence, development of resistance, and poor penetration into the biofilm matrix. Various predisposition factors are molecular drivers that lead to the dysbiosis of normal microflora of the vagina, upregulation of central metabolic pathways, morphogenesis, hyphal extension, adhesion, invasion, and biofilm formation leading to chronic infection and recurrence. Hence, it is crucial to understand the molecular mechanism behind the virulence pathways driven by those drivers to decode the drug targets. Finding innovative solutions targeting fungal virulence/biofilm may potentiate the antifungals at low concentrations without affecting the recurrence of resistance. With this background, the present review details the critical molecular drivers and associated network of virulence pathways, possible drug targets, target-specific inhibitors, and probable mode of drug delivery to cross the preclinical phase by appropriate in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adline Princy Solomon
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
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Chow EWL, Mei Pang L, Wang Y. Impact of the host microbiota on fungal infections: new possibilities for intervention? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 198:114896. [PMID: 37211280 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Many human fungal pathogens are opportunistic. They are primarily benign residents of the human body and only become infectious when the host's immunity and microbiome are compromised. Bacteria dominate the human microbiome, playing an essential role in keeping fungi harmless and acting as the first line of defense against fungal infection. The Human Microbiome Project, launched by NIH in 2007, has stimulated extensive investigation and significantly advanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing the interaction between bacteria and fungi, providing valuable insights for developing future antifungal strategies by exploiting the interaction. This review summarizes recent progress in this field and discusses new possibilities and challenges. We must seize the opportunities presented by researching bacterial-fungal interplay in the human microbiome to address the global spread of drug-resistant fungal pathogens and the drying pipelines of effective antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve W L Chow
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Laboratories (ID Labs), Agency for Science and Technology Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #05-13 Immunos, Singapore 138648
| | - Li Mei Pang
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Laboratories (ID Labs), Agency for Science and Technology Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #05-13 Immunos, Singapore 138648
| | - Yue Wang
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Laboratories (ID Labs), Agency for Science and Technology Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #05-13 Immunos, Singapore 138648; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore.
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Kim C, Kim JG, Kim KY. Anti- Candida Potential of Sclareol in Inhibiting Growth, Biofilm Formation, and Yeast-Hyphal Transition. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9010098. [PMID: 36675919 PMCID: PMC9862543 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Even though Candida albicans commonly colonizes on most mucosal surfaces including the vaginal and gastrointestinal tract, it can cause candidiasis as an opportunistic infectious fungus. The emergence of resistant Candida strains and the toxicity of anti-fungal agents have encouraged the development of new classes of potential anti-fungal agents. Sclareol, a labdane-type diterpene, showed anti-Candida activity with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 50 μg/mL in 24 h based on a microdilution anti-fungal susceptibility test. Cell membrane permeability with propidium iodide staining and mitochondrial membrane potential with JC-1 staining were increased in C. albicans by treatment of sclareol. Sclareol also suppressed the hyphal formation of C. albicans in both liquid and solid media, and reduced biofilm formation. Taken together, sclareol induces an apoptosis-like cell death against Candida spp. and suppressed biofilm and hyphal formation in C. albicans. Sclareol is of high interest as a novel anti-fungal agent and anti-virulence factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaerim Kim
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Goo Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yingin 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Young Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yingin 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-312012633
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Cao C, Xue C. More Than Just Cleaning: Ubiquitin-Mediated Proteolysis in Fungal Pathogenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:774613. [PMID: 34858882 PMCID: PMC8631298 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.774613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin-proteasome mediated protein turnover is an important regulatory mechanism of cellular function in eukaryotes. Extensive studies have linked the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) to human diseases, and an array of proteasome inhibitors have been successfully developed for cancer therapy. Although still an emerging field, research on UPS regulation of fungal development and virulence has been rapidly advancing and has generated considerable excitement in its potential as a target for novel drugs. In this review, we summarize UPS composition and regulatory function in pathogenic fungi, especially in stress responses, host adaption, and fungal pathogenesis. Emphasis will be given to UPS regulation of pathogenic factors that are important for fungal pathogenesis. We also discuss future potential therapeutic strategies for fungal infections based on targeting UPS pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjun Cao
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Chaoyang Xue
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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Wang T, Pan M, Xiao N, Wu J, Wang Q, Cheng T, Yan G, Wu D, Li N, Shao J. In vitro and in vivo analysis of monotherapy and dual therapy with ethyl caffeate and fluconazole on virulence factors of Candida albicans and systemic candidiasis. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2021; 27:253-266. [PMID: 34700054 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Candida albicans is the most clinically prevalent cause of systemic fungal infections in the immunocompromised population. The biofilm-forming ability of C. albicans confers resistance to conventional antifungal agents. The main aim of this study was to investigate the antifungal effects of ethyl caffeate (EC) alone and in combination with fluconazole (FLU) against C. albicans isolates. METHODS The single and combined antifungal activities of EC and FLU were evaluated against planktonic and biofilm cells of C. albicans by the checkerboard assay, time-kill test, crystal violet assay, live/dead staining, rhodamine 6G (R6G) efflux analysis and hydrolase activity. Monotherapy and dual therapy of EC and FLU against systemic candidiasis in a mouse model was also evaluated. RESULTS The results showed that EC+FLU displayed synergism in 14/26 planktonic C. albicans isolates and 11/26 C. albicans biofilms with fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) values ranging between 0.06-0.49 and 0.02-0.38, respectively. Compared with monotherapy, the combination of EC+FLU can markedly inhibit adhesion, yeast-to-hyphae transition, premature and mature biofilm metabolism, hydrolase secretion and drug efflux function of C. albicans Z1407 and Z4935. Moreover, EC can potentiate the antifungal activity of FLU to improve mouse survival, reduce fungal burden and alleviate pathological damage in both C. albicans isolates compared with EC or FLU used alone. CONCLUSION EC exhibits a moderate antifungal potential but can be a strong synergist with FLU against C. albicans, highlighting the potential of EC in clinical antifungal therapy as a sensitiser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianming Wang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, 230032, Hefei, P.R. China; Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, 436 Room, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, 230012, Hefei, P.R. China; Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, Hefei, 230012, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Min Pan
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, 436 Room, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, 230012, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Nan Xiao
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, 436 Room, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, 230012, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Jiadi Wu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Hongshan District, 430074, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Qirui Wang
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, 436 Room, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, 230012, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Ting Cheng
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, 436 Room, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, 230012, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Guiming Yan
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, 436 Room, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, 230012, Hefei, P.R. China; Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, Hefei, 230012, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Daqiang Wu
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, 436 Room, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, 230012, Hefei, P.R. China; Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, Hefei, 230012, Anhui, P.R. China; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membrane-less Organelles & Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 230027, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Ning Li
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, 230032, Hefei, P.R. China.
| | - Jing Shao
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, 436 Room, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, 230012, Hefei, P.R. China; Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, Hefei, 230012, Anhui, P.R. China.
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Chow EWL, Pang LM, Wang Y. From Jekyll to Hyde: The Yeast-Hyphal Transition of Candida albicans. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070859. [PMID: 34358008 PMCID: PMC8308684 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a major fungal pathogen of humans, accounting for 15% of nosocomial infections with an estimated attributable mortality of 47%. C. albicans is usually a benign member of the human microbiome in healthy people. Under constant exposure to highly dynamic environmental cues in diverse host niches, C. albicans has successfully evolved to adapt to both commensal and pathogenic lifestyles. The ability of C. albicans to undergo a reversible morphological transition from yeast to filamentous forms is a well-established virulent trait. Over the past few decades, a significant amount of research has been carried out to understand the underlying regulatory mechanisms, signaling pathways, and transcription factors that govern the C. albicans yeast-to-hyphal transition. This review will summarize our current understanding of well-elucidated signal transduction pathways that activate C. albicans hyphal morphogenesis in response to various environmental cues and the cell cycle machinery involved in the subsequent regulation and maintenance of hyphal morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Wai Ling Chow
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore;
| | - Li Mei Pang
- National Dental Centre Singapore, National Dental Research Institute Singapore (NDRIS), 5 Second Hospital Ave, Singapore 168938, Singapore;
| | - Yue Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore;
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Correspondence:
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Yang D, Tu Y, Wang X, Cao C, Hu Y, Shao J, Weng L, Mou X, Dong X. A photo-triggered antifungal nanoplatform with efflux pump and heat shock protein reversal activity for enhanced chemo-photothermal synergistic therapy. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:3293-3299. [PMID: 33861264 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00457c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Drug-resistant pathogens are less sensitive to traditional antibiotics in many stubborn infections. It is imminently desirable to have an effective alternative therapeutic agent for combating drug-resistant pathogen infections. Herein, a photo-triggered multifunctional nanoplatform (TMOB/FLU@PCM NPs) with efflux pump and heat shock protein expression reversal activity is developed for the highly effective eradication of drug-resistant fungi. Upon 808 nm laser excitation, the hyperthermia originating from a BODIPY derivative (TMOB) can not only melt the phase-change material (PCM) vehicle consisting of hexadecanol and cis-2-dodecenoic acid (BDSF) to on-demand release the quorum sensing molecule BDSF and the antifungal drug fluconazole (FLU), but can also destroy the integrity of the C. albicans cell membrane. Thanks to the release of BDSF from TMOB/FLU@PCM NPs, the expression of drug efflux pumps (MDR1, CDR2, CDR4) and thermotolerant proteins (HSP12, HSP21, HSP60, HSP90) is inhibited, which further boosts the therapeutic effect of chemo/photothermal therapy. Moreover, the hyphal and biofilm formation of C. albicans can be blocked by TMOB/FLU@PCM NPs under 808 nm laser irradiation. In vitro and in vivo results indicate that TMOB/FLU@PCM NPs with good biosafety can efficiently eliminate clinical azole-resistant C. albicans. Thus, TMOB/FLU@PCM NPs exhibits a promising future in the treatment of azole-resistant C. albicans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongliang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211800, China.
| | - Yuexing Tu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine (High Dependency Unit, HDU), Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China and Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiaorui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211800, China.
| | - Changyu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211800, China.
| | - Yanling Hu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211800, China.
| | - Jinjun Shao
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211800, China.
| | - Lixing Weng
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xiaozhou Mou
- Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiaochen Dong
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211800, China. and School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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