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Hameed A, Zeeshan M, Binyamin R, Alam MW, Ali S, Zaheer MS, Ali H, Riaz MW, Ali HH, Elshikh MS, Alarjani KM. Molecular characterization of Pectobacterium atrosepticum infecting potato and its management through chemicals. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17518. [PMID: 38952990 PMCID: PMC11216208 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Potato farming is a vital component of food security and the economic stability especially in the under developing countries but it faces many challenges in production, blackleg disease caused by Pectobacterium atrosepticum (Pa) is one of the main reason for damaging crop yield of the potato. Effective management strategies are essential to control these losses and to get sustainable potato crop yield. This study was focused on characterizing the Pa and the investigating new chemical options for its management. The research was involved a systematic survey across the three district of Punjab, Pakistan (Khanewal, Okara, and Multan) to collect samples exhibiting the black leg symptoms. These samples were analyzed in the laboratory where gram-negative bacteria were isolated and identified through biochemical and pathogenicity tests for Pa. DNA sequencing further confirmed these isolates of Pa strains. Six different chemicals were tested to control blackleg problem in both vitro and vivo at different concentrations. In vitro experiment, Cordate demonstrated the highest efficacy with a maximum inhibition zones of 17.139 mm, followed by Air One (13.778 mm), Profiler (10.167 mm), Blue Copper (7.7778 mm), Spot Fix (7.6689 mm), and Strider (7.0667 mm). In vivo, Cordate maintained its effectiveness with the lowest disease incidence of 14.76%, followed by Blue Copper (17.49%), Air One (16.98%), Spot Fix (20.67%), Profiler (21.45%), Strider (24.99%), and the control group (43.00%). The results highlight Cordate's potential as a most effective chemical against Pa, offering promising role for managing blackleg disease in potato and to improve overall productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhtar Hameed
- Institute of Plant Protection, MNS-University of Agriculture Multan, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zeeshan
- Institute of Plant Protection, MNS-University of Agriculture Multan, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Rana Binyamin
- Institute of Plant Protection, MNS-University of Agriculture Multan, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | | | - Subhan Ali
- Institute of Plant Protection, MNS-University of Agriculture Multan, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saqlain Zaheer
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | - Habib Ali
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waheed Riaz
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat Breeding, Group of Wheat Quality and Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong, China
| | - Hafiz Haider Ali
- Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- Department of Agriculture, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mohamed Soliman Elshikh
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaloud Mohammed Alarjani
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Zhu T, Wu X, Ma L, Zeng Y, Lian J, Liu J, Chen X, Zhong L, Chang J, Hui G. Rapid Mold Detection in Chinese Herbal Medicine Using Enhanced Deep Learning Technology. J Med Food 2024. [PMID: 38919153 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2024.k.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Mold contamination poses a significant challenge in the processing and storage of Chinese herbal medicines (CHM), leading to quality degradation and reduced efficacy. To address this issue, we propose a rapid and accurate detection method for molds in CHM, with a specific focus on Atractylodes macrocephala, using electronic nose (e-nose) technology. The proposed method introduces an eccentric temporal convolutional network (ETCN) model, which effectively captures temporal and spatial information from the e-nose data, enabling efficient and precise mold detection in CHM. In our approach, we employ the stochastic resonance (SR) technique to eliminate noise from the raw e-nose data. By comprehensively analyzing data from eight sensors, the SR-enhanced ETCN (SR-ETCN) method achieves an impressive accuracy of 94.3%, outperforming seven other comparative models that use only the response time of 7.0 seconds before the rise phase. The experimental results showcase the ETCN model's accuracy and efficiency, providing a reliable solution for mold detection in Chinese herbal medicine. This study contributes significantly to expediting the assessment of herbal medicine quality, thereby helping to ensure the safety and efficacy of traditional medicinal practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhu
- School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Key Laboratory of Forest Sensing Technology and Intelligent Equipment of Department of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Forestry Intelligent Monitoring and Information Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xincan Wu
- School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Key Laboratory of Forest Sensing Technology and Intelligent Equipment of Department of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Forestry Intelligent Monitoring and Information Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling Ma
- School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Key Laboratory of Forest Sensing Technology and Intelligent Equipment of Department of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Forestry Intelligent Monitoring and Information Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yadian Zeng
- School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Key Laboratory of Forest Sensing Technology and Intelligent Equipment of Department of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Forestry Intelligent Monitoring and Information Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junbo Lian
- School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Key Laboratory of Forest Sensing Technology and Intelligent Equipment of Department of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Forestry Intelligent Monitoring and Information Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiapeng Liu
- School of Opto-Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinnan Chen
- School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhong
- School of Humanities and Law, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingnan Chang
- School of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guohua Hui
- School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Key Laboratory of Forest Sensing Technology and Intelligent Equipment of Department of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Forestry Intelligent Monitoring and Information Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
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Maciag T, Kozieł E, Otulak-Kozieł K, Jafra S, Czajkowski R. Looking for Resistance to Soft Rot Disease of Potatoes Facing Environmental Hypoxia. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3757. [PMID: 38612570 PMCID: PMC11011919 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Plants are exposed to various stressors, including pathogens, requiring specific environmental conditions to provoke/induce plant disease. This phenomenon is called the "disease triangle" and is directly connected with a particular plant-pathogen interaction. Only a virulent pathogen interacting with a susceptible plant cultivar will lead to disease under specific environmental conditions. This may seem difficult to accomplish, but soft rot Pectobacteriaceae (SRPs) is a group virulent of pathogenic bacteria with a broad host range. Additionally, waterlogging (and, resulting from it, hypoxia), which is becoming a frequent problem in farming, is a favoring condition for this group of pathogens. Waterlogging by itself is an important source of abiotic stress for plants due to lowered gas exchange. Therefore, plants have evolved an ethylene-based system for hypoxia sensing. Plant response is coordinated by hormonal changes which induce metabolic and physiological adjustment to the environmental conditions. Wetland species such as rice (Oryza sativa L.), and bittersweet nightshade (Solanum dulcamara L.) have developed adaptations enabling them to withstand prolonged periods of decreased oxygen availability. On the other hand, potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), although able to sense and response to hypoxia, is sensitive to this environmental stress. This situation is exploited by SRPs which in response to hypoxia induce the production of virulence factors with the use of cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP). Potato tubers in turn reduce their defenses to preserve energy to prevent the negative effects of reactive oxygen species and acidification, making them prone to soft rot disease. To reduce the losses caused by the soft rot disease we need sensitive and reliable methods for the detection of the pathogens, to isolate infected plant material. However, due to the high prevalence of SRPs in the environment, we also need to create new potato varieties more resistant to the disease. To reach that goal, we can look to wild potatoes and other Solanum species for mechanisms of resistance to waterlogging. Potato resistance can also be aided by beneficial microorganisms which can induce the plant's natural defenses to bacterial infections but also waterlogging. However, most of the known plant-beneficial microorganisms suffer from hypoxia and can be outcompeted by plant pathogens. Therefore, it is important to look for microorganisms that can withstand hypoxia or alleviate its effects on the plant, e.g., by improving soil structure. Therefore, this review aims to present crucial elements of potato response to hypoxia and SRP infection and future outlooks for the prevention of soft rot disease considering the influence of environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Maciag
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Edmund Kozieł
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Otulak-Kozieł
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Sylwia Jafra
- Laboratory of Plant Microbiology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG and MUG, University of Gdansk, Antoniego Abrahama Street 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Robert Czajkowski
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG and MUG, University of Gdansk, Antoniego Abrahama Street 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland;
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Mamaeva A, Lyapina I, Knyazev A, Golub N, Mollaev T, Chudinova E, Elansky S, Babenko VV, Veselovsky VA, Klimina KM, Gribova T, Kharlampieva D, Lazarev V, Fesenko I. RALF peptides modulate immune response in the moss Physcomitrium patens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1077301. [PMID: 36818838 PMCID: PMC9933782 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1077301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND RAPID ALKALINIZATION FACTOR (RALFs) are cysteine-rich peptides that regulate multiple physiological processes in plants. This peptide family has considerably expanded during land plant evolution, but the role of ancient RALFs in modulating stress responses is unknown.Results: Here, we used the moss Physcomitrium patens as a model to gain insight into the role of RALF peptides in the coordination of plant growth and stress response in non-vascular plants. The quantitative proteomic analysis revealed concerted downregulation of M6 metalloprotease and some membrane proteins, including those involved in stress response, in PpRALF1, 2 and 3 knockout (KO) lines. The subsequent analysis revealed the role of PpRALF3 in growth regulation under abiotic and biotic stress conditions, implying the importance of RALFs in responding to various adverse conditions in bryophytes. We found that knockout of the PpRALF2 and PpRALF3 genes resulted in increased resistance to bacterial and fungal phytopathogens, Pectobacterium carotovorum and Fusarium solani, suggesting the role of these peptides in negative regulation of the immune response in P. patens. Comparing the transcriptomes of PpRALF3 KO and wild-type plants infected by F. solani showed that the regulation of genes in the phenylpropanoid pathway and those involved in cell wall modification and biogenesis was different in these two genotypes. CONCLUSION Thus, our study sheds light on the function of the previously uncharacterized PpRALF3 peptide and gives a clue to the ancestral functions of RALF peptides in plant stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mamaeva
- Laboratory of System Analysis of Proteins and Peptides, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Lyapina
- Laboratory of System Analysis of Proteins and Peptides, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Knyazev
- Laboratory of System Analysis of Proteins and Peptides, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nina Golub
- Laboratory of System Analysis of Proteins and Peptides, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Timur Mollaev
- Agrarian and Technological Institute, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Chudinova
- Agrarian and Technological Institute, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Elansky
- Agrarian and Technological Institute, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladislav V. Babenko
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir A. Veselovsky
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ksenia M. Klimina
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana Gribova
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria Kharlampieva
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vassili Lazarev
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Dolgoprudny, Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor Fesenko
- Laboratory of System Analysis of Proteins and Peptides, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Patel R, Mitra B, Vinchurkar M, Adami A, Patkar R, Giacomozzi F, Lorenzelli L, Baghini MS. Plant pathogenicity and associated/related detection systems. A review. Talanta 2023; 251:123808. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Suárez MB, Diego M, Feria FJ, Martín-Robles MJ, Moreno S, Palomo JL. New PCR-Based Assay for the Identification of Pectobacterium carotovorum Causing Potato Soft Rot. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:676-684. [PMID: 34569833 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-21-1676-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Soft rot on potato tuber is a destructive disease caused by pathogenic bacterial species of the genera Pectobacterium and Dickeya. Accurate identification of the causal agent is necessary to ensure adequate disease management because different species may have distinct levels of aggressiveness and host range. One of the most important potato pathogens is Pectobacterium carotovorum, a highly heterogeneous species capable of infecting multiple hosts. The complexity of this species, until recently divided into several subspecies, has made it difficult to develop precise diagnostic tests. This study proposes a PCR assay based on the new pair of primers Pcar1F/R to facilitate the identification of potato isolates of P. carotovorum according to the most recent taxonomic description of this species. The new primers were designed on a variable segment of the 16S rRNA gene and the intergenic spacer region of available DNA sequences from classical and recently established species in the genus Pectobacterium. The results of the PCR analysis of genomic DNA from 32 Pectobacterium and Dickeya strains confirmed that the Pcar1F/R primers have sufficient nucleotide differences to discriminate between P. carotovorum and other Pectobacterium species associated with damage to potato crops, with the exception of Pectobacterium versatile, which improves the specificity of the currently available primers. The proposed assay was originally developed as a conventional PCR but was later adapted to the real-time PCR format for application in combination with the existing real-time PCR test for the potato-specific pathogen Pectobacterium parmentieri. This should be useful for the routine diagnosis of potato soft rot.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Belén Suárez
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Universidad de Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de, Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Marta Diego
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Universidad de Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Centro Regional de Diagnóstico (CRD), Junta de Castilla y León, 37340 Aldearrubia, Spain
| | - Francisco J Feria
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Universidad de Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Centro Regional de Diagnóstico (CRD), Junta de Castilla y León, 37340 Aldearrubia, Spain
| | - Manuel J Martín-Robles
- Centro Regional de Diagnóstico (CRD), Junta de Castilla y León, 37340 Aldearrubia, Spain
| | - Sergio Moreno
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Universidad de Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Palomo
- Centro Regional de Diagnóstico (CRD), Junta de Castilla y León, 37340 Aldearrubia, Spain
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Arizala D, Dobhal S, Babler B, Crockford AB, Rioux RA, Alvarez AM, Arif M. Development of a multiplex TaqMan qPCR targeting unique genomic regions for the specific and sensitive detection of Pectobacterium species and P. parmentieri. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:3089-3110. [PMID: 35026058 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM The newly defined species P. parmentieri has emerged as an aggressive pathogen that causes soft rot and blackleg diseases on potato and has been widely disseminated across the globe, jeopardizing the productivity and potato food safety. The implementation of a fast and accurate detection tool is imperative to control, monitor and prevent further spread of these pathogens. The objective of this work was to develop a specific and sensitive multiplex TaqMan qPCR to detect P. parmentieri and distinguish it from all known Pectobacterium species. A universal internal control (UIC) was included to enhance the reliability of the assay. METHODS AND RESULTS A comparative genomics approach was used to identify O-acetyltransferase and the XRE family transcriptional regulator as specific targets for primers/probe design for the detection of the Pectobacterium genus and P. parmentieri, respectively. Specificity was assessed with 35 and 25 strains included inclusivity and exclusivity panels, respectively, isolated from different geographic locations and sources. The assay specifically detected all 35 strains of Pectobacterium sp. and all 15 P. parmentieri strains. No cross-reactivity was detected during assay validation. Our assay detected up to 10 fg genomic DNA and 1 CFU ml-1 bacterial culture. No change in the detection threshold (1 CFU ml-1 ) was observed in spiked assays after adding host tissue to the reactions. The assay was validated with naturally and artificially infected host tissues and soil rhizosphere samples. All infected plant samples containing the target pathogens were accurately amplified. CONCLUSION The presented multiplex TaqMan qPCR diagnostic assay is highly specific, sensitive, reliable for the detection of Pectobacterium species and P. parmentieri with no false positives or false negatives. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT The developed assay can be adopted for multiple purposes such as seed certification programs, surveillance, biosecurity, microbial forensics, quarantine, border protection, inspections, and epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Arizala
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu
| | - Shefali Dobhal
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu
| | - Brooke Babler
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | | | - Renee A Rioux
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Anne M Alvarez
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu
| | - Mohammad Arif
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu
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Chen C, Li X, Bo Z, Du W, Fu L, Tian Y, Cui S, Shi Y, Xie H. Occurrence, Characteristics, and PCR-Based Detection of Pectobacterium polaris Causing Soft Rot of Chinese Cabbage in China. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:2880-2887. [PMID: 33834854 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-20-2752-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial soft rot is an important disease of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) in China and many other countries. Four pectinolytic bacterial strains (WBC1, WBC6, WBC9, and WBC11) were isolated from soft-rotted Chinese cabbage in Beijing, China. Based on 16S rDNA and pmrA gene sequence analyses, multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA), and genomic average nucleotide identity (ANI) analysis, these four strains were identified as Pectobacterium polaris. This species, previously reported from potato in countries not including China, is a new soft rot pathogen of Chinese cabbage in China. Biochemical characteristics of these P. polaris strains tested by Biolog were mostly consistent with those of P. polaris NIBIO1006T. Their pathogenicity on Chinese cabbage is temperature dependent, with all four strains as well as the type strain exhibiting high pathogenicity at 23°C and 28°C. These four strains infected Lactuca sativa, Daucus carota, Solanum tuberosum, and Capsicum annuum by artificial inoculation. Specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative PCR (qPCR) primers for P. polaris were developed on the basis of its specific gene sequences (determined by genome comparison methods). Both PCR and qPCR detected not only genomic DNA of P. polaris but also the pathogen from diseased plant tissues even before external symptoms appeared. Their detection sensitivities were as low as 1 pg and 100 pg genomic DNA of P. polaris, respectively. To our knowledge, this study is the first to both report the emergence of P. polaris on Chinese cabbage in China and provide rapid and accurate PCR/qPCR-based detection systems specific for P. polaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlong Chen
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Zijing Bo
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing 100097, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Yantai, Shandong 264005, China
| | - Wenxiao Du
- School of Life Sciences, University of Yantai, Shandong 264005, China
| | - Lu Fu
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Shuang Cui
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yanxia Shi
- School Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hua Xie
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing 100097, China
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