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Gong S, Liang J, Li G, Xu L, Tan Y, Zheng X, Jin X, Yu K, Xia X. Linking coral fluorescence phenotypes to thermal bleaching in the reef-building Galaxea fascicularis from the northern South China Sea. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 6:155-167. [PMID: 38433965 PMCID: PMC10902222 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-023-00190-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Coral fluorescence phenotypes have been suggested as an adaptation to a broad range of environmental conditions, yet the mechanisms linking thermal bleaching tolerance in reef-building coral populations, associated with fluorescence phenotypes due to GFP-like proteins, remains unclear. In this study, the relationship between the thermal sensitivity and phenotypic plasticity of corals was investigated using two phenotypes of Galaxea fascicularis, green and brown. The results reveal that brown G. fascicularis was more susceptible to bleaching than green G. fascicularis when exposed to a higher growth temperature of 32 °C. Both phenotypes of G. fascicularis were associated with the thermotolerant Symbiodiniaceae symbiont, Durusdinium trenchii. However, the brown G. fascicularis showed a significant decrease in Symbiodiniaceae cell density and a significant increase in pathogenic bacteria abundance when the growth temperature was raised from 29 to 32 °C. The physiological traits and transcriptomic profiles of Symbiodiniaceae were not notably affected, but there were differences in the transcriptional levels of certain genes between the two phenotype hosts of G. fascicularis. Under heat stress of 32 °C, the gene encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP)-like and chromosome-associated proteins, as well as genes related to oxidative phosphorylation, cell growth and death showed lower transcriptional levels in the brown G. fascicularis compared to the green G. fascicularis. Overall, the results demonstrate that the green form of G. fascicularis is better able to tolerate ocean warming and defend against pathogenic bacteria, likely due to higher gene transcription levels and defense ability. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-023-00190-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanqiang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510301 China
| | - Jiayuan Liang
- Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning, 53004 China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510301 China
| | - Lijia Xu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Ministry of Ecology and Environment of PRC, Guangzhou, 510530 China
| | - Yehui Tan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510301 China
| | - Xinqing Zheng
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005 China
| | - Xuejie Jin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 China
| | - Kefu Yu
- Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning, 53004 China
| | - Xiaomin Xia
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301 China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510301 China
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Gong S, Liang J, Jin X, Xu L, Zhao M, Yu K. Unfolding the secrets of microbiome (Symbiodiniaceae and bacteria) in cold-water coral. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0131523. [PMID: 37729536 PMCID: PMC10580923 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01315-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent deep-ocean exploration has uncovered a variety of cold-water coral (CWC) ecosystems around the world ocean, but it remains unclear how microbiome is associated with these corals at a molecular levels. This study utilized metabarcoding, tissue section observation, and metatranscriptomes to investigate the microbiome (Symbiodiniaceae and bacteria) of CWC species (Narella versluysi, Heterogorgia uatumani, and Muriceides sp.) from depths ranging from 260 m to 370 m. Warm-water coral (WWC) species (Acropora pruinosa, Pocillopora damicornis, and Galaxea fascicularis) were used as control groups. Results revealed that CWC host diverse bacteria and Symbiodiniaceae cells were observed in endoderm of CWC tissues. Several new candidate bacterial phyla were found in both CWC and WWC, including Coralsanbacteria, Coralqiangbacteria, Coralgsqaceae, Coralgongineae, etc. Both the 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metatranscriptomes revealed that Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria were abundant bacterial phyla in CWC. At the gene transcription level, the CWC-associated Symbiodiniaceae community showed a low-level transcription of genes involved in photosynthesis, CO2 fixation, glycolysis, citric acid cycle, while bacteria associated with CWC exhibited a high-level transcription of genes for carbon fixation via the Wood-Lijungdahl pathway, short chain fatty acids production, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles. IMPORTANCE This study shed new light on the functions of both Symbiodiniaceae and bacteria in cold-water coral (CWC). The results demonstrated that Symbiodiniaceae can survive and actively transcribe genes in CWC, suggesting a possible symbiotic or parasitic relationship with the host. This study also revealed complete non-photosynthetic CO2 fixation pathway of bacteria in CWC, as well as their roles in short chain fatty acids production and assimilation of host-derived organic nitrogen and sulfur. These findings highlight the important role of bacteria in the carbon, nitrogen sulfur cycles in CWC, which were possibly crucial for CWC survival in in deep-water environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanqiang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiayuan Liang
- Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xujie Jin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijia Xu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Ministry of Ecology and Environment of PRC, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meixia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kefu Yu
- Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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Krishnaswamy VG, Mani K, Senthil Kumar P, Rangasamy G, Sridharan R, Rethnaraj C, Amirtha Ganesh SS, Kalidas S, Palanisamy V, Chellama NJ, Chowdula S, Parthasarathy V, Rajendran S. Prevalence of differential microbiome in healthy, diseased and nipped colonies of corals, Porites lutea in the Gulf of Kachchh, north-west coast of India. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114622. [PMID: 36279912 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Coral reefs are constantly subjected to multiple stresses like diseases and fish predation, which can profoundly influence the coral microbiome. This study investigated the differences in bacterial community structure of healthy, white syndrome affected and blenny nipped coral colonies of Porites lutea, collected from the coral reefs of Gulf of Kachchh, north-west coast of India. Present study observed that the stressed coral colonies harbored more OTUs and contained higher diversity values compared to healthy corals colonies. Similarly, beta diversity analysis indicated the dissimilarities among the three coral samples analyzed. Though the taxonomy analysis indicated bacterial phyla like Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria among the entire coral samples studied, there was a variation in their relative abundances. Huge variations were observed in the relative dominance at the bacterial genera level. About 13phyla and 11 genera was identified in healthy coral. The PBN sample was found to contain Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, and Lentisphaerae as dominant phyla and Endozoicomonas, Dyella, Woeseia, and Winogradskyella as dominant genera. The PWS sample contained Proteobacteria, Lentisphaerae, Spirochaetes, and Tenericutes as dominant phyla and Endozoicomonas, Arcobacter, Sunxiuqinia, and Carboxylicivirgia as dominant genera. Among the healthy samples, sequences belonging to Uncultured Rhodospirillaceae were dominant, while Woeseia and sequences belonging to Uncultured Rhodovibrionaceae were dominant among the blenny nipped white syndrome infected corals. Although any previously established pathogen was not identified, present study revealed the presence of a potentially pathogenic bacterium, Arcobacter, among the diseased corals. It also demonstrated a dynamic microbiome among the Porites lutea colonies on subjecting to various stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veena Gayathri Krishnaswamy
- Department of Biotechnology, Stella Maris College (Autonomous), Affiliated to University of Madras, Chennai, 600 086, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Kabilan Mani
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, 641 004, India.
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, 603 110, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, 140413, India; School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon.
| | - Gayathri Rangasamy
- Department of Sustainable Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - Rajalakshmi Sridharan
- Department of Biotechnology, Stella Maris College (Autonomous), Affiliated to University of Madras, Chennai, 600 086, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Sai Sruthi Amirtha Ganesh
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, 641 004, India
| | - Suryasri Kalidas
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, 641 004, India
| | - Vignesh Palanisamy
- Department of Biotechnology, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, 641 004, India
| | - Nisha Jayasingh Chellama
- Marine Biology Regional Station - Zoological Survey of India, #130 Santhome High Road, Chennai, 600028, India
| | - Satyanarayana Chowdula
- Marine Biology Regional Station - Zoological Survey of India, #130 Santhome High Road, Chennai, 600028, India
| | - V Parthasarathy
- Department of Physics, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science (Deemed to be University), Padur, 603103, Chennai, India
| | - Saravanan Rajendran
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tarapaca, 1775, Arica, Chile
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Pei Y, Chen S, Diao X, Wang X, Zhou H, Li Y, Li Z. Deciphering the disturbance mechanism of BaP on the symbiosis of Montipora digitata via 4D-Proteomics approach. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 312:137223. [PMID: 36372339 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The coral holobiont is mainly composed of coral polyps, zooxanthellae, and coral symbiotic microorganisms, which form the basis of coral reef ecosystems. In recent years, the severe degradation of coral reefs caused by climate warming and environmental pollution has aroused widespread concern. Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is a widely distributed pollutant in the environment. However, the underlying mechanisms of coral symbiosis destruction due to the stress of BaP are not well understood. In this study, diaPASEF proteomics and 16S rRNA amplicon pyrosequencing technology were used to reveal the effects of 50 μg/L BaP on Montipora digitate. Data analysis was performed from the perspective of the main symbionts of M. digitata (coral polyps, zooxanthellae, and coral symbiotic microorganisms). The results showed that BaP impaired cellular antioxidant capacity by disrupting the GSH/GSSG cycle, and sustained stress causes severe impairment of energy metabolism and protein degradation in coral polyps. In zooxanthellae, BaP downregulated the protein expression of SOD2 and mtHSP70, which then resulted in oxidative free radical accumulation and apoptosis. For coral symbiotic microorganisms, BaP altered the community structure of microorganisms and decreased immunity. Coral symbiotic microorganisms adapted to the stress of BaP by adjusting energy metabolism and enhancing extracellular electron transfer. BaP adversely affected the three main symbionts of M. digitata via different mechanisms. Decreased antioxidant capacity is a common cause of damages to coral polyps and zooxanthellae, whereas coral symbiotic microorganisms are able to appropriately adapt to oxidative stress. This study assessed the effects of BaP on corals from a symbiotic perspective, which is more comprehensive and reliable. At the same time, data from the study supports new directions for coral research and coral reef protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuebin Pei
- School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; State Key Laboratory of South China Sea Marine Resource Utilisation, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; State Key Laboratory of South China Sea Marine Resource Utilisation, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
| | - Xiaoping Diao
- State Key Laboratory of South China Sea Marine Resource Utilisation, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
| | - Hailong Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; State Key Laboratory of South China Sea Marine Resource Utilisation, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China.
| | - Yuanchao Li
- Hainan Academy of Ocean and Fisheries Sciences, Haikou, 571126, China
| | - Zhiyong Li
- School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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Morrow KM, Pankey MS, Lesser MP. Community structure of coral microbiomes is dependent on host morphology. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:113. [PMID: 35902906 PMCID: PMC9331152 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01308-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of symbiosis has long been recognized on coral reefs, where the photosynthetic dinoflagellates of corals (Symbiodiniaceae) are the primary symbiont. Numerous studies have now shown that a diverse assemblage of prokaryotes also make-up part of the microbiome of corals. A subset of these prokaryotes is capable of fixing nitrogen, known as diazotrophs, and is also present in the microbiome of scleractinian corals where they have been shown to supplement the holobiont nitrogen budget. Here, an analysis of the microbiomes of 16 coral species collected from Australia, Curaçao, and Hawai'i using three different marker genes (16S rRNA, nifH, and ITS2) is presented. These data were used to examine the effects of biogeography, coral traits, and ecological life history characteristics on the composition and diversity of the microbiome in corals and their diazotrophic communities. RESULTS The prokaryotic microbiome community composition (i.e., beta diversity) based on the 16S rRNA gene varied between sites and ecological life history characteristics, but coral morphology was the most significant factor affecting the microbiome of the corals studied. For 15 of the corals studied, only two species Pocillopora acuta and Seriotopora hystrix, both brooders, showed a weak relationship between the 16S rRNA gene community structure and the diazotrophic members of the microbiome using the nifH marker gene, suggesting that many corals support a microbiome with diazotrophic capabilities. The order Rhizobiales, a taxon that contains primarily diazotrophs, are common members of the coral microbiome and were eight times greater in relative abundances in Hawai'i compared to corals from either Curacao or Australia. However, for the diazotrophic component of the coral microbiome, only host species significantly influenced the composition and diversity of the community. CONCLUSIONS The roles and interactions between members of the coral holobiont are still not well understood, especially critical functions provided by the coral microbiome (e.g., nitrogen fixation), and the variation of these functions across species. The findings presented here show the significant effect of morphology, a coral "super trait," on the overall community structure of the microbiome in corals and that there is a strong association of the diazotrophic community within the microbiome of corals. However, the underlying coral traits linking the effects of host species on diazotrophic communities remain unknown. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Morrow
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
- Present address: Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, 6560 Braddock Rd, Alexandria, VA, 22312, USA
| | - M Sabrina Pankey
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Michael P Lesser
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA.
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Moniz K, Walker VK, Shah V. Antibiotic resistance in mucosal bacteria from high Arctic migratory salmonids. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2022; 14:385-390. [PMID: 34109745 PMCID: PMC9292178 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Two related salmonids, Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) and lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) sampled from the high Arctic region of Nunavut, Canada are anadromous fish, migrating annually from the same ice-covered freshwater waterbodies to spend summers in the marine waters of the Arctic Ocean. Microbiota associated with the skin-associated mucus undergo community change coincident with migration, and irrespective of this turnover, antibiotic resistance was detected in mixed bacterial cultures initiated with mucus samples. Although as expected most bacteria were unculturable, however, 5/7 isolates showed susceptibility to a panel of five common antibiotics. The fish were sampled under severe conditions and at remote locations far from human habitation. Regardless, two isolates, 'Carnobacterium maltaromaticum sm-2' and 'Arthrobacter citreus sm', showed multi-resistance to two or more antibiotics including ampicillin and streptomycin indicating multiple resistance genes. It is unknown if these fish bacteria have 'natural' resistance phenotypes or if resistance has been acquired. As result of these observations, we urge long-term monitoring of drug-resistant bacteria in the region and caution the assumption of a lack of drug-resistant organisms even in such extreme environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy Moniz
- Department of Biology and School of Environmental StudiesQueen's UniversityKingstonOntarioK7L 3N6Canada
| | - Virginia K. Walker
- Department of Biology and School of Environmental StudiesQueen's UniversityKingstonOntarioK7L 3N6Canada
| | - Vishal Shah
- College of the Sciences and MathematicsWest Chester UniversityWest ChesterPennsylvaniaUSA
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Liang J, Luo W, Yu K, Xu Y, Chen J, Deng C, Ge R, Su H, Huang W, Wang G. Multi-Omics Revealing the Response Patterns of Symbiotic Microorganisms and Host Metabolism in Scleractinian Coral Pavona minuta to Temperature Stresses. Metabolites 2021; 12:metabo12010018. [PMID: 35050140 PMCID: PMC8780272 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Global climate change has resulted in large-scale coral reef decline worldwide, for which the ocean warming has paid more attention. Coral is a typical mutually beneficial symbiotic organism with diverse symbiotic microorganisms, which maintain the stability of physiological functions. This study compared the responses of symbiotic microorganisms and host metabolism in a common coral species, Pavona minuta, under indoor simulated thermal and cold temperatures. The results showed that abnormal temperature stresses had unfavorable impact on the phenotypes of corals, resulting in bleaching and color change. The compositions of symbiotic bacteria and dinoflagellate communities only presented tiny changes under temperature stresses. However, some rare symbiotic members have been showed to be significantly influenced by water temperatures. Finally, by using ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS) method, we found that different temperature stresses had very different impacts on the metabolism of coral holobiont. The thermal and cold stresses induced the decrease of anti-oxidation metabolites, several monogalactosyldiacylglycerols (MGDGs), and the increase of lipotoxic metabolite, 10-oxo-nonadecanoic acid, in the coral holobiont, respectively. Our study indicated the response patterns of symbiotic microorganisms and host metabolism in coral to the thermal and cold stresses, providing theoretical data for the adaptation and evolution of coral to a different climate in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayuan Liang
- Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (J.L.); (H.S.); (W.H.); (G.W.)
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Nanning 530004, China
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (W.L.); (Y.X.); (J.C.); (C.D.); (R.G.)
| | - Wenwen Luo
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (W.L.); (Y.X.); (J.C.); (C.D.); (R.G.)
| | - Kefu Yu
- Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (J.L.); (H.S.); (W.H.); (G.W.)
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Nanning 530004, China
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (W.L.); (Y.X.); (J.C.); (C.D.); (R.G.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai 519080, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-771-3231358
| | - Yongqian Xu
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (W.L.); (Y.X.); (J.C.); (C.D.); (R.G.)
| | - Jinni Chen
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (W.L.); (Y.X.); (J.C.); (C.D.); (R.G.)
| | - Chuanqi Deng
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (W.L.); (Y.X.); (J.C.); (C.D.); (R.G.)
| | - Ruiqi Ge
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (W.L.); (Y.X.); (J.C.); (C.D.); (R.G.)
| | - Hongfei Su
- Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (J.L.); (H.S.); (W.H.); (G.W.)
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Nanning 530004, China
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (W.L.); (Y.X.); (J.C.); (C.D.); (R.G.)
| | - Wen Huang
- Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (J.L.); (H.S.); (W.H.); (G.W.)
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Nanning 530004, China
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (W.L.); (Y.X.); (J.C.); (C.D.); (R.G.)
| | - Guanghua Wang
- Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (J.L.); (H.S.); (W.H.); (G.W.)
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Nanning 530004, China
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (W.L.); (Y.X.); (J.C.); (C.D.); (R.G.)
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