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Jiao J, Zeng D, Wu Y, Li C, Mo T. Programmable and ultra-efficient Argonaute protein-mediated nucleic acid tests: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:134755. [PMID: 39147338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
With the attributes of high sensitivity, single-base resolution, multiplex detection capability, and programmability upon nucleic acid recognition, Argonaute (Ago)-based biosensing assays are increasingly recognized as one of the most promising tools for precise identification and quantification of target analytes. Employed as highly specific sequence recognition elements of these robust diagnostic methods, Agos are revolutionizing how nucleic acid targets are detected. A systematic and comprehensive summary of this emerging and rapid-advancing technology is necessary to give play to the potential of Ago-based biosensing assays. The structure and function of Agos were briefly overviewed at the beginning of the work, followed by a review of the recent advancements in employing Agos sensing for detecting various targets with a comprehensive analysis such as viruses, tumor biomarkers, pathogens, mycoplasma, and parasite. The significance and benefits of these platforms were then deliberated. In addition, the authors shared subjective viewpoints on the existing challenges and offered relevant guidance for the future progress of Agos assays. Finally, the future research outlook regarding Ago-based sensing in this field was also outlined. As such, this review is expected to offer valuable information and fresh perspectives for a broader group of researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Jiao
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Dandan Zeng
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yafang Wu
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Chentao Li
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Tianlu Mo
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
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2
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Yuanlae S, Prasartset T, Reamtong O, Munkongwongsiri N, Panphloi M, Preechakul T, Suebsing R, Thitamadee S, Prachumwat A, Itsathitphaisarn O, Taengchaiyaphum S, Kasamechotchung C. Shrimp injection with dsRNA targeting the microsporidian EHP polar tube protein reduces internal and external parasite amplification. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4830. [PMID: 38413745 PMCID: PMC10899260 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55400-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The microsporidian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is a major threat to shrimp health worldwide. Severe EHP infections in shrimp cause growth retardation and increase susceptibility to opportunistic infections. EHP produces spores with a chitin wall that enables them to survive prolonged environmental exposure. Previous studies showed that polar tube extrusion is a prerequisite for EHP infection, such that inhibiting extrusion should prevent infection. Using a proteomic approach, polar tube protein 2 of EHP (EhPTP2) was found abundantly in protein extracts obtained from extruded spores. Using an immunofluorescent antibody against EhPTP2 for immunohistochemistry, extruded spores were found in the shrimp hepatopancreas (HP) and intestine, but not in the stomach. We hypothesized that presence of EhPTP2 might be required for successful EHP spore extrusion. To test this hypothesis, we injected EhPTP2-specific double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and found that it significantly diminished EHP copy numbers in infected shrimp. This indicated reduced amplification of EHP-infected cells in the HP by spores released from previously infected cells. In addition, injection of the dsRNA into EHP-infected shrimp prior to their use in cohabitation with naïve shrimp significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the rate of EHP transmission to naïve shrimp. The results revealed that EhPTP2 plays a crucial role in the life cycle of EHP and that dsRNA targeting EHP mRNA can effectively reach the parasite developing in host cells. This approach is a model for future investigations to identify critical genes for EHP survival and spread as potential targets for preventative and therapeutic measures in shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satika Yuanlae
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Center for Excellence in Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Tharinthon Prasartset
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Onrapak Reamtong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Natthinee Munkongwongsiri
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Team (AQHT), Integrative Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Yothi Office, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Muthita Panphloi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Thanchanok Preechakul
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phaholyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Rungkarn Suebsing
- Center for Excellence in Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Siripong Thitamadee
- Center for Excellence in Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Analytical Sciences and National Doping Test Institute, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Anuphap Prachumwat
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Team (AQHT), Integrative Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Yothi Office, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Ornchuma Itsathitphaisarn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Center for Excellence in Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Suparat Taengchaiyaphum
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Team (AQHT), Integrative Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Yothi Office, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| | - Chanadda Kasamechotchung
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-ok, Chonburi, 20110, Thailand.
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Dong X, Chen Y, Lou H, Wang G, Zhou C, Wang L, Li X, Luo J, Huang J. Development of a Melting Curve-Based Triple Eva Green Real-Time PCR Assay for Simultaneous Detection of Three Shrimp Pathogens. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:592. [PMID: 38396559 PMCID: PMC10886148 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Infections with Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP), infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV), and Decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1) pose significant challenges to the shrimp industry. Here, a melting curve-based triple real-time PCR assay based on the fluorescent dye Eva Green was established for the simultaneous detection of EHP, IHHNV, and DIV1. The assay showed high specificity, sensitivity, and reproducibility. A total of 190 clinical samples from Shandong, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Guangdong, and Hainan provinces in China were evaluated by the triple Eva Green real-time PCR assay. The positive rates of EHP, IHHNV, and DIV1 were 10.5%, 18.9%, and 44.2%, respectively. The samples were also evaluated by TaqMan qPCR assays for EHP, DIV1, and IHHNV, and the concordance rate was 100%. This illustrated that the newly developed triple Eva Green real-time PCR assay can provide an accurate method for the simultaneous detection of three shrimp pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao 266071, China; (Y.C.); (C.Z.); (X.L.); (J.L.); (J.H.)
- Jiangsu Shufeng Aquatic Seed Industry Co., Ltd., Gaoyou 255654, China
| | - Yujin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao 266071, China; (Y.C.); (C.Z.); (X.L.); (J.L.); (J.H.)
- School of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Haoyu Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao 266071, China; (Y.C.); (C.Z.); (X.L.); (J.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Guohao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao 266071, China; (Y.C.); (C.Z.); (X.L.); (J.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Chengyan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao 266071, China; (Y.C.); (C.Z.); (X.L.); (J.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Liying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao 266071, China; (Y.C.); (C.Z.); (X.L.); (J.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Xuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao 266071, China; (Y.C.); (C.Z.); (X.L.); (J.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Jingfei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao 266071, China; (Y.C.); (C.Z.); (X.L.); (J.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Jie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao 266071, China; (Y.C.); (C.Z.); (X.L.); (J.L.); (J.H.)
- Jiangsu Shufeng Aquatic Seed Industry Co., Ltd., Gaoyou 255654, China
- Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific, Bangkok 10090, Thailand
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Govindasamy T, Bhassu S, Raju CS. Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei Infection in Shrimp: Diagnosis, Interventions, and Food Safety Guidelines. Microorganisms 2023; 12:21. [PMID: 38257848 PMCID: PMC10820212 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of disease in shrimp has governed much concern in food safety and security among consumers with the recent reports on hepatopancreatic microsporidiosis (HPM) caused by Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP). The microsporidians present in shrimp remain a silent pathogen that prevents optimal shrimp growth. However, the biggest threat is in its food safety concerns, which is the primary focus in ensuring food biosecurity and biosafety. Hence, the objective of this review is to summarise the current knowledge of EHP and its infection in shrimp with food safety concerns. This paper provides an analysis of the diagnostic methods for detecting EHP infections in shrimp aquaculture. Interventions with current molecular biology and biotechnology would be the second approach to addressing EHP diseases. Finally, a systematic guideline for shrimp food safety using diagnostic and intervention is proposed. Thus, this review was aimed to shed light on effective methods for the diagnosis and prevention of EHP infection in shrimp. We also include information on molecular and genomics tools as well as innate immune biomolecules as future targets in the intervention strategies on the microsporidsosis life cycle in shrimp and its environment. Overall, this will result in reduced disease outbreaks in shrimp aquaculture, ensuring the shrimp food safety in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thenmoli Govindasamy
- Animal Genetics and Genome Evolutionary Laboratory (AGAGEL), Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Subha Bhassu
- Animal Genetics and Genome Evolutionary Laboratory (AGAGEL), Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Terra Aqua Laboratory, Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), Research Management and Innovation Complex, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Chandramathi Samudi Raju
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
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5
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Chen Y, Lv Q, Liao H, Xie Z, Hong L, Qi L, Pan G, Long M, Zhou Z. The microsporidian polar tube: origin, structure, composition, function, and application. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:305. [PMID: 37649053 PMCID: PMC10468886 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05908-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are a class of obligate intracellular parasitic unicellular eukaryotes that infect a variety of hosts, even including humans. Although different species of microsporidia differ in host range and specificity, they all share a similar infection organelle, the polar tube, which is also defined as the polar filament in mature spores. In response to the appropriate environmental stimulation, the spore germinates with the polar filament everted, forming a hollow polar tube, and then the infectious cargo is transported into host cells via the polar tube. Hence, the polar tube plays a key role in microsporidian infection. Here, we review the origin, structure, composition, function, and application of the microsporidian polar tube, focusing on the origin of the polar filament, the structural differences between the polar filament and polar tube, and the characteristics of polar tube proteins. Comparing the three-dimensional structure of PTP6 homologous proteins provides new insight for the screening of additional novel polar tube proteins with low sequence similarity in microsporidia. In addition, the interaction of the polar tube with the spore wall and the host are summarized to better understand the infection mechanism of microsporidia. Due to the specificity of polar tube proteins, they are also used as the target in the diagnosis and prevention of microsporidiosis. With the present findings, we propose a future study on the polar tube of microsporidia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Qing Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Hongjie Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Zhengkai Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Liuyi Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Lei Qi
- Biomedical Research Center for Structural Analysis, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Mengxian Long
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 400047, China
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Xing Y, Chen Y, Feng C, Bao J, Li X, Jiang H. Establishment and Application of Real-Time Fluorescence Quantitative PCR Detection Technology for Metschnikowia bicuspidata Disease in Eriocheir sinensis. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:791. [PMID: 37623562 PMCID: PMC10455618 DOI: 10.3390/jof9080791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Metschnikowia bicuspidata causes a "milky disease" in Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis, which inflicts significant damage on the breeding industry, but there are no effective drugs for this disease. Precise detection technologies and clarification of transmission routes are now essential to prevent its occurrence. A real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (qPCR) detection method targeting the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIA (COX6A) of M. bicuspidata was developed and its sensitivity, specificity, repeatability, and application effectiveness evaluated. There was a robust linear relationship between the qPCR threshold cycle value (Ct) and copy number of the standard with a wide dynamic range. The standard curve had a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.996, amplification efficiency of 103.092%, and a lower limit of detection sensitivity of 7.6 × 101 copies/µL. The COX6A-qPCR method exhibited high specificity for the detection of M. bicuspidata, with no cross-reactivity. The intra- and inter-group variation coefficients were <1% and 2%, respectively. The qPCR exhibited superior sensitivity compared to existing detection methods, with a positivity rate of 76.67%. The M. bicuspidata content ranged from 1.0 × 101-2.7 × 106 copies/µL. The COX6A-qPCR detection technology exhibited high sensitivity, strong specificity, and excellent repeatability, enabling the accurate quantification of M. bicuspidata.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jie Bao
- Aquaculture Department, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.X.); (Y.C.); (C.F.); (X.L.)
| | | | - Hongbo Jiang
- Aquaculture Department, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.X.); (Y.C.); (C.F.); (X.L.)
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Yang L, Guo B, Wang Y, Zhao C, Zhang X, Wang Y, Tang Y, Shen H, Wang P, Gao S. Pyrococcus furiosus Argonaute Combined with Recombinase Polymerase Amplification for Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:944-951. [PMID: 36548210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is one of the most serious pathogens in shrimp farming. This study combines recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) with the Argonaute from Pyrococcus furiosus (PfAgo) and establishes a sensitive and reliable method for on-site detection of EHP. With careful screening of gDNA and optimization of the reaction, the method shows a good specificity and reaches a sensitivity of single copy per reaction, which is higher than the sensitivity of the currently available molecular assays. The whole procedure can be finished within 1.5 h including the sample processing time and only requires minimum laboratory support, which is user-friendly for on-site environments. This is the first application of PfAgo for the diagnosis of infectious diseases in seafood supply chains. It provides a reliable method for on-site detection of EHP in shrimp farms and establishes a groundwork for multiplex detection of important pathogens in seafood farming using PfAgo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Bo Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Chenjie Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yixin Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Jiangsu Institute of Oceanology and Marine Fisheries, Nantong 226007, China
| | - Pei Wang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Song Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
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Xiao X, Li R, Wu C, Yan Y, Yuan M, Cui B, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Zhang X, Zhang W, Hui R, Wang Y. A genome-wide association study identifies a novel association between SDC3 and apparent treatment-resistant hypertension. BMC Med 2022; 20:463. [PMID: 36447229 PMCID: PMC9710180 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02665-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compared with patients who require fewer antihypertensive agents, those with apparent treatment-resistant hypertension (aTRH) are at increased risk for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, independent of blood pressure control. However, the etiopathogenesis of aTRH is still poorly elucidated. METHODS We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in first cohort including 586 aTRHs and 871 healthy controls. Next, expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis was used to identify genes that are regulated by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) derived from the GWAS. Then, we verified the genes obtained from the eQTL analysis in the validation cohort including 65 aTRHs, 96 hypertensives, and 100 healthy controls through gene expression profiling analysis and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay. RESULTS The GWAS in first cohort revealed four suggestive loci (1p35, 4q13.2-21.1, 5q22-23.2, and 15q11.1-q12) represented by 23 SNPs. The 23 significant SNPs were in or near LAPTM5, SDC3, UGT2A1, FTMT, and NIPA1. eQTL analysis uncovered 14 SNPs in 1p35 locus all had same regulation directions for SDC3 and LAPTM5. The disease susceptible alleles of SNPs in 1p35 locus were associated with lower gene expression for SDC3 and higher gene expression for LAPTM5. The disease susceptible alleles of SNPs in 4q13.2-21.1 were associated with higher gene expression for UGT2B4. GTEx database did not show any statistically significant eQTLs between the SNPs in 5q22-23.2 and 15q11.1-q12 loci and their influenced genes. Then, gene expression profiling analysis in the validation cohort confirmed lower expression of SDC3 in aTRH but no significant differences on LAPTM5 and UGT2B4, when compared with controls and hypertensives, respectively. RT-qPCR assay further verified the lower expression of SDC3 in aTRH. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified a novel association of SDC3 with aTRH, which contributes to the elucidation of its etiopathogenesis and provides a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167 Beilishi Rd, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167 Beilishi Rd, Beijing, China
| | - Cunjin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167 Beilishi Rd, Beijing, China
| | - Yupeng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167 Beilishi Rd, Beijing, China
| | - Mengmeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167 Beilishi Rd, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167 Beilishi Rd, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167 Beilishi Rd, Beijing, China
| | - Channa Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167 Beilishi Rd, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weili Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167 Beilishi Rd, Beijing, China
| | - Rutai Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167 Beilishi Rd, Beijing, China
| | - Yibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167 Beilishi Rd, Beijing, China.
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9
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Chen WF, Fu YW, Zeng ZY, Guo SQ, Yan YL, Tu YF, Gou TG, Zhang QZ. Establishment and application of a TaqMan probe–based qPCR for the detection of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei in shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:2263-2274. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07559-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Moser RJ, Franz L, Firestone SM, Sellars MJ. Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei real-time and Shrimp MultiPathTM PCR assay validation for South-East Asian and Latin American strains of Penaeid shrimp. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2022; 149:11-23. [PMID: 35510817 DOI: 10.3354/dao03655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) infections are a global challenge for the Penaeid shrimp industry with a sharp rise in prevalence over the last 10 yr. EHP is known to cause sub-optimal growth, large size variation and reduced survival of shrimp. Molecular methods development has mainly focussed on 18S rRNA or spore wall protein 1 (SWP1). Due to the specificity and sensitivity issues with previously designed assays for both targets, new molecular assays are needed by the global shrimp industry and regulators to help manage the risks posed by EHP. This paper describes new real-time PCR (qPCR) methods developed for the novel EHP gene targets polar tube protein 2 (PTP2) and spore wall protein 26 (SWP26), whilst also presenting performance metrics of the new Shrimp MultiPathTM technology EHP assay. qPCR assays PTP2G and SWP26G show high amplification efficiency, a limit of detection (LOD) of between 1 and 4 copies, low assay variation and high diagnostic sensitivity (DSe) and specificity (DSp) compared to imperfect reference assays. Similar performance is seen with Shrimp MultiPathTM EHP showing an LOD of 8 copies, low assay variation and high DSe and DSp. These novel molecular targets for EHP and Shrimp MultiPathTM EHP strengthen global efforts to monitor and mitigate risks of EHP infections and outbreaks. Moreover, this study presents novel data on distribution of EHP in shrimp populations from South-East Asia and Latin America, and how sequence variations need to be considered when monitoring EHP in different geographies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Moser
- Genics Pty Ltd., Level 5, Gehrman Building, 60 Research Road, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
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11
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Proteomic Analysis of Spore Surface Proteins and Characteristics of a Novel Spore Wall Protein and Biomarker, EhSWP3, from the Shrimp Microsporidium Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP). Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020367. [PMID: 35208822 PMCID: PMC8874471 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei, a spore-forming and obligate intracellular microsporidium, mainly infects shrimp and results in growth retardation and body length variation, causing huge economic losses to the Asian shrimp aquaculture industry. However, the lack of a full understanding of the surface proteins of spores associated with host infection has hindered the development of technologies for the detection of EHP. In this study, the surface proteins of EHP spores were extracted using the improved SDS method, and 130 proteins were identified via LC-MS/MS analysis. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that these proteins were enriched in biological processes (67), cellular components (62), and molecular functions (71) based on GO terms. KEGG pathway analysis showed that 20 pathways, including the proteasome (eight proteins) and the fatty acid metabolism (15 proteins), were enriched. Among 15 high-abundance surface proteins (HASPs), EhSWP3 was identified as a novel spore wall protein (SWP), and was localized on the endospore of the EHP spores with an indirect immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy assay. Polyclonal antibodies against EhSWP3 showed strong species specificity and high sensitivity to the hepatopancreas of EHP-infected shrimp. As a specific high-abundance protein, EhSWP3 is therefore a promising target for the development of immunoassay tools for EHP detection, and may play a crucial role in the invasion of EHP into the host.
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12
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Chen Z, Zhao K, He Z, Luo X, Qin Z, Tan Y, Zheng X, Wu Z, Deng Y, Chen H, Guo Y, Li S. Development and evaluation of a thermostatic nucleic acid testing device based on magnesium pyrophosphate precipitation for detecting Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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Han B, Takvorian PM, Weiss LM. The Function and Structure of the Microsporidia Polar Tube. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2022; 114:179-213. [PMID: 35544004 PMCID: PMC10037675 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-93306-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Microsporidia are obligate intracellular pathogens that were initially identified about 160 years ago. Current phylogenetic analysis suggests that they are grouped with Cryptomycota as a basal branch or sister group to the fungi. Microsporidia are found worldwide and can infect a wide range of animals from invertebrates to vertebrates, including humans. They are responsible for a variety of diseases once thought to be restricted to immunocompromised patients but also occur in immunocompetent individuals. The small oval spore containing a coiled polar filament, which is part of the extrusion and invasion apparatus that transfers the infective sporoplasm to a new host, is a defining characteristic of all microsporidia. When the spore becomes activated, the polar filament uncoils and undergoes a rapid transition into a hollow tube that will transport the sporoplasm into a new cell. The polar tube has the ability to increase its diameter from approximately 100 nm to over 600 nm to accommodate the passage of an intact sporoplasm and penetrate the plasmalemma of the new host cell. During this process, various polar tube proteins appear to be involved in polar tube attachment to host cell and can interact with host proteins. These various interactions act to promote host cell infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Han
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Peter M Takvorian
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Louis M Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA.
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14
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Zhou H, Zhao W, Zheng Z, Aweya JJ, Zhang Y, Zhu J, Zhao Y, Chen X, Yao D. The Notch receptor-ligand Delta is involved in the immune response of Penaeus vannamei. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 125:104147. [PMID: 34111502 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the Notch signaling pathway in vertebrates and invertebrates, the ligand Delta plays crucial roles in cell proliferation, differentiation, and immunity. Although the Notch signaling pathway has recently been implicated in the immune defense of Penaeus vannamei, the association of Delta with this immune response remains unclear. Here, we cloned and characterized the Delta homolog in P. vannamei (designated as PvDelta). PvDelta has a 2493 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a putative protein of 830 amino acids. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that PvDelta contains an N-terminal signal peptide, a conserved Notch ligand (MNNL) domain, a Delta/Serrate/Lag-2 segment, 9 epidermal growth factors segments, a transmembrane domain, and shares high homology with other Delta family members. Transcripts of PvDelta were detected in all shrimp tissues tested and were induced by Vibrio parahaemolyticus, white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), indicating its involvement in shrimp immune response. Moreover, after PvDelta knockdown followed by LPS stimulation, the expression of Notch signaling pathway genes (i.e., PvNotch, PvCSL, and PvHey) was downregulated. Finally, shrimp depleted of PvDelta showed a lower survival rate in response to V. parahaemolyticus challenge. In sum, our data reveal that PvDelta is involved in the innate immunity of shrimp by positively modulating the Notch signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhou
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Weiling Zhao
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Zhihong Zheng
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Jude Juventus Aweya
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Jinghua Zhu
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Yongzhen Zhao
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Xiuli Chen
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Defu Yao
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China.
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15
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Yan Y, Wang J, Yu L, Cui B, Wang H, Xiao X, Zhang Y, Zheng J, Wang J, Hui R, Wang Y. ANKRD36 Is Involved in Hypertension by Altering Expression of ENaC Genes. Circ Res 2021; 129:1067-1081. [PMID: 34615377 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.319883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (Y.Y., Jin'e Wang, L.Y., B.C., H.W., X.X., Y.Z., R.H., Y.W.)
| | - Jin'e Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (Y.Y., Jin'e Wang, L.Y., B.C., H.W., X.X., Y.Z., R.H., Y.W.)
| | - Liang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (Y.Y., Jin'e Wang, L.Y., B.C., H.W., X.X., Y.Z., R.H., Y.W.)
| | - Bing Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (Y.Y., Jin'e Wang, L.Y., B.C., H.W., X.X., Y.Z., R.H., Y.W.)
| | - Hongrui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (Y.Y., Jin'e Wang, L.Y., B.C., H.W., X.X., Y.Z., R.H., Y.W.)
| | - Xiao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (Y.Y., Jin'e Wang, L.Y., B.C., H.W., X.X., Y.Z., R.H., Y.W.)
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (Y.Y., Jin'e Wang, L.Y., B.C., H.W., X.X., Y.Z., R.H., Y.W.)
| | - Jun Zheng
- Rizhao Port Hospital, Shandong, China (J.Z., Jingjun Wang)
| | - Jingjun Wang
- Rizhao Port Hospital, Shandong, China (J.Z., Jingjun Wang)
| | - Rutai Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (Y.Y., Jin'e Wang, L.Y., B.C., H.W., X.X., Y.Z., R.H., Y.W.)
| | - Yibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (Y.Y., Jin'e Wang, L.Y., B.C., H.W., X.X., Y.Z., R.H., Y.W.)
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