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Arizala D, Dobhal S, Alvarez AM, Arif M. Elevation of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. californiensis to species level as Clavibacter californiensis sp. nov., merging and re-classification of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. chilensis and Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. phaseoli as Clavibacter phaseoli sp. nov. based on complete genome in silico analyses. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2022; 72. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-positive genus
Clavibacter
is currently divided into seven species (
Clavibacter michiganensis
,
Clavibacter nebraskensis
,
Clavibacter capsici
,
Clavibacter sepedonicus
,
Clavibacter tessellarius
,
Clavibacter insidiosus
and
Clavibacter zhangzhiyongii
) and three subspecies (
C. michiganensis
subsp.
californiensis
,
C. michiganensis
subsp.
chilensis
and
C. michiganensis
subsp.
phaseoli
). Recent studies have indicated that the taxonomic rank of the subspecies must be re-evaluated. In this research, we assessed the taxonomic position of the three
C. michiganensis
subspecies and clarified the taxonomic nomenclature of other 75
Clavibacter
strains. The complete genomes of the type strains of the three
Clavibacter
subspecies, the type strain of
C. tessellarius
and
C. nebraskensis
A6096 were sequenced using PacBio RSII technology. Application of whole-genome-based computational approaches such as average nucleotide identity (ANI), digital DNA–DNA hybridization, multi-locus sequence analysis of seven housekeeping genes (acnA, atpD, bipA, icdA, mtlD, recA and rpoB), a phylogenomic tree reconstructed from 1 028 core genes, and ANI-based phylogeny provided sufficient justification for raising
C. michiganensis
subsp.
californiensis
to the species level. These results led us to propose the establishment of Clavibacter californiensis sp. nov. as a species with its type strain C55T (=CFBP 8216T=ATCC BAA-2691T). Moreover, the orthologous and in silico dot plot analyses, along with the above described bioinformatic strategies, revealed a high degree of similarity between
C. michiganensis
subsp.
chilensis
and
C. michiganensis
subsp.
phaseoli
. Based on these analyses, we propose that both subspecies be combined into a single taxon and elevated to the species level as Clavibacter phaseoli sp. nov., with LPPA 982T (= CECT 8144T= LMG 27667T) as the type strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Arizala
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Shefali Dobhal
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Anne M. Alvarez
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Mohammad Arif
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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Verma RK, Teper D. Immune recognition of the secreted serine protease ChpG restricts the host range of Clavibacter michiganensis from eggplant varieties. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:933-946. [PMID: 35441490 PMCID: PMC9190982 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial wilt and canker caused by Clavibacter michiganensis (Cm) inflict considerable damage in tomato-growing regions around the world. Cm has a narrow host range and can cause disease in tomato but not in many eggplant varieties. The pathogenicity of Cm is dependent on secreted serine proteases, encoded by the chp/tomA pathogenicity island (PI), and the pCM2 plasmid. Screening combinations of PI deletion mutants and plasmid-cured strains found that Cm-mediated hypersensitive response (HR) in the Cm-resistant eggplant variety Black Queen is dependent on the chp/tomA PI. Singular reintroduction of PI-encoded serine proteases into Cm∆PI identified that the HR is elicited by the protease ChpG. Eggplant leaves infiltrated with a chpG marker exchange mutant (CmΩchpG) did not display an HR, and infiltration of purified ChpG protein elicited immune responses in eggplant but not in Cm-susceptible tomato. Virulence assays found that while wild-type Cm and the CmΩchpG complemented strain were nonpathogenic on eggplant, CmΩchpG caused wilt and canker symptoms. Additionally, bacterial populations in CmΩchpG-inoculated eggplant stem tissues were c.1000-fold higher than wild-type and CmΩchpG-complemented Cm strains. Pathogenicity tests conducted in multiple Cm-resistance eggplant varieties demonstrated that immunity to Cm is dependent on ChpG in all tested varieties, indicating that ChpG-recognition is conserved in eggplant. ChpG-mediated avirulence interactions were disabled by alanine substitution of serine231 of the serine protease catalytic triad, suggesting that protease activity is required for immune recognition of ChpG. Our study identified ChpG as a novel avirulence protein that is recognized in resistant eggplant varieties and restricts the host range of Cm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar Verma
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchAgricultural Research OrganizationVolcani InstituteRishon LeZionIsrael
| | - Doron Teper
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchAgricultural Research OrganizationVolcani InstituteRishon LeZionIsrael
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3
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Comparative Analysis of the NDVI and NGBVI as Indicators of the Protective Effect of Beneficial Bacteria in Conditions of Biotic Stress. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11070932. [PMID: 35406912 PMCID: PMC9002474 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Precision agriculture has the objective of improving agricultural yields and minimizing costs by assisting management with the use of sensors, remote sensing, and information technologies. There are several approaches to improving crop yields where remote sensing has proven to be an important methodology to determine agricultural maps to show surface differences which may be associated with many phenomena. Remote sensing utilizes a wide variety of image sensors that range from common RGB cameras to sophisticated, hyper-spectral image cameras which acquire images from outside the visible electromagnetic spectrum. The NDVI and NGBVI are computer vision vegetation index algorithms that perform operations from color masks such as red, green, and blue from RGB cameras and hyper-spectral masks such as near-infrared (NIR) to highlight surface differences in the image to detect crop anomalies. The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship of NDVI and NGBVI as plant health indicators in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum) treated with the beneficial bacteria Bacillus cereus-Amazcala (B. c-A) as a protective agent to cope with Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) infections. The results showed that in the presence of B. c-A after infection with Cmm, NDVI and NGBVI can be used as markers of plant weight and the activation of the enzymatic activities related to plant defense induction.
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Oh EJ, Hwang IS, Park IW, Oh CS. Comparative Genome Analyses of Clavibacter michiganensis Type Strain LMG7333 T Reveal Distinct Gene Contents in Plasmids From Other Clavibacter Species. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:793345. [PMID: 35178040 PMCID: PMC8844524 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.793345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clavibacter michiganensis, a Gram-positive, plant-pathogenic bacterium belonging to Actinobacteria, is a causal agent of bacterial canker in tomatoes. Although LMG7333T is the type strain of C. michiganensis, it has not been used in many studies, probably because of a lack of the complete genome sequence being available. Therefore, in this study, the complete genome sequence of this type strain was obtained, and comparative genome analysis was conducted with the genome sequences of two other C. michiganensis strains and type strains of Clavibacter species, of which their complete genome sequences are available. C. michiganensis LMG7333T carries one chromosome and two plasmids, pCM1 and pCM2, like two other C. michiganensis strains. All three chromosomal DNA sequences were almost identical. However, the DNA sequences of two plasmids of LMG7333T are similar to those of UF1, but different from those of NCPPB382, indicating that both plasmids carry distinct gene content among C. michiganensis strains. Moreover, 216 protein-coding sequences (CDSs) were only present in the LMG7333T genome compared with type strains of other Clavibacter species. Among these 216 CDSs, approximately 83% were in the chromosome, whereas others were in both plasmids (more than 6% in pCM1 and 11% in pCM2). However, the ratio of unique CDSs of the total CDSs in both plasmids were approximately 38% in pCM1 and 30% in pCM2, indicating that the high gene content percentage in both plasmids of C. michiganensis are different from those of other Clavibacter species, and plasmid DNAs might be derived from different origins. A virulence assay with C. michiganensis LMG7333T using three different inoculation methods, root-dipping, leaf-clipping, and stem injection, resulted in typical disease symptoms, including wilting and canker in tomato. Altogether, our results indicate that two plasmids of C. michiganensis carry distinct gene content, and the genome information of the type strain LMG7333T will help to understand the genetic diversity of the two plasmids of Clavibacter species, including C. michiganensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eom-Ji Oh
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - In Sun Hwang
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - In Woong Park
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Chang-Sik Oh
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea.,Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
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Hwang IS, Oh EJ, Song E, Park IW, Lee Y, Sohn KH, Choi D, Oh CS. An Apoplastic Effector Pat-1 Cm of the Gram-Positive Bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis Acts as Both a Pathogenicity Factor and an Immunity Elicitor in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:888290. [PMID: 35432427 PMCID: PMC9006514 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.888290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Clavibacter michiganensis, a Gram-positive plant-pathogenic bacterium, utilizes apoplastic effectors for disease development in host plants. Here, we determine the roles of Pat-1Cm (a putative serine protease) in pathogenicity and plant immunity. Pat-1Cm was found to be a genuine secreted protein, and the secreted mature form did not carry the first 33 amino acids predicted to be a signal peptide (SP). The pat-1Cm mutant impaired to cause wilting, but still caused canker symptom in tomato. Moreover, this mutant failed to trigger the hypersensitive response (HR) in a nonhost Nicotiana tabacum. Among orthologs and paralogs of pat-1Cm , only chp-7Cs from Clavibacter sepedonicus, a potato pathogen, successfully complemented pat-1Cm function in pathogenicity in tomato, whereas all failed to complement pat-1Cm function in HR induction in N. tabacum. Based on the structural prediction, Pat-1Cm carried a catalytic triad for putative serine protease, and alanine substitution of any amino acids in the triad abolished both pathogenicity and HR-inducing activities of Pat-1Cm in C. michiganensis. Ectopic expression of pat-1Cm with an SP from tobacco secreted protein triggered HR in N. tabacum, but not in tomato, whereas a catalytic triad mutant failed to induce HR. Inoculation of the pat-1Cm mutant mixed with the mutant of another apoplastic effector CelA (cellulase) caused severe wilting in tomato, indicating that these two apoplastic effectors can functionally cooperate in pathogenicity. Overall, these results indicate that Pat-1Cm is a distinct secreted protein carrying a functional catalytic triad for serine protease and this enzymatic activity might be critical for both pathogenicity and HR-eliciting activities of Pat-1Cm in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Sun Hwang
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Eom-Ji Oh
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Eunbee Song
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - In Woong Park
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Yoonyoung Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Kee Hoon Sohn
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Doil Choi
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Immunity Research Center, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chang-Sik Oh
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Chang-Sik Oh,
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Valenzuela M, González M, Velásquez A, Dorta F, Montenegro I, Besoain X, Salvà-Serra F, Jaén-Luchoro D, Moore ERB, Seeger M. Analyses of Virulence Genes of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis Strains Reveal Heterogeneity and Deletions That Correlate with Pathogenicity. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9071530. [PMID: 34361965 PMCID: PMC8305413 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) is the causal agent of bacterial canker of tomato. Differences in virulence between Cmm strains have been reported. The aim of this study was the characterization of nine Cmm strains isolated in Chile to reveal the causes of their differences in virulence. The virulence assays in tomato seedlings revealed different levels of severity associated with the strains, with two highly virulent strains and one causing only mild symptoms. The two most virulent showed increased cellulase activity, and no cellulase activity was observed in the strain causing mild symptoms. In three strains, including the two most virulent strains, PCR amplification of the 10 virulence genes analyzed was observed. In the strain causing mild symptoms, no amplification was observed for five genes, including celA. Sequence and cluster analyses of six virulence genes grouped the strains, as has been previously reported, except for gene pelA1. Gene sequence analysis from the genomes of five Chilean strains revealed the presence of deletions in the virulence genes, celB, xysA, pat-1, and phpA. The results of this study allow us to establish correlations between the differences observed in disease severity and the presence/absence of genes and deletions not previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miryam Valenzuela
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso 2390123, Chile;
- Centro de Biotecnología “Dr. Daniel Alkalay Lowitt”, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso 2390136, Chile;
- Correspondence: (M.V.); (M.S.)
| | - Marianela González
- Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2373223, Chile;
| | - Alexis Velásquez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso 2390123, Chile;
- Centro de Biotecnología “Dr. Daniel Alkalay Lowitt”, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso 2390136, Chile;
| | - Fernando Dorta
- Centro de Biotecnología “Dr. Daniel Alkalay Lowitt”, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso 2390136, Chile;
| | - Iván Montenegro
- Escuela de Obstetricia y Puericultura, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2540064, Chile;
| | - Ximena Besoain
- Escuela de Agronomía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota 2260000, Chile;
| | - Francisco Salvà-Serra
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-41346 Gothenburg, Sweden; (F.S.-S.); (D.J.-L.); (E.R.B.M.)
- Culture Collection University of Gothenburg (CCUG), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-41346 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, 071 22 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Daniel Jaén-Luchoro
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-41346 Gothenburg, Sweden; (F.S.-S.); (D.J.-L.); (E.R.B.M.)
- Culture Collection University of Gothenburg (CCUG), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-41346 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Edward R. B. Moore
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-41346 Gothenburg, Sweden; (F.S.-S.); (D.J.-L.); (E.R.B.M.)
- Culture Collection University of Gothenburg (CCUG), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-41346 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael Seeger
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso 2390123, Chile;
- Centro de Biotecnología “Dr. Daniel Alkalay Lowitt”, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso 2390136, Chile;
- Correspondence: (M.V.); (M.S.)
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Vega-Celedón P, Bravo G, Velásquez A, Cid FP, Valenzuela M, Ramírez I, Vasconez IN, Álvarez I, Jorquera MA, Seeger M. Microbial Diversity of Psychrotolerant Bacteria Isolated from Wild Flora of Andes Mountains and Patagonia of Chile towards the Selection of Plant Growth-Promoting Bacterial Consortia to Alleviate Cold Stress in Plants. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030538. [PMID: 33807836 PMCID: PMC7998784 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cold stress decreases the growth and productivity of agricultural crops. Psychrotolerant plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) may protect and promote plant growth at low temperatures. The aims of this study were to isolate and characterize psychrotolerant PGPB from wild flora of Andes Mountains and Patagonia of Chile and to formulate PGPB consortia. Psychrotolerant strains were isolated from 11 wild plants (rhizosphere and phyllosphere) during winter of 2015. For the first time, bacteria associated with Calycera, Orites, and Chusquea plant genera were reported. More than 50% of the 130 isolates showed ≥33% bacterial cell survival at temperatures below zero. Seventy strains of Pseudomonas, Curtobacterium, Janthinobacterium, Stenotrophomonas, Serratia, Brevundimonas, Xanthomonas, Frondihabitans, Arthrobacter, Pseudarthrobacter, Paenarthrobacter, Brachybacterium, Clavibacter, Sporosarcina, Bacillus, Solibacillus, Flavobacterium, and Pedobacter genera were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses. Ten strains were selected based on psychrotolerance, auxin production, phosphate solubilization, presence of nifH (nitrogenase reductase) and acdS (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase) genes, and anti-phytopathogenic activities. Two of the three bacterial consortia formulated promoted tomato plant growth under normal and cold stress conditions. The bacterial consortium composed of Pseudomonas sp. TmR5a & Curtobacterium sp. BmP22c that possesses ACC deaminase and ice recrystallization inhibition activities is a promising candidate for future cold stress studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Vega-Celedón
- Molecular Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Avenida España 1680, Valparaíso 2390123, Chile; (G.B.); (A.V.); (M.V.); (I.-N.V.); (I.Á.)
- Center of Biotechnology “Dr. Daniel Alkalay Lowitt”, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, General Bari 699, Valparaíso 2390136, Chile;
- Correspondence: (P.V.-C.); (M.S.); Tel.: +56-322654685 (P.V.-C.)
| | - Guillermo Bravo
- Molecular Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Avenida España 1680, Valparaíso 2390123, Chile; (G.B.); (A.V.); (M.V.); (I.-N.V.); (I.Á.)
- Center of Biotechnology “Dr. Daniel Alkalay Lowitt”, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, General Bari 699, Valparaíso 2390136, Chile;
| | - Alexis Velásquez
- Molecular Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Avenida España 1680, Valparaíso 2390123, Chile; (G.B.); (A.V.); (M.V.); (I.-N.V.); (I.Á.)
- Center of Biotechnology “Dr. Daniel Alkalay Lowitt”, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, General Bari 699, Valparaíso 2390136, Chile;
| | - Fernanda P. Cid
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada (EMALAB), Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 1145, Temuco 4811230, Chile; (F.P.C.); (M.A.J.)
- Center of Plant-Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 1145, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Miryam Valenzuela
- Molecular Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Avenida España 1680, Valparaíso 2390123, Chile; (G.B.); (A.V.); (M.V.); (I.-N.V.); (I.Á.)
- Center of Biotechnology “Dr. Daniel Alkalay Lowitt”, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, General Bari 699, Valparaíso 2390136, Chile;
| | - Ingrid Ramírez
- Center of Biotechnology “Dr. Daniel Alkalay Lowitt”, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, General Bari 699, Valparaíso 2390136, Chile;
| | - Ingrid-Nicole Vasconez
- Molecular Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Avenida España 1680, Valparaíso 2390123, Chile; (G.B.); (A.V.); (M.V.); (I.-N.V.); (I.Á.)
- Center of Biotechnology “Dr. Daniel Alkalay Lowitt”, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, General Bari 699, Valparaíso 2390136, Chile;
| | - Inaudis Álvarez
- Molecular Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Avenida España 1680, Valparaíso 2390123, Chile; (G.B.); (A.V.); (M.V.); (I.-N.V.); (I.Á.)
- Center of Biotechnology “Dr. Daniel Alkalay Lowitt”, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, General Bari 699, Valparaíso 2390136, Chile;
| | - Milko A. Jorquera
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada (EMALAB), Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 1145, Temuco 4811230, Chile; (F.P.C.); (M.A.J.)
- Center of Plant-Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 1145, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Michael Seeger
- Molecular Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Avenida España 1680, Valparaíso 2390123, Chile; (G.B.); (A.V.); (M.V.); (I.-N.V.); (I.Á.)
- Center of Biotechnology “Dr. Daniel Alkalay Lowitt”, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, General Bari 699, Valparaíso 2390136, Chile;
- Correspondence: (P.V.-C.); (M.S.); Tel.: +56-322654685 (P.V.-C.)
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