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Campostrini L, Proksch P, Jakwerth S, Farnleitner AH, Kirschner AKT. Introducing bacterial community turnover times to elucidate temporal and spatial hotspots of biological instability in a large Austrian drinking water distribution network. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 252:121188. [PMID: 38324987 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Ensuring biological stability in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) is important to reduce the risk of aesthetic, operational and hygienic impairments of the distributed water. Drinking water after treatment often changes in quality during transport due to interactions with pipe-associated biofilms, temperature increases and disinfectant residual decay leading to potential biological instability. To comprehensively assess the potential for biological instability in a large chlorinated DWDS, a tool-box of bacterial biomass and activity parameters was applied, introducing bacterial community turnover times (BaCTT) as a direct, sensitive and easy-to-interpret quantitative parameter based on the combination of 3H-leucine incorporation with bacterial biomass. Using BaCTT, hotspots and periods of bacterial growth and potential biological instability could be identified in the DWDS that is fed by water with high bacterial growth potential. A de-coupling of biomass from activity parameters was observed, suggesting that bacterial biomass parameters depict seasonally fluctuating raw water quality rather than processes related to biological stability of the finished water in the DWDS. BaCTT, on the other hand, were significantly correlated to water age, disinfectant residual, temperature and a seasonal factor, indicating a higher potential of biological instability at more distant sampling sites and later in the year. As demonstrated, BaCTT is suggested as a novel, sensitive and very useful parameter for assessing the biological instability potential. However, additional studies in other DWDSs are needed to investigate the general applicability of BaCTT depending on water source, applied treatment processes, biofilm growth potential on different pipe materials, or size, age and complexity of the DWDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Campostrini
- Medical University of Vienna, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology - Water Microbiology, Kinderspitalgasse 15, Vienna A-1090, Austria; Interuniversity Cooperation Centre Water & Health, Austria
| | - Philipp Proksch
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Institute of Sanitary Engineering and Water Pollution Control, Muthgasse 18, Vienna A-1190, Austria
| | - Stefan Jakwerth
- Medical University of Vienna, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology - Water Microbiology, Kinderspitalgasse 15, Vienna A-1090, Austria; Interuniversity Cooperation Centre Water & Health, Austria
| | - Andreas H Farnleitner
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre Water & Health, Austria; Division Water Quality and Health, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Dr. Karl Dorrek-Straße 30, Krems A-3500, Austria; Technische Universität Wien, Institute for Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Research Group Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics 166/5/3, Gumpendorferstraße 1, Vienna A-1060, Austria
| | - Alexander K T Kirschner
- Medical University of Vienna, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology - Water Microbiology, Kinderspitalgasse 15, Vienna A-1090, Austria; Interuniversity Cooperation Centre Water & Health, Austria; Division Water Quality and Health, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Dr. Karl Dorrek-Straße 30, Krems A-3500, Austria.
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Heinrichs ME, Piedade GJ, Popa O, Sommers P, Trubl G, Weissenbach J, Rahlff J. Breaking the Ice: A Review of Phages in Polar Ecosystems. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2738:31-71. [PMID: 37966591 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3549-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that infect and replicate within bacterial hosts, playing a significant role in regulating microbial populations and ecosystem dynamics. However, phages from extreme environments such as polar regions remain relatively understudied due to challenges such as restricted ecosystem access and low biomass. Understanding the diversity, structure, and functions of polar phages is crucial for advancing our knowledge of the microbial ecology and biogeochemistry of these environments. In this review, we will explore the current state of knowledge on phages from the Arctic and Antarctic, focusing on insights gained from -omic studies, phage isolation, and virus-like particle abundance data. Metagenomic studies of polar environments have revealed a high diversity of phages with unique genetic characteristics, providing insights into their evolutionary and ecological roles. Phage isolation studies have identified novel phage-host interactions and contributed to the discovery of new phage species. Virus-like particle abundance and lysis rate data, on the other hand, have highlighted the importance of phages in regulating bacterial populations and nutrient cycling in polar environments. Overall, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge about polar phages, and by synthesizing these different sources of information, we can better understand the diversity, dynamics, and functions of polar phages in the context of ongoing climate change, which will help to predict how polar ecosystems and residing phages may respond to future environmental perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Elena Heinrichs
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Gonçalo J Piedade
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, 't Horntje, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ovidiu Popa
- Institute of Quantitative and Theoretical Biology Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Gareth Trubl
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Julia Weissenbach
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Janina Rahlff
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden.
- Aero-Aquatic Virus Research Group, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.
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Pavia MJ, Finn D, Macedo-Tafur F, Tello-Espinoza R, Penaccio C, Bouskill N, Cadillo-Quiroz H. Genes and genome-resolved metagenomics reveal the microbial functional make up of Amazon peatlands under geochemical gradients. Environ Microbiol 2023; 25:2388-2403. [PMID: 37501535 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The Pastaza-Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) holds the most extensive tropical peatland area in South America. PMFB peatlands store ~7.07 Gt of organic carbon interacting with multiple microbial heterotrophic, methanogenic, and other aerobic/anaerobic respirations. Little is understood about the contribution of distinct microbial community members inhabiting tropical peatlands. Here, we studied the metagenomes of three geochemically distinct peatlands spanning minerotrophic, mixed, and ombrotrophic conditions. Using gene- and genome-centric approaches, we evaluate the functional potential of the underlying microbial communities. Abundance analyses show significant differences in C, N, P, and S acquisition genes. Furthermore, community interactions mediated by toxin-antitoxin and CRISPR-Cas systems were enriched in oligotrophic soils, suggesting that non-metabolic interactions may exert additional controls in low-nutrient environments. Additionally, we reconstructed 519 metagenome-assembled genomes spanning 28 phyla. Our analyses detail key differences across the geochemical gradient in the predicted microbial populations involved in degradation of organic matter, and the cycling of N and S. Notably, we observed differences in the nitric oxide (NO) reduction strategies between sites with high and low N2 O fluxes and found phyla putatively capable of both NO and sulfate reduction. Our findings detail how gene abundances and microbial populations are influenced by geochemical differences in tropical peatlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Pavia
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Damien Finn
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Franco Macedo-Tafur
- Laboratory of Soil Research, Research Institute of Amazonia's Natural Resources, National University of the Peruvian Amazon, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru
| | - Rodil Tello-Espinoza
- Laboratory of Soil Research, Research Institute of Amazonia's Natural Resources, National University of the Peruvian Amazon, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru
- School of Forestry, National University of the Peruvian Amazon, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru
| | - Christa Penaccio
- Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Nicholas Bouskill
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Hinsby Cadillo-Quiroz
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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Bulannga RB, Schmidt S. Two Predators, One Prey - the Interaction Between Bacteriophage, Bacterivorous Ciliates, and Escherichia coli. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2023; 86:1620-1631. [PMID: 36723682 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-02163-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Bacterivorous ciliates and lytic bacteriophages are two major predators in aquatic environments, competing for the same type of prey. This study investigated the possible interaction of these different microorganisms and their influence on the activity of each other. Therefore, two bacterivorous ciliates, Paramecium sp. RB1 and Tetrahymena sp. RB2, were used as representative ciliates; a T4-like Escherichia coli targeting lytic bacteriophage as a model virus; and E. coli ATCC 25922 as a susceptible bacterial host and prey. The growth of the two ciliates with E. coli ATCC 25922 as prey was affected by the presence of phage particles. The grazing activity of the two ciliates resulted in more than a 99% reduction of the phage titer and bacterial cell numbers. However, viable phage particles were recovered from individual washed cells of the two ciliates after membrane filtration. Therefore, ciliates such as Paramecium sp. RB1 and Tetrahymena sp. RB2 can remove bacteriophages present in natural and artificial waters by ingesting the viral particles and eliminating bacterial host cells required for viral replication. The ingestion of phage particles may marginally contribute to the nutrient supply of the ciliates. However, the interaction of phage particles with ciliate cells may contribute to the transmission of bacteriophages in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rendani Bridghette Bulannga
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
| | - Stefan Schmidt
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa.
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Han M, Luo G, He J, Liang Y, Chen X, Liu G, Su Y, Ge F, Yu H, Zhao J, Hao Q, Shao H, Sung YY, Mok WJ, Wong LL, McMinn A, Wang M. Distributions and relationships of virio- and picoplankton in the epi-, meso- and bathypelagic zones of the Amundsen Sea, West Antarctica during the austral summer. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:941323. [PMID: 35966700 PMCID: PMC9363919 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.941323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Virioplankton and picoplankton are the most abundant marine biological entities on earth and mediate biogeochemical cycles in the Southern Ocean. However, understanding of their distribution and relationships with environmental factors is lacking. Here, we report on their distribution and relationships with environmental factors at 48 stations from 112.5° to 150°W and 67° to 75.5°S in the Amundsen Sea of West Antarctica. The epipelagic stations were grouped into four clusters based on the virio- and picoplankton composition and abundance. Clusters three and four, which were associated with the ice-edge blooms in the coastal and Amundsen Sea Polynya (ASP) areas, had high abundances of autotrophic picoeukaryotes; this resulted in subsequent high abundances of heterotrophic prokaryotes and viruses. Cluster two stations were in open oceanic areas, where the abundances of autotrophic and heterotrophic picoplankton were low. Cluster one stations were located between the areas of blooms and the oceanic areas, which had a low abundance of heterotrophic prokaryotes and picoeukaryotes and a high abundance of virioplankton. The abundance of viruses was significantly correlated with the abundances of autotrophic picoeukaryotes and Chl-a concentration in oceanic areas, although this reflected a time-lag with autotrophic picoeukaryote and heterotrophic prokaryotes abundances in ice-edge bloom areas. The upwelling of Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) might have induced the high abundance of autotrophic picoeukaryotes in the epipelagic zone, and the sinking particulate organic carbon (POC) might have induced the high abundance of heterotrophic prokaryotes and virioplankton in the meso- and bathypelagic zones. This study shows that the summer distribution of virio- and picoplankton in the Amundsen Sea of West Antarctica was mainly controlled by upwelling of the CDW and the timing of ice-edge blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiaoxue Han
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Key Lab of Polar Oceanography and Global Ocean Change, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Guangfu Luo
- Antarctic Great Wall Ecology National Observation and Research Station, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, China
- MNR Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfeng He
- Antarctic Great Wall Ecology National Observation and Research Station, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, China
- MNR Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jianfeng He,
| | - Yantao Liang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Key Lab of Polar Oceanography and Global Ocean Change, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- UMT-OUC Joint Centre for Marine Studies, Qingdao, China
- Yantao Liang,
| | - Xuechao Chen
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Key Lab of Polar Oceanography and Global Ocean Change, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Gang Liu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Key Lab of Polar Oceanography and Global Ocean Change, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yue Su
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Key Lab of Polar Oceanography and Global Ocean Change, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Fuyue Ge
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Key Lab of Polar Oceanography and Global Ocean Change, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Hao Yu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Key Lab of Polar Oceanography and Global Ocean Change, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Hao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongbing Shao
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Key Lab of Polar Oceanography and Global Ocean Change, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- UMT-OUC Joint Centre for Marine Studies, Qingdao, China
| | - Yeong Yik Sung
- UMT-OUC Joint Centre for Marine Studies, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, University of Malaysia Terengganu (UMT), Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Wen Jye Mok
- UMT-OUC Joint Centre for Marine Studies, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, University of Malaysia Terengganu (UMT), Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Li Lian Wong
- UMT-OUC Joint Centre for Marine Studies, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, University of Malaysia Terengganu (UMT), Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Andrew McMinn
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Key Lab of Polar Oceanography and Global Ocean Change, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Min Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Key Lab of Polar Oceanography and Global Ocean Change, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- UMT-OUC Joint Centre for Marine Studies, Qingdao, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Min Wang,
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Doytchinov VV, Dimov SG. Microbial Community Composition of the Antarctic Ecosystems: Review of the Bacteria, Fungi, and Archaea Identified through an NGS-Based Metagenomics Approach. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12060916. [PMID: 35743947 PMCID: PMC9228076 DOI: 10.3390/life12060916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antarctica represents a unique environment, both due to the extreme meteorological and geological conditions that govern it and the relative isolation from human influences that have kept its environment largely undisturbed. However, recent trends in climate change dictate an unavoidable change in the global biodiversity as a whole, and pristine environments, such as Antarctica, allow us to study and monitor more closely the effects of the human impact. Additionally, due to its inaccessibility, Antarctica contains a plethora of yet uncultured and unidentified microorganisms with great potential for useful biological activities and production of metabolites, such as novel antibiotics, proteins, pigments, etc. In recent years, amplicon-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) has allowed for a fast and thorough examination of microbial communities to accelerate the efforts of unknown species identification. For these reasons, in this review, we present an overview of the archaea, bacteria, and fungi present on the Antarctic continent and the surrounding area (maritime Antarctica, sub-Antarctica, Southern Sea, etc.) that have recently been identified using amplicon-based NGS methods.
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Popovic M. Atom counting method for determining elemental composition of viruses and its applications in biothermodynamics and environmental science. Comput Biol Chem 2022; 96:107621. [PMID: 34998080 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2022.107621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative physicochemical perspective on life processes has been a great asset, in bioengineering and biotechnology. The quantitative physicochemical approach can be applied to practically all organisms, including viruses, if their chemical composition and thermodynamic properties are known. In this paper, a new method is suggested for determining elemental composition of viruses, based on atom counting. The atom counting method requires knowledge of genetic sequence, protein sequences and protein copy numbers. An algorithm was suggested for a program that finds elemental composition of various viruses (DNA or RNA, enveloped or non-enveloped). Except for the nucleic acid, capsid proteins, lipid bilayer and carbohydrates, this method includes membrane proteins, as well as spike proteins. The atom counting method has been compared with the existing molecular composition and geometric methods on 5 viruses of different morphology, as well as experimentally determined composition of the poliovirus. The atom counting method was found to be more accurate in most cases. The three methods were found to be complementary, since they require different kind of input information. Moreover, since the 3 methods rest on different assumptions, results of one model can be compared to those of the other two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Popovic
- School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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Orta-Ponce CP, Rodríguez-Ramos T, Nieto-Cid M, Teira E, Guerrero-Feijóo E, Bode A, Varela MM. Empirical leucine-to-carbon conversion factors in north-eastern Atlantic waters (50-2000 m) shaped by bacterial community composition and optical signature of DOM. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24370. [PMID: 34934099 PMCID: PMC8692456 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03790-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial heterotrophic activity is a major process regulating the flux of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the ocean, while the characteristics of this DOM strongly influence its microbial utilization and fate in the ocean. In order to broaden the vertical resolution of leucine-to-carbon conversion factors (CFs), needed for converting substrate incorporation into biomass production by heterotrophic bacteria, 20 dilution experiments were performed in the North Atlantic Ocean. We found a depth-stratification in empirical CFs values from epipelagic to bathypelagic waters (4.00 ± 1.09 to 0.10 ± 0.00 kg C mol Leu−1). Our results demonstrated that the customarily used theoretical CF of 1.55 kg C mol Leu−1 in oceanic samples can lead to an underestimation of prokaryotic heterotrophic production in epi- and mesopelagic waters, while it can overestimate it in the bathypelagic ocean. Pearson correlations showed that CFs were related not only to hydrographic variables such as temperature, but also to specific phylogenetic groups and DOM quality and quantity indices. Furthermore, a multiple linear regression model predicting CFs from relatively simple hydrographic and optical spectroscopic measurements was attempted. Taken together, our results suggest that differences in CFs throughout the water column are significantly connected to DOM, and also reflect differences linked to specific prokaryotic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pamela Orta-Ponce
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Centro Oceanográfico de A Coruña, 15080, A Coruña, Spain. .,Facultade de Ciencias, Zapateira, Universidade da Coruña, 15071, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Tamara Rodríguez-Ramos
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Centro Oceanográfico de A Coruña, 15080, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Mar Nieto-Cid
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Centro Oceanográfico de A Coruña, 15080, A Coruña, Spain.,Laboratorio de Geoquímica Orgánica, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC), 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - Eva Teira
- Departamento de Ecología y Biología Animal, Universidade de Vigo, Centro de Investigación Mariña da Universidade de Vigo (CIM-UVigo), 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Elisa Guerrero-Feijóo
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Centro Oceanográfico de A Coruña, 15080, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Antonio Bode
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Centro Oceanográfico de A Coruña, 15080, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Marta M Varela
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Centro Oceanográfico de A Coruña, 15080, A Coruña, Spain
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