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Wei N, Hu C, Dittmann E, Song L, Gan N. The biological functions of microcystins. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 262:122119. [PMID: 39059200 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Microcystins are potent hepatotoxins predominantly produced by bloom-forming freshwater cyanobacteria (e.g., Microcystis, Planktothrix, Dolichospermum). Microcystin biosynthesis involves large multienzyme complexes and tailoring enzymes encoded by the mcy gene cluster. Mutation, recombination, and deletion events have shaped the mcy gene cluster in the course of evolution, resulting in a large diversity of microcystin congeners and the natural coexistence of toxic and non-toxic strains. The biological functions of microcystins and their association with algal bloom formation have been extensively investigated over the past decades. This review synthesizes recent advances in decoding the biological role of microcystins in carbon/nitrogen metabolism, antioxidation, colony formation, and cell-to-cell communication. Microcystins appear to adopt multifunctional roles in cyanobacteria that reflect the adaptive plasticity of toxic cyanobacteria to changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Wei
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Chenlin Hu
- College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Elke Dittmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Lirong Song
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Nanqin Gan
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Irabuena C, Posada L, Colombo S, Aubriot L, Rey L, Villalba J, Badagian N, Brena B, Scarone L, Davyt D, Serra G. Synthesis of Cyclopeptides Analogues of Natural Products and Evaluation as Herbicides and Inhibitors of Cyanobacteria. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:20167-20175. [PMID: 38737041 PMCID: PMC11079878 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Natural products derived from plants or microorganisms have been considered as eco-friendly herbicides with application in crop protection. Several natural cyclopeptides have been reported as herbicides, while others have been identified as inhibitors of cyanobacteria. In this work, the syntheses of cyclotetrapeptides and cyclopentapeptides analogues of natural products were successfully performed by solid-phase peptide synthesis of their linear precursor and solution-phase macrolactamization. Four of the obtained peptides and cyclopeptides present phytotoxicity with more than 70% of radicle growth inhibition at 67 μg/mL. In addition, evaluation of 20 peptides and cyclopeptides, as inhibitors of cyanobacteria, rendered five active compounds that reduced the concentration of microcystins in the culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Irabuena
- Laboratorio
de Química Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, General Flores 2124, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Laura Posada
- Laboratorio
de Química Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, General Flores 2124, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Sol Colombo
- Grupo
de Ecología y Fisiología de Fitoplancton, Sección
Limnología, IECA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Luis Aubriot
- Grupo
de Ecología y Fisiología de Fitoplancton, Sección
Limnología, IECA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Luciana Rey
- Estación
experimental Dr. Mario A. Cassinoni, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Ruta 3 Km 363, Paysandú 60000, Uruguay
| | - Juana Villalba
- Estación
experimental Dr. Mario A. Cassinoni, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Ruta 3 Km 363, Paysandú 60000, Uruguay
| | - Natalia Badagian
- Área
Bioquímica, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, General Flores 2124, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Beatriz Brena
- Área
Bioquímica, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, General Flores 2124, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Laura Scarone
- Laboratorio
de Química Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, General Flores 2124, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Danilo Davyt
- Laboratorio
de Química Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, General Flores 2124, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Gloria Serra
- Laboratorio
de Química Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, General Flores 2124, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
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Roy S, Guljamow A, Dittmann E. Impact of temperature on the temporal dynamics of microcystin in Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7806. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1200816. [PMID: 37720143 PMCID: PMC10500830 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1200816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms pose a serious threat to water quality and human health due to the production of the potent hepatotoxin microcystin. In microcystin-producing strains of the widespread genus Microcystis, the toxin is largely constitutively produced, but there are fluctuations between the cellular and extracellular pool and between free microcystin and protein-bound microcystin. Here we addressed the question of how different temperatures affect the growth and temporal dynamics of secondary metabolite production in the strain Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7806 and its microcystin-deficient ΔmcyB mutant. While the wild-type strain showed pronounced growth advantages at 20°C, 30°C, and 35°C, respectively, the ΔmcyB mutant was superior at 25°C. We further show that short-term incubations at 25°C-35°C result in lower amounts of freely soluble microcystin than incubations at 20°C and that microcystin congener ratios differ at the different temperatures. Subsequent assessment of the protein-bound microcystin pool by dot blot analysis and subcellular localization of microcystin using immunofluorescence microscopy showed re-localization of microcystin into the protein-bound pool combined with an enhanced condensation at the cytoplasmic membrane at temperatures above 25°C. This temperature threshold also applies to the condensate formation of the carbon-fixing enzyme RubisCO thereby likely contributing to reciprocal growth advantages of wild type and ΔmcyB mutant at 20°C and 25°C. We discuss these findings in the context of the environmental success of Microcystis at higher temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elke Dittmann
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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Manganelli M, Testai E, Tazart Z, Scardala S, Codd GA. Co-Occurrence of Taste and Odor Compounds and Cyanotoxins in Cyanobacterial Blooms: Emerging Risks to Human Health? Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11040872. [PMID: 37110295 PMCID: PMC10146173 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria commonly form large blooms in waterbodies; they can produce cyanotoxins, with toxic effects on humans and animals, and volatile compounds, causing bad tastes and odors (T&O) at naturally occurring low concentrations. Notwithstanding the large amount of literature on either cyanotoxins or T&O, no review has focused on them at the same time. The present review critically evaluates the recent literature on cyanotoxins and T&O compounds (geosmin, 2-methylisoborneol, β-ionone and β-cyclocitral) to identify research gaps on harmful exposure of humans and animals to both metabolite classes. T&O and cyanotoxins production can be due to the same or common to different cyanobacterial species/strains, with the additional possibility of T&O production by non-cyanobacterial species. The few environmental studies on the co-occurrence of these two groups of metabolites are not sufficient to understand if and how they can co-vary, or influence each other, perhaps stimulating cyanotoxin production. Therefore, T&Os cannot reliably serve as early warning surrogates for cyanotoxins. The scarce data on T&O toxicity seem to indicate a low health risk (but the inhalation of β-cyclocitral deserves more study). However, no data are available on the effects of combined exposure to mixtures of cyanotoxins and T&O compounds and to combinations of T&O compounds; therefore, whether the co-occurrence of cyanotoxins and T&O compounds is a health issue remains an open question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Manganelli
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Environment and Health, viale Regina Elena, 299, 00162 Rome, Italy; (E.T.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Emanuela Testai
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Environment and Health, viale Regina Elena, 299, 00162 Rome, Italy; (E.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Zakaria Tazart
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, University of Malta, 2080 Msida, Malta;
| | - Simona Scardala
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Environment and Health, viale Regina Elena, 299, 00162 Rome, Italy; (E.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Geoffrey A. Codd
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK;
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
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Santoro M, Hassenrück C, Labrenz M, Hagemann M. Acclimation of Nodularia spumigena CCY9414 to inorganic phosphate limitation - Identification of the P-limitation stimulon via RNA-seq. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1082763. [PMID: 36687591 PMCID: PMC9846622 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1082763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nodularia spumigena is a toxic, filamentous cyanobacterium capable of fixing atmospheric N2, which is often dominating cyanobacterial bloom events in the Baltic Sea and other brackish water systems worldwide. Increasing phosphate limitation has been considered as one environmental factor promoting cyanobacterial mass developments. In the present study, we analyzed the response of N. spumigena strain CCY9414 toward strong phosphate limitation. Growth of the strain was diminished under P-deplete conditions; however, filaments contained more polyphosphate under P-deplete compared to P-replete conditions. Using RNA-seq, gene expression was compared in N. spumigena CCY9414 after 7 and 14 days in P-deplete and P-replete conditions, respectively. After 7 days, 112 genes were significantly up-regulated in P-deplete filaments, among them was a high proportion of genes encoding proteins related to P-homeostasis such as transport systems for different P species. Many of these genes became also up-regulated after 14 days compared to 7 days in filaments grown under P-replete conditions, which was consistent with the almost complete consumption of dissolved P in these cultures after 14 days. In addition to genes directly related to P starvation, genes encoding proteins for bioactive compound synthesis, gas vesicles formation, or sugar catabolism were stimulated under P-deplete conditions. Collectively, our data describe an experimentally validated P-stimulon in N. spumigena CCY9414 and provide the indication that severe P limitation could indeed support bloom formation by this filamentous strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Santoro
- Department of Biological Oceanography, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Warnemünde (IOW), Rostock, Germany,Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biosciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christiane Hassenrück
- Department of Biological Oceanography, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Warnemünde (IOW), Rostock, Germany
| | - Matthias Labrenz
- Department of Biological Oceanography, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Warnemünde (IOW), Rostock, Germany
| | - Martin Hagemann
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biosciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany,*Correspondence: Martin Hagemann,
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Scholz S, Kerestetzopoulou S, Wiebach V, Schnegotzki R, Schmid B, Reyna‐González E, Ding L, Süssmuth RD, Dittmann E, Baunach M. One-Pot Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Microviridin Analogs Containing Functional Tags. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200345. [PMID: 35995730 PMCID: PMC9826346 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Microviridins are a prominent family of ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified peptides (RiPPs) featuring characteristic lactone and lactam rings. Their unusual cage-like architecture renders them highly potent serine protease inhibitors of which individual variants specifically inhibit different types of proteases of pharmacological interest. While posttranslational modifications are key for the stability and bioactivity of RiPPs, additional attractive properties can be introduced by functional tags. To date - although highly desirable - no method has been reported to incorporate functional tags in microviridin scaffolds or the overarching class of graspetides. In this study, a chemoenzymatic in vitro platform is used to introduce functional tags in various microviridin variants yielding biotinylated, dansylated or propargylated congeners. This straightforward approach paves the way for customized protease inhibitors with built-in functionalities that can help to unravel the still elusive ecological roles and targets of this remarkable class of compounds and to foster applications based on protease inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Scholz
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of PotsdamKarl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/2514476Potsdam-GolmGermany
| | - Sofia Kerestetzopoulou
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of PotsdamKarl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/2514476Potsdam-GolmGermany
| | - Vincent Wiebach
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkSøltofts Plads, Building 221DK-2800 Kgs.LyngbyDenmark
| | - Romina Schnegotzki
- Institute of ChemistryTechnical University BerlinStraße des 17. Juni 12410623BerlinGermany
| | - Bianca Schmid
- Institute of ChemistryTechnical University BerlinStraße des 17. Juni 12410623BerlinGermany
| | - Emmanuel Reyna‐González
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of PotsdamKarl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/2514476Potsdam-GolmGermany
| | - Ling Ding
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkSøltofts Plads, Building 221DK-2800 Kgs.LyngbyDenmark
| | - Roderich D. Süssmuth
- Institute of ChemistryTechnical University BerlinStraße des 17. Juni 12410623BerlinGermany
| | - Elke Dittmann
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of PotsdamKarl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/2514476Potsdam-GolmGermany
| | - Martin Baunach
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of PotsdamKarl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/2514476Potsdam-GolmGermany,Institute of Pharmaceutical BiologyUniversity of BonnNussallee 653115BonnGermany
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Wang K, Mou X. Coordinated Diel Gene Expression of Cyanobacteria and Their Microbiome. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081670. [PMID: 34442749 PMCID: PMC8398468 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diel rhythms have been well recognized in cyanobacterial metabolisms. However, whether this programmed activity of cyanobacteria could elicit coordinated diel gene expressions in microorganisms (microbiome) that co-occur with cyanobacteria and how such responses in turn impact cyanobacterial metabolism are unknown. To address these questions, a microcosm experiment was set up using Lake Erie water to compare the metatranscriptomic variations of Microcystis cells alone, the microbiome alone, and these two together (whole water) over two day-night cycles. A total of 1205 Microcystis genes and 4779 microbiome genes exhibited significant diel expression patterns in the whole-water microcosm. However, when Microcystis and the microbiome were separated, only 515 Microcystis genes showed diel expression patterns. A significant structural change was not observed for the microbiome communities between the whole-water and microbiome microcosms. Correlation analyses further showed that diel expressions of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, and micronutrient (iron and vitamin B12) metabolizing genes were significantly coordinated between Microcystis and the microbiome in the whole-water microcosm. Our results suggest that diel fluxes of organic carbon and vitamin B12 (cobalamin) in Microcystis could cause the diel expression of microbiome genes. Meanwhile, the microbiome communities may support the growth of Microcystis by supplying them with recycled nutrients, but compete with Microcystis for iron.
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Sukenik A, Kaplan A. Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms in Aquatic Ecosystems: A Comprehensive Outlook on Current and Emerging Mitigation and Control Approaches. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1472. [PMID: 34361909 PMCID: PMC8306311 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An intensification of toxic cyanobacteria blooms has occurred over the last three decades, severely affecting coastal and lake water quality in many parts of the world. Extensive research is being conducted in an attempt to gain a better understanding of the driving forces that alter the ecological balance in water bodies and of the biological role of the secondary metabolites, toxins included, produced by the cyanobacteria. In the long-term, such knowledge may help to develop the needed procedures to restore the phytoplankton community to the pre-toxic blooms era. In the short-term, the mission of the scientific community is to develop novel approaches to mitigate the blooms and thereby restore the ability of affected communities to enjoy coastal and lake waters. Here, we critically review some of the recently proposed, currently leading, and potentially emerging mitigation approaches in-lake novel methodologies and applications relevant to drinking-water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Sukenik
- The Yigal Allon Kinneret Limnological Laboratory, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, P.O. Box 447, Migdal 14950, Israel
| | - Aaron Kaplan
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Edmond J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel;
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