1
|
Silva A, Silva V, Tavares T, López M, Rojo-Bezares B, Pereira JE, Falco V, Valentão P, Igrejas G, Sáenz Y, Poeta P. Rabbits as a Reservoir of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli: Clonal Lineages and Public Health Impact. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:376. [PMID: 38667052 PMCID: PMC11047531 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13040376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli, including extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL)-producing strains, poses a global health threat due to multidrug resistance, compromising food safety and environmental integrity. In industrial settings, rabbits raised for meat have the highest consumption of antimicrobial agents compared to other food-producing animals. The European Union is facing challenges in rabbit farming as rabbit consumption declines and antibiotic-resistant strains of E. coli cause enteric diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibiotic resistance profile, genetic diversity, and biofilm formation in cefotaxime-resistant E. coli strains isolated from twenty rabbit farms in Northern Portugal to address the effect of the pressing issue of antibiotic resistance in the rabbit farming industry. Resistance to critically antibiotics was observed, with high levels of resistance to several categories, such as tetracycline, ampicillin, aztreonam, and streptomycin. However, all isolates were susceptible to cefoxitin and imipenem. Multidrug resistance was common, with strains showing resistance to all antibiotics tested. The blaCTX-M variants (blaCTX-3G and blaCTX-M9), followed by the tetracycline resistance genes, were the most frequent resistance genes found. ST10 clones exhibiting significant resistance to various categories of antibiotics and harboring different resistance genes were detected. ST457 and ST2325 were important sequence types due to their association with ESBL-E. coli isolates and have been widely distributed in a variety of environments and host species. The strains evaluated showed a high capacity for biofilm formation, which varied when they were grouped by the number of classes of antibiotics to which they showed resistance (i.e., seven different classes of antibiotics, six classes of antibiotics, and three/four/five classes of antibiotics). The One Health approach integrates efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance in rabbit farming through interdisciplinary collaboration of human, animal, and environmental health. Our findings are worrisome and raise concerns. The extensive usage of antibiotics in rabbit farming emphasizes the urgent need to establish active surveillance systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Silva
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Traás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal (T.T.)
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Traás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Traás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Silva
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Traás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal (T.T.)
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Traás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Traás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Teresa Tavares
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Traás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal (T.T.)
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Traás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Traás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- José Azevedo Monteiro, Lda., Rua do Campo Grande 309, 4625-679 Vila Boa do Bispo, Portugal
| | - María López
- Área de Microbiología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), 26006 Logroño, Spain; (M.L.); (B.R.-B.)
| | - Beatriz Rojo-Bezares
- Área de Microbiología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), 26006 Logroño, Spain; (M.L.); (B.R.-B.)
| | - José Eduardo Pereira
- CECAV—Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Virgílio Falco
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV) of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (REQUIMTE), Universidade do Porto (UP), 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Patrícia Valentão
- Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV) of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (REQUIMTE), Universidade do Porto (UP), 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Traás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Traás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Yolanda Sáenz
- Área de Microbiología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), 26006 Logroño, Spain; (M.L.); (B.R.-B.)
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Traás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal (T.T.)
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- CECAV—Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ibrahim D, Awad A, Younis G. Prevalence and characterization of quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from retail raw beef and poultry meat in Egypt. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10:490-499. [PMID: 37969807 PMCID: PMC10636088 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2023.j702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The goal of this study was to look at quinolone-resistant (QR) Escherichia coli (E. coli) from retail beef and poultry meat in Egypt by looking at the QR mechanisms in the resistant strains. Materials and Methods In total, 120 samples of raw poultry meat (n = 60) and beef meat (n = 60) were purchased from Mansoura retail stores between January and March 2021, and evaluated microbiologically for E. coli. Then, an antimicrobial sensitivity test was applied to all isolates. The prevalence of QR E. coli with concern for the QR determinants, including quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) mutations, the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance gene (PMQR), and the efflux pump activity were determined. Results The total prevalence of E. coli was 34.2% (41/120). Noticeably, the prevalence of E. coli in poultry meat (40%, 24/60) was higher than that of beef (28%, 17/60). All strains were assessed for their antimicrobial susceptibility using the disc diffusion technique; the highest rate of resistance (100%) was displayed to clindamycin and cefuroxime, followed by ampicillin (97.6%), doxycycline (92.7%), amoxicillin-clavulanate (92.7%), nalidixic acid (NA) (80.5%), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (70.7%), chloramphenicol (63.4%), gentamicin, and azithromycin (58.5% each). Multiple antimicrobial resistance (strains resistant to three or more antimicrobial classes) was displayed by 97.6% of E. coli isolates. Regarding QR, 37 isolates could resist at least one of the examined quinolones. Regarding PMQR genes, qnrS was determined in 70% (7/10) of QR E. coli, while qnrA, qnrB, and qnrD were not identified. While the mutations determined regions of QR in the resistant E. coli isolates, S83L was the most prevalent in gyrase subunit A either alone or combined with D87N and D87Y, and three isolates of QR E. coli isolates revealed a topoisomerase IV subunit mutation harboring S80I. 20% of the isolates displayed efflux activity, as NA showed a considerable difference between its zones of inhibition. Conclusion The high prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli, with concern for QR strains harboring different resistance mechanisms in poultry meat and beef, threatens the public's health. Thus, standard manufacturing procedures and adequate hygiene conditions must be followed in all phases of meat preparation, production, and consumption, and public knowledge should be improved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dina Ibrahim
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Amal Awad
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Gamal Younis
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Prendergast DM, Slowey R, Burgess CM, Murphy D, Johnston D, Morris D, O’ Doherty Á, Moriarty J, Gutierrez M. Characterization of cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone resistant Enterobacterales from Irish farm waste by whole genome sequencing. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1118264. [PMID: 37032887 PMCID: PMC10073600 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1118264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Enterobacterales are a group of Gram-negative bacteria frequently exhibiting extended antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and involved in the transmission of resistance genes to other bacterial species present in the same environment. Due to their impact on human health and the paucity of new antibiotics, the World Health Organization (WHO) categorized carbapenem resistant and ESBL-producing as critical. Enterobacterales are ubiquitous and the role of the environment in the transmission of AMR organisms or antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) must be examined in tackling AMR in both humans and animals under the one health approach. Animal manure is recognized as an important source of AMR bacteria entering the environment, in which resistant genes can accumulate. Methods To gain a better understanding of the dissemination of third generation cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone resistance genes between isolates in the environment, we applied whole genome sequencing (WGS) to Enterobacterales (79 E. coli, 1 Enterobacter cloacae, 1 Klebsiella pneumoniae, and 1 Citrobacter gillenii) isolated from farm effluents in Ireland before (n = 72) and after (n = 10) treatment by integrated constructed wetlands (ICWs). DNA was extracted using the MagNA Pure 96 system (Roche Diagnostics, Rotkreuz, Switzerland) followed by WGS on a MiSeq platform (Illumina, Eindhoven, Netherlands) using v3 chemistry as 300-cycle paired-end runs. AMR genes and point mutations were identified and compared to the phenotypic results for better understanding of the mechanisms of resistance and resistance transmission. Results A wide variety of cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone resistance genes (mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and chromosomal mutations) were identified among isolates that mostly explained the phenotypic AMR patterns. A total of 31 plasmid replicon types were identified among the 82 isolates, with a subset of them (n = 24), identified in E. coli isolates. Five plasmid replicons were confined to the Enterobacter cloacae isolate and two were confined to the Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate. Virulence genes associated with functions including stress, survival, regulation, iron uptake secretion systems, invasion, adherence and toxin production were identified. Conclusion Our study showed that antimicrobial resistant organisms (AROs) can persist even following wastewater treatment and could transmit AMR of clinical relevance to the environment and ultimately pose a risk to human or animal health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre M. Prendergast
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland
- *Correspondence: Deirdre M. Prendergast,
| | - Rosemarie Slowey
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | | | - Declan Murphy
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Dayle Johnston
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Dearbháile Morris
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Ecology Group, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Áine O’ Doherty
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - John Moriarty
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Juraschek K, Malekzadah J, Malorny B, Käsbohrer A, Schwarz S, Meemken D, Hammerl JA. Characterization of qnrB-carrying plasmids from ESBL- and non-ESBL-producing Escherichia coli. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:365. [PMID: 35549890 PMCID: PMC9101827 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08564-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Escherichia coli carrying clinically important antimicrobial resistances [i.e., against extended-spectrum-beta-lactamases (ESBL)] are of high concern for human health and are increasingly detected worldwide. Worryingly, they are often identified as multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates, frequently including resistances against quinolones/fluoroquinolones. RESULTS Here, the occurrence and genetic basis of the fluoroquinolone resistance enhancing determinant qnrB in ESBL-/non-ESBL-producing E. coli was investigated. Overall, 33 qnrB-carrying isolates out of the annual German antimicrobial resistance (AMR) monitoring on commensal E. coli (incl. ESBL-/AmpC-producing E. coli) recovered from food and livestock between 2013 and 2018 were analysed in detail. Whole-genome sequencing, bioinformatics analyses and transferability evaluation was conducted to characterise the prevailing qnrB-associated plasmids. Furthermore, predominant qnrB-carrying plasmid-types were subjected to in silico genome reconstruction analysis. In general, the qnrB-carrying E. coli were found to be highly heterogenic in their multilocus sequence types (STs) and their phenotypic resistance profiles. Most of them appeared to be MDR and exhibited resistances against up to ten antimicrobials of different classes. With respect to qnrB-carrying plasmids, we found qnrB19 located on small Col440I plasmids to be most widespread among ESBL-producing E. coli from German livestock and food. This Col440I plasmid-type was found to be highly conserved by exhibiting qnrB19, a pspF operon and different genes of unassigned function. Furthermore, we detected plasmids of the incompatibility groups IncN and IncH as carriers of qnrB. All qnrB-carrying plasmids also exhibited virulence factors and various insertion sequences (IS). The majority of the qnrB-carrying plasmids were determined to be self-transmissible, indicating their possible contribution to the spread of resistances against (fluoro)quinolones and other antimicrobials. CONCLUSION In this study, a diversity of different plasmid types carrying qnrB alone or in combination with other resistance determinants (i.e., beta-lactamase genes) were found. The spread of these plasmids, especially those carrying antimicrobial resistance genes against highest priority critically important antimicrobial agents, is highly unfavourable and can pose a threat for public health. Therefore, the dissemination pathways and evolution of these plasmids need to be further monitored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Juraschek
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Janina Malekzadah
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Burkhard Malorny
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annemarie Käsbohrer
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
- Unit for Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Freie Universität Berlin, 14163, Berlin, Germany
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 8, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Diana Meemken
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 8, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Freie Universität Berlin, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Andre Hammerl
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jomehzadeh N, Ahmadi K, Bahmanshiri MA. Investigation of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes among clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae in southwest Iran. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24342. [PMID: 35293043 PMCID: PMC9279965 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Extensive and inappropriate use of quinolones has led to growing resistance rates to these broad‐spectrum antibiotics. The present study purposed to investigate the prevalence of plasmid‐mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates. Method Ninety‐two non‐repetitive K. pneumoniae clinical isolates were confirmed by standard microbiological methods. Antibacterial susceptibility of isolates toward seven agents from the quinolone family was evaluated by the disc diffusion method. Ciprofloxacin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined using the standard agar dilution method. PCR amplification was used to detect the existence of PMQR genes in the studied isolates. Results In the present study, significant quinolones' resistance (40%) was observed in K. pneumoniae isolates, and most of the strains were resistant to nalidixic acid (94.6%) and ofloxacin (45.6%). MIC analysis showed 15 strains were resistant to 6–128 μg/ml of ciprofloxacin, and five were intermediately‐resistant. PMQR genes were detected in 88% of all isolates. Acc(6’)‐Ib‐cr was constituted half of the total PMQR genes detected among ciprofloxacin non‐susceptible isolates. Of 20 ciprofloxacin non‐susceptible isolates, 65% (n = 13) harbored multiple PMQR determinants, and 15 strains were determined as integron carriage. Conclusion The findings of this study indicated considerable resistance against quinolones, which could be correlated with the extensive and inappropriate use of this class of antibiotics as empirical treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nabi Jomehzadeh
- Department of MicrobiologySchool of MedicineAbadan University of Medical SciencesAbadanIran
| | - Khadijeh Ahmadi
- Department of MicrobiologySchool of MedicineAbadan University of Medical SciencesAbadanIran
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hammerl JA. Editorial for the Special Issue: “Antimicrobial Resistance and Molecular Tracing of Foodborne Pathogens”. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020390. [PMID: 35208845 PMCID: PMC8879549 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jens André Hammerl
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhan L, Zhang J, Zhao B, Li X, Zhang X, Hu R, Elken EM, Kong L, Gao Y. Genomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of Bovine Pasteurella multocida Serogroup A Strain Reveals Insights Into Virulence Attenuation. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:765495. [PMID: 34859092 PMCID: PMC8631534 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.765495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida is one of the primary pathogens of bovine respiratory disease (BRD), and causes huge losses in the cattle industry. The Pm3 strain was a natural isolate, which is a strong form of pathogen and is sensitive to fluoroquinolones antibiotics. A high fluoroquinolone resistant strain, Pm64 (MIC = 64 μg/mL), was formed after continuous induction with subinhibitory concentration (1/2 MIC) of enrofloxacin, with the enhanced growth characteristics and large attenuation of pathogenicity in mice. This study reports the whole genome sequence and the transcription profile by RNA-Seq of strain Pm3/Pm64. The results showed an ineffective difference between the two strains at the genome level. However, 32 genes could be recognized in the gene islands (GIs) of Pm64, in which 24 genes were added and 8 genes were lost. Those genes are involved in DNA binding, trehalose metabolism, material transportation, capsule synthesis, prophage, amino acid metabolism, and other functions. In Pm3 strain, 558 up-regulated and 568 down-regulated genes were found compared to Pm64 strain, from which 20 virulence factor-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened. Mainly differentially transcribed genes were associated with capsular polysaccharide (CPS), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipooligosaccharide (LOS). Iron utilization, and biofilm composition. We speculated that the main mechanism of virulence attenuation after the formation of resistance of Pm64 comes from the change of the expression profile of these genes. This report elucidated the toxicity targets of P. multocida serogroup A which provide fundamental information toward the understanding of the pathogenic mechanism and to decreasing antimicrobial drugs resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Boyu Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xintian Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiqing Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Renge Hu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, China
| | - Emad Mohammed Elken
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Lingcong Kong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,The Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yunhang Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,The Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|