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Szotkowski M, Plhalová Ž, Sniegoňová P, Holub J, Chujanov O, Špačková D, Blažková J, Márová I. Conversion of Mixed Waste Food Substrates by Carotenogenic Yeasts of Rhodotorula sp. Genus. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11041013. [PMID: 37110436 PMCID: PMC10142595 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11041013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The consequence of the massive increase in population in recent years is the enormous production of mainly industrial waste. The effort to minimize these waste products is, therefore, no longer sufficient. Biotechnologists, therefore, started looking for ways to not only reuse these waste products, but also to valorise them. This work focuses on the biotechnological use and processing of waste oils/fats and waste glycerol by carotenogenic yeasts of the genus Rhodotorula and Sporidiobolus. The results of this work show that the selected yeast strains are able to process waste glycerol as well as some oils and fats in a circular economy model and, moreover, are resistant to potential antimicrobial compounds present in the medium. The best-growing strains, Rhodotorula toruloides CCY 062-002-004 and Rhodotorula kratochvilovae CCY 020-002-026, were selected for fed-batch cultivation in a laboratory bioreactor in a medium containing a mixture of coffee oil and waste glycerol. The results show that both strains were able to produce more than 18 g of biomass per litre of media with a high content of carotenoids (10.757 ± 1.007 mg/g of CDW in R. kratochvilovae and 10.514 ± 1.520 mg/g of CDW in R. toruloides, respectively). The overall results prove that combining different waste substrates is a promising option for producing yeast biomass enriched with carotenoids, lipids, and beta-glucans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Szotkowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Žaneta Plhalová
- Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Sniegoňová
- Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Holub
- Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Oleg Chujanov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dominika Špačková
- Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Blažková
- Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Márová
- Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Oleaginous Yeast Extracts and Their Possible Effects on Human Health. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020492. [PMID: 36838460 PMCID: PMC9965212 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Four non-conventional oleaginous and pigmented yeast strains of Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Cystofilobasidium infirmominiatum, Phaffia rhodozyma, and Rhodotorula kratochvilovae were used in this study. Complex yeast extracts were prepared and tested for biological activity, safety, and effect on human health. In this paper, we measured the antioxidant activity and antimicrobial effect of yeast biomass as a whole and their extracts to compare the influence of carotenoids and other bioactive substances in the studied biomass. All yeast extracts exhibited a significant dose-dependent antimicrobial effect against both G+ and G- bacteria and had a strong antioxidant effect. No cytotoxicity in the mouse melanoma B16F1 cell line was found in concentrations up to 20% of rehydrated biomass in cell medium. All of the extracts were cytotoxic at a concentration of 5 mg of extract/g of dry biomass. All the pigmented yeast extracts showed some positive results for apoptosis of murine melanoma cell lines and are therefore strong candidates positively effect human health. Red yeast cell biomass is a prospective material with many attractive biological functions and can be used in the food industry, as a pharmaceutical material, or in the feed industry.
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Liu C, Han M, Lv F, Gao Y, Wang X, Zhang X, Guo Y, Cheng Y, Qian H. Study on the Cellular Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Torularhodin Produced by Sporidiobolus pararoseus ZQHL Isolated from Vinegar Fungus. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031436. [PMID: 36771110 PMCID: PMC9920945 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The red stretcher bacterium Sporidiobolus pararoseus is a high producer of carotenoids such as torularhodin, but its presence in vinegar has not been detected. Moreover, torularhodin has several biological activities, but its effect on the LPS-induced RAW 264.7 inflammatory cell model has also yet to be elucidated. In this study, S. pararoseus was identified in different vinegar samples from China by ITS sequencing. Meanwhile, one of the strains was deeply resolved by whole genome sequencing and functional annotation and named S. pararoseus ZQHL. Subsequently, the antioxidant effect of the fungal carotenoid torularhodin was investigated using in vitro DPPH, ABTS, and cellular models. Finally, LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells were used as an inflammation model to assess torularhodin's protective effect on inflammatory cells and to determine whether the TLR4 pathway is associated with this process. The results indicate that torularhodin has good free radical scavenging ability in vitro and can contribute to cell viability. More importantly, torularhodin alleviated LPS-induced cellular inflammatory damage and reduced the expression of inflammatory factors such as TLR4, MyD88, and TNF-a. The mechanism may attenuate the cellular inflammatory response by inhibiting the TLR4 inflammatory pathway. In conclusion, torularhodin produced by S. pararoseus fungi in vinegar samples significantly scavenged free radicals in vitro and alleviated RAW 264.7 cellular inflammation by modulating the TLR4 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Mei Han
- Department of Food Science, Shanghai Business School, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Fuqiang Lv
- Jiangsu Hengshun Vinegar-Industry Co., Ltd., No. 66 Hengshun Road, Zhenjiang 212143, China
| | - Yaobin Gao
- Shanxi Mature Vinegar Group Co., Ltd., No. 26 Madaopo, Xinghua District, Taiyuan 030013, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Shanxi Mature Vinegar Group Co., Ltd., No. 26 Madaopo, Xinghua District, Taiyuan 030013, China
| | - Xujiao Zhang
- Shanxi Zilin Vinegar Industry Co., Ltd., No. 550 Gaohua Duan, Taimao Road, Taiyuan 030100, China
| | - Yahui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yuliang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (H.Q.)
| | - He Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (H.Q.)
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Holub J, Szotkowski M, Chujanov O, Špačková D, Sniegoňová P, Márová I. Production of Enriched Biomass by Carotenogenic Yeasts Cultivated on by-Products of Poultry Processing-A Screening Study. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020321. [PMID: 36838286 PMCID: PMC9960738 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotenogenic yeasts are a group of microorganisms producing valuable metabolites such as carotenoids, ergosterol, ubiquinone or fatty acids. Their exceptional adaptability allows them to grow in diverse conditions. Owing to their extracellular lipase activity, they are capable of processing many lipid-type waste substrates. This study discusses the processing of poultry waste, specifically fat and feathers by using carotenogenic yeasts. Poultry fat does not require any pre-treatment to be utilized by yeast, but hydrolytic pre-treatment is required for the utilization of the nitrogen contained in feathers. Glycerol was used as a supplementary substrate to support the culture in the early stages of growth. Seven yeast strains were used for the experiments, of which the strain Rhodotorula mucilaginosa CCY19-4-25 achieved exceptional results of biomass production: 29.5 g/L on poultry fat + 10% glycerol at C/N ratio 25 and 28.3 g/L on media containing poultry fat + 25% glycerol at C/N 50. The bioreactor cultivation of the Rhodosporidium toruloides strain in media containing glycerol and feather hydrolysate as a nitrogen substrate achieved a biomass yield of 34.92 g/L after 144 h of cultivation. The produced enriched yeast biomass can be used as a component for poultry feeding; thus, the study is performed under the biorefinery concept.
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Chen S, Lu Y, Wang W, Hu Y, Wang J, Tang S, Lin CSK, Yang X. Efficient production of the β-ionone aroma compound from organic waste hydrolysates using an engineered Yarrowia lipolytica strain. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:960558. [PMID: 36212878 PMCID: PMC9532697 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.960558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study demonstrates the feasibility of establishing a natural compound supply chain in a biorefinery. The process starts with the biological or chemical hydrolysis of food and agricultural waste into simple and fermentative sugars, followed by their fermentation into more complex molecules. The yeast strain, Yarrowia lipolytica, was modified by introducing high membrane affinity variants of the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase enzyme, PhCCD1, to increase the production of the aroma compound, β-ionone. The initial hydrolysis process converted food waste or sugarcane bagasse into nutrient-rich hydrolysates containing 78.4 g/L glucose and 8.3 g/L fructose, or 34.7 g/L glucose and 20.1 g/L xylose, respectively. During the next step, engineered Y. lipolytica strains were used to produce β-ionone from these feedstocks. The yeast strain YLBI3120, carrying a modified PhCCD1 gene was able to produce 4 g/L of β-ionone with a productivity of 13.9 mg/L/h from food waste hydrolysate. This is the highest yield reported for the fermentation of this compound to date. The integrated process described in this study could be scaled up to achieve economical large-scale conversion of inedible food and agricultural waste into valuable aroma compounds for a wide range of potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanping Lu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Technology Research Center, Wuliangye Yibin Company Limited, Yibin, Sichuan, China
- Postdoctoral Research Workstation, Sichuan Yibin Wuliangye Group Company Limited, Yibin, Sichuan, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yunzi Hu
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jufang Wang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shixing Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Carol Sze Ki Lin
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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