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Zhang Z, Zhao L, Wu J, Pan Y, Zhao G, Li Z, Zhang L. The Effects of Lactobacillus johnsonii on Diseases and Its Potential Applications. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2580. [PMID: 37894238 PMCID: PMC10609197 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus johnsonii has been used as a probiotic for decades to treat a wide range of illnesses, and has been found to have specific advantages in the treatment of a number of ailments. We reviewed the potential therapeutic effects and mechanisms of L. johnsonii in various diseases based on PubMed and the Web of Science databases. We obtained the information of 149 L. johnsonii from NCBI (as of 14 February 2023), and reviewed their comprehensive metadata, including information about the plasmids they contain. This review provides a basic characterization of different L. johnsonii and some of their potential therapeutic properties for various ailments. Although the mechanisms are not fully understood yet, it is hoped that they may provide some evidence for future studies. Furthermore, the antibiotic resistance of the various strains of L. johnsonii is not clear, and more complete and in-depth studies are needed. In summary, L. johnsonii presents significant research potential for the treatment or prevention of disease; however, more proof is required to justify its therapeutic application. An additional study on the antibiotic resistance genes it contains is also needed to reduce the antimicrobial resistance dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Zhang
- Microbiome-X, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China; (Z.Z.); (L.Z.); (J.W.); (Y.P.); (G.Z.)
| | - Lanlan Zhao
- Microbiome-X, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China; (Z.Z.); (L.Z.); (J.W.); (Y.P.); (G.Z.)
| | - Jiacheng Wu
- Microbiome-X, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China; (Z.Z.); (L.Z.); (J.W.); (Y.P.); (G.Z.)
| | - Yingmiao Pan
- Microbiome-X, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China; (Z.Z.); (L.Z.); (J.W.); (Y.P.); (G.Z.)
| | - Guoping Zhao
- Microbiome-X, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China; (Z.Z.); (L.Z.); (J.W.); (Y.P.); (G.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266000, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Bio-Med Big Data Center, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Ziyun Li
- Microbiome-X, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China; (Z.Z.); (L.Z.); (J.W.); (Y.P.); (G.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Microbiome-X, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China; (Z.Z.); (L.Z.); (J.W.); (Y.P.); (G.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266000, China
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Yu D, Pei Z, Chen Y, Wang H, Xiao Y, Zhang H, Chen W, Lu W. Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis as widespread bacteriocin gene clusters carrier stands out among the Bifidobacterium. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0097923. [PMID: 37681950 PMCID: PMC10537742 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00979-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bifidobacterium is the dominant genus, particularly in the intestinal tract niche of healthy breast-fed infants, and many of these strains have been proven to elicit positive effects on infant development. In addition to its effective antimicrobial activity against detrimental microorganisms, it helps to improve the intestinal microbiota balance. The isolation and identification of bacteriocins from Bifidobacterium have been limited since the mid-1980s, leading to an underestimation of its ability for bacteriocin production. Here, we employed a silicon-based search strategy to mine 354 putative bacteriocin gene clusters (BGCs), most of which have never been reported, from the genomes of 759 Bifidobacterium strains distributed across 9 species. Consistent with previous reports, most Bifidobacterium strains did not carry or carry only a single BGC; however, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis, in contrast to other Bifidobacterium species, carried numerous BGCs, including lanthipeptides, lasso peptides, thiopeptides, and class IId bacteriocins. The antimicrobial activity of the crude bacteriocins and transcription analysis confirmed its potential for bacteriocin biosynthesis. Additionally, we investigated the association of bacteriocins with the phylogenetic positions of their homologs from other genera and niches. In conclusion, this study re-examines a few Bifidobacterium species traditionally regarded as a poor source of bacteriocins. These bacteriocin genes impart a competitive advantage to Bifidobacterium in colonizing the infant intestinal tract. IMPORTANCE Development of the human gut microbiota commences from birth, with bifidobacteria being among the first colonizers of the newborn intestinal tract and dominating it for a considerable period. To date, the genetic basis for the successful adaptation of bifidobacteria to this particular niche remains unclear since studies have mainly focused on glycoside hydrolase and adhesion-related genes. Bacteriocins are competitive factors that help producers maintain colonization advantages without destroying the niche balance; however, they have rarely been reported in Bifidobacterium. The advancement in sequencing methods and bacteriocin databases enables the use of a silicon-based search strategy for the comprehensive and rapid re-evaluation of the bacteriocin distribution of Bifidobacterium. Our study revealed that B. infantis carries abundant bacteriocin biosynthetic gene clusters for the first time, presenting new evidence regarding the competitive interactions of Bifidobacterium in the infant intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhangming Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yutao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenwei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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Pei Z, Li X, Cui S, Yang B, Lu W, Zhao J, Mao B, Chen W. Population genomics of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei: pan-genome, integrated prophage, antibiotic resistance, and carbohydrate utilization. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:280. [PMID: 37587248 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03722-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Lacticaseibacillus paracasei has beneficial effects on human health and holds promising potential as a probiotic for use in the development of functional foods, especially dairy products. This species can adapt to a variety of ecological niches and presents fundamental carbohydrate metabolism and tolerance to environmental stresses. However, the population structure, ecology, and antibiotic resistance of Lc. paracasei in diverse ecological niches are poorly understood. Reclassification of Lc. paracasei as a separate species of Lacticaseibacillus has stimulated renewed interest in its research, and a deeper interpretation of it will be important for screening strains beneficial to human health. Here, we collected 121 self-isolated and 268 publicly available Lc. paracasei genomes discussed how genomic approaches have advanced our understanding of its taxonomy, ecology, evolution, diversity, integrated prophage-related element distribution, antibiotic resistance, and carbohydrate utilization. Moreover, for the Lc. paracasei strains isolated in this study, we assessed the inducibility of integrated prophages in their genomes and determined the phenotypes that presented tolerance to multiple antibiotics to provide evidence for safety evaluations of Lc. paracasei during the fermentation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangming Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoshu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Shumao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingyong Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
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Obioha PI, Anyogu A, Awamaria B, Ghoddusi HB, Ouoba LII. Antimicrobial Resistance of Lactic Acid Bacteria from Nono, a Naturally Fermented Milk Product. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050843. [PMID: 37237746 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the biggest threats to public health. The food chain has been recognised as a vehicle for transmitting AMR bacteria. However, information about resistant strains isolated from African traditional fermented foods remains limited. Nono is a traditional, naturally fermented milk product consumed by many pastoral communities across West Africa. The main aim of this study was to investigate and determine the AMR patterns of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) involved in the traditional fermentation of milk for Nono production, and the presence of transferable AMR determinants. METHODS One hundred (100) LAB isolates from Nono identified in a previous study as Limosilactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Streptococcus thermophilus, Streptococcus infantarius, Lentilactobacillus senioris, Leuconostoc pseudomesenteriodes, and Enterococcus thailandicus were investigated. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for 18 antimicrobials using the micro-broth dilution method. In addition, LAB isolates were screened for 28 antimicrobial resistance genes using PCR. The ability of LAB isolates to transfer tetracycline and streptomycin resistance genes to Enterococcus faecalis was also investigated. RESULTS The experiments revealed variable antimicrobial susceptibility according to the LAB isolate and the antimicrobial tested. The tetracycline resistance genes tet(S) and tet(M) were detected in isolates Ent. thailandicus 52 and S. infantarius 10. Additionally, aad(E) encoding resistance to streptomycin was detected in Ent. thailandicus 52. The conjugation experiments suggested that the tet(S) and aad(E) genes were transferable in vitro from isolate Ent. thailandicus 52 to Ent. faecalis JH2-2. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT Traditional fermented foods play a significant role in the diet of millions of people in Africa, yet their contribution to the burden of AMR is largely unknown. This study highlights that LAB involved in traditionally fermented foods could be potential reservoirs of AMR. It also underscores the relevant safety issues of Ent. thailandicus 52 and S. infantarius 10 for use as starter cultures as they carry transferable AMR genes. Starter cultures are an essential aspect of improving the safety and quality attributes of African fermented foods. However, AMR monitoring is an important safety aspect in the selection of starter cultures for improving traditional fermentation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Promiselynda I Obioha
- Microbiology Research Unit, School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK
| | - Amarachukwu Anyogu
- Food Safety and Security, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of West London, St. Marys Road, London W5 5RF, UK
| | - Brigitte Awamaria
- Microbiology Research Unit, School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK
| | - Hamid B Ghoddusi
- Microbiology Research Unit, School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK
| | - Labia Irene I Ouoba
- Microbiology Research Unit, School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK
- Independent Senior Research Scientist & Consultant, Ouoba-Consulting, London SW16 2DY, UK
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Jiang YH, Yang RS, Lin YC, Xin WG, Zhou HY, Wang F, Zhang QL, Lin LB. Assessment of the safety and probiotic characteristics of Lactobacillus salivarius CGMCC20700 based on whole-genome sequencing and phenotypic analysis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1120263. [PMID: 37007532 PMCID: PMC10062426 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1120263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria are generally regarded as alternatives to antibiotics in livestock and poultry farming, especially Lactobacillus strains, which are safe and have probiotic potential. Although Lactobacillus salivarius has long been proposed to be a probiotic, the understanding of the roles of this species is still in its infancy. Here, a strain of L. salivarius CGMCC20700 isolated from the intestinal mucosa of Yunnan black-bone chicken broilers was investigated in the context of its safety and probiotic characteristics by whole-genome sequencing in parallel with phenotypic analysis. Whole-genome sequencing results showed that L. salivarius CGMCC20700 has a single scaffold of 1,737,577 bp with an average guanine-to-cytosine (GC) ratio of 33.51% and 1,757 protein-coding genes. The annotation of Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG) classified the predicted proteins from the assembled genome as possessing cellular, metabolic, and information-related functions. Sequences related to risk assessment, such as antibiotic resistance and virulence genes, were identified, and the strain was further confirmed as safe according to the results of antibiotic resistance, hemolytic, and acute oral toxicology tests. Two gene clusters of antibacterial compounds and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity were identified using genome mining tools and antibacterial spectrum tests. Stress resistance genes, active stressor removal genes, and adhesion related genes that were identified and examined with various phenotypic assays (such as stress tolerance tests in acids and bile salts and auto aggregation and hydrophobicity assays). The strain showed a high survival rate in the presence of bile salts and under acidic conditions and exhibited significant auto aggregation capacity and hydrophobicity. Overall, L. salivarius CGMCC20700 demonstrated excellent safety and probiotic potential at both the genomic and physiological levels and can be considered an appropriate candidate probiotic for livestock and poultry farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hang Jiang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui-Si Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yi-Cen Lin
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Wei-Gang Xin
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Huan-Yu Zhou
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qi-Lin Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lian-Bing Lin
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- *Correspondence: Lian-Bing Lin,
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Yu L, Zang X, Chen Y, Gao Y, Pei Z, Yang B, Zhang H, Narbad A, Tian F, Zhai Q, Chen W. Phenotype-genotype analysis of Latilactobacills curvatus from different niches: Carbohydrate metabolism, antibiotic resistance, bacteriocin, phage fragments and linkages with CRISPR-Cas systems. Food Res Int 2022; 160:111640. [PMID: 36076376 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The potential probiotic function of Latilactobacills curvatus has attracted the attention of researchers. To explore the differences in the genomes of L. curvatus, nine strains were isolated from various sources, including feces and fermented vegetables and compared with 25 strains from the NCBI database. The findings indicated that the average genome size, GC content, and CDS of L. curvatus were 1.94 MB, 41.9%, and 1825, respectively. Its core genome is associated with transcription, translation, carbohydrate transport and metabolism, and defense functions. The pan-genome of L. curvatus was in a closed state. The genetic diversity of L. curatus is mainly manifested in its ability to use carbohydrates, antibiotic resistance, bacteriocin operon, and polymeric regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas for bacterial immunity. The CRISPR system of 34 strains of L. curvatus was predominantly found to be of the IIA type with a few IIC and IE types. These findings will contribute to a better understanding of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Probiotics at Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xiaojie Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Ying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yuhang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Zhangming Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Probiotics at Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Probiotics at Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Arjan Narbad
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Probiotics at Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Gut Health and Microbiome Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich 16 NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Fengwei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Probiotics at Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Qixiao Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Probiotics at Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Probiotics at Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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