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Deng TX, Ma XY, Duan A, Lu XR, Abdel-Shafy H. Genome-wide CNV analysis reveals candidate genes associated with milk production traits in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00802-6. [PMID: 38762109 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Buffaloes are vital contributors to the global dairy industry. Understanding the genetic basis of milk production traits in buffalo populations is essential for breeding programs and improving productivity. In this study, we conducted whole-genome resequencing on 387 buffalo genomes from 29 diverse Asian breeds, including 132 river buffaloes, 129 swamp buffaloes, and 126 crossbred buffaloes. We identified 36,548 copy number variant (CNVs) spanning 133.29 Mb of the buffalo genome, resulting in 2,100 copy number variant regions (CNVRs), with 1,993 shared CNVRs being found within the studied buffalo types. Analyzing CNVRs highlighted distinct genetic differentiation between river and swamp buffalo subspecies, verified by evolutionary tree and principal component analyses. Admixture analysis grouped buffaloes into river and swamp categories, with crossbred buffaloes displaying mixed ancestry. To identify candidate genes associated with milk production traits, we employed 3 approaches. First, we used Vst-based population differentiation, revealing 11 genes within CNVRs that exhibited significant divergence between different buffalo breeds, including genes linked to milk production traits. Second, expression quantitative loci (eQTL) analysis revealed differential expression of CNVR-driven genes (DECGs) associated with milk production traits. Notably, known milk production-related genes were among these DECGs, validating their relevance. Last, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified 3 CNVRs significantly linked to peak milk yield. Our study provides comprehensive genomic insights into buffalo populations and identifies candidate genes associated with milk production traits. These findings facilitate genetic breeding programs aimed at increasing milk yield and improving quality in this economically important livestock species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Xian Deng
- Guangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530001, China.
| | - Xiao-Ya Ma
- Guangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Anqin Duan
- Guangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Xing-Rong Lu
- Guangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Hamdy Abdel-Shafy
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, 12613, Giza, Egypt
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Boselli C, Costa A, De Marchi M, Zia MA, Shahid MQ, Ahmad N, Fasulkov I, Karadaev M, Ilieva Y, Penchev P, Derisavi F, Nikookar M, Naderfard H, Eid LN, Hegazy MM, Abouelghait HA, Campagna MC, Borghese A. Teat morphology across five buffalo breeds: a multi-country collaborative study. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:61. [PMID: 38276987 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-03895-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is a species of worldwide importance, raised to produce milk, meat, and hides, and often used as a working animal in rural contexts with low access to hi-tech solutions. In the present study, 100 lactating buffaloes (50 primiparous and 50 pluriparous) of five popular breeds were recruited to characterize and compare teat morphology. In particular, the focus was put on the Nili Ravi, Mediterranean, Egyptian, Bulgarian Murrah, and Azeri buffaloes raised in Pakistan, Italy, Egypt, Bulgaria, and Iran, respectively. In all countries, a longitudinal cross-section ultrasound was obtained before the milking to measure teat parameters at individual level: overall, teat canal length (TCL) averaged 24.13 mm, teat diameter (TD) 30.46 mm, cisternal diameter (CD) 17.80 mm, and teat wall (TW) 7.12 mm. The most variable trait across breeds was TCL which was positively correlated with CD and TD and negatively with TW, regardless of the teat position (front/rear or left/right). A strong negative correlation was found between TW and CD (- 0.43). The analysis of variance revealed that the fixed effect of breed significantly affected all the traits except TD. In fact, Bulgarian Murrah, Azeri, and Egyptian buffaloes presented the greatest estimate of TCL, whereas NR the smallest (14.70 mm). The TW was maximum in Nili Ravi, Egyptian, and Mediterranean buffaloes, with estimates equal to 8.19, 7.59, and 8.74 mm, respectively. Nili Ravi also showed the greatest TL (82.39 mm). In terms of CD, the lowest least square mean was that of Mediterranean buffaloes (12.14 mm). Primiparous and pluriparous buffaloes differed in terms of TD, TW, and TL, with older animals presenting the highest least square mean. In terms of position, instead, significant differences were observed for TD, CD, and TL when comparing front and rear teats, as left and right teats did not differ. Teat anatomy includes a set of heritable morphological features and is therefore breed-dependent. Differences presented in this study could be attributed to the divergent breeding objective and selective pressure across the five breeds; e.g., in some cases such as Mediterranean buffalo, selection for decades was oriented to improve milk production and milkability and achieve optimal conformation for mechanical milking. A better understanding of the mammary gland anatomical descriptors can be informative of the history of a breed and could provide useful insights to guide possible selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Boselli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio E Della Toscana "Mariano Aleandri,", Rome, 00178, Italy.
| | - Angela Costa
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40064, Ozzano Dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Massimo De Marchi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, 35030, Legnaro, Italy
| | | | - Muhammad Q Shahid
- Department of Livestock Management, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Nasim Ahmad
- Department of Theriogenology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ivan Fasulkov
- Dept. Obstetrics, Reproduction and Reproductive Disorders, Trakia University, 6015, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Manol Karadaev
- Dept. Obstetrics, Reproduction and Reproductive Disorders, Trakia University, 6015, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Yordanka Ilieva
- Agricultural Institute - Shumen, 3 Simeon Veliki Blvd, 9700, Shumen, Bulgaria
| | - Pencho Penchev
- Agricultural Institute - Shumen, 3 Simeon Veliki Blvd, 9700, Shumen, Bulgaria
| | | | | | | | - Laila N Eid
- Department of Buffalo Breeding Research, Animal Production Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Hegazy
- Mahallet Mousa Buffalo Research Station, Animal Production Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hassab A Abouelghait
- Mahallet Mousa Buffalo Research Station, Animal Production Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Giza, Egypt
| | - Maria Concetta Campagna
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio E Della Toscana "Mariano Aleandri,", Rome, 00178, Italy
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Yi L, Min JT, Jun CL, Long HX, Khoo HE, Ying ZJ, Le SJ. Buffalo yogurt fermented with commercial starter and Lactobacillus plantarum originating from breast milk lowered blood pressure in pregnant hypertensive rats. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:62-73. [PMID: 37709021 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Nutritional therapy, which may have advantages over medication, is being investigated as a novel treatment for pregnancy-induced hypertension. Several studies have shown that probiotic yogurt supplementation during pregnancy has beneficial effects on maternal and fetal health. In this study, fermented buffalo milk was produced with yogurt culture and Lactobacillus plantarum B, a probiotic isolated from healthy breast milk with high angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity. The fermentation conditions under which the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity reached 84.51% were optimized by the response surface method as follows: 2 × 106 cfu/mL of L. plantarum B, yogurt culture 2.5 × 105 cfu/mL, and 8 h at 37°C. The distribution of ACE inhibitory peptides from fermented buffalo milk and fermented cow milk were further analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. By searching according to the structural features of ACE inhibitory peptides, 29 and 11 peptides containing ACE inhibitory peptide features were found in fermented buffalo milk and fermented cow milk, respectively. To investigate the in vivo antihypertensive activity of fermented buffalo milk, 18 pregnant rats were divided into 3 groups (n = 6 in each group) and administered 10 mL of normal saline, yogurt (20 mg/kg), or labetalol hydrochloride (4 mg/kg) daily from the beginning of pregnancy to parturition. To induce hypertension, methyl nitrosoarginine (125 mg/kg) was injected subcutaneously every day from d 15 of pregnancy to the day of delivery. Blood pressure was not significantly changed in the yogurt and labetalol groups after induction of hypertension and was lower compared with the normal saline group, but there was no difference between the yogurt and labetalol groups. This implied that the buffalo yogurt had a preventive and antihypertensive effect in the pregnancy-induced hypertensive rat model. Further studies to determine the mechanism of action, as well as a randomized control trial, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yi
- South Asia Branch of National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Jiang Tie Min
- South Asia Branch of National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Chen Li Jun
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - He Xiao Long
- South Asia Branch of National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Hock Eng Khoo
- South Asia Branch of National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Zhao Jun Ying
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd., Beijing 100163, China
| | - Song Jia Le
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
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Prihandini PW, Tribudi YA, Hariyono DNH, Sari APZNL, Praharani L, Handiwirawan E, Tiesnamurti B, Romjali E, Matitaputty PR, Wiyono A. Biodiversity of Indonesian indigenous buffalo: First review of the status, challenges, and development opportunities. Vet World 2023; 16:2217-2229. [PMID: 38152276 PMCID: PMC10750752 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.2217-2229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In Indonesia, the buffalo is important for small and marginal farmers' livelihood and economic development as a source of food, working animal, and tourist attraction. Therefore, an in-depth study is needed to examine challenges and opportunities for buffalo development in Indonesia. In Indonesia, the buffalo is divided into two types: swamp buffalo and river buffalo. The buffalo population in Indonesia has declined significantly. A decrease of approximately 39.35% was recorded from 2022 to 2017. The decline occurred due to low reproduction rate and suboptimal rearing management systems. There are three buffalo-rearing systems: Intensive, semi-intensive, and extensive. The productivity of buffalo is diverse and closely related to the characteristics of the regional agroecosystem, consistent with existing natural resources and rearing management systems. The diversity of buffalo productivity provides a good opportunity to improve productivity. Improvement of buffalo genetics is urgently needed, by improving mating management, etc., especially to reduce potential inbreeding. In recent years, genetic and molecular research on Indonesian buffalo has made progress, including use of molecular markers, such as microsatellites and single-nucleotide polymorphisms, to evaluate genetic diversity within and among buffalo populations across Indonesia. In addition, studies are being conducted on the relationship of genotype mutations that contribute to appearance and phenotypic performance (heat stress, reproduction, behavior, coat color, and production attributes) in buffaloes. Identification of genetic diversity in local buffaloes can be improved using various genetic and genomic techniques. These findings will form a basis for the targeted conservation of local buffaloes in Indonesia. This study aimed to collect information on the genetic resources of the local buffalo, particularly its status and production system and provide recommendations for developing buffalo production in Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peni Wahyu Prihandini
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Bogor, 16915, Indonesia
| | - Yuli Arif Tribudi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Tanjungpura, Pontianak, 78121, Indonesia
| | - Dwi Nur Happy Hariyono
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Khairun, Ternate, 97719, Indonesia
| | | | - Lisa Praharani
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Bogor, 16915, Indonesia
| | - Eko Handiwirawan
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Bogor, 16915, Indonesia
| | - Bess Tiesnamurti
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Bogor, 16915, Indonesia
| | - Endang Romjali
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Bogor, 16915, Indonesia
| | - Procula Rudlof Matitaputty
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Bogor, 16915, Indonesia
| | - Agus Wiyono
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Bogor, 16915, Indonesia
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Luziatelli F, Melini F, Ficca AG, Melini V, Nardilli F, Ruzzi M. Core microbiome and bacterial diversity of the Italian Mediterranean river buffalo milk. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:1875-1886. [PMID: 36773061 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12415-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Milk is one of the most nutritionally complete foods and plays an important role in the human diet. Buffalo milk represents 15% of worldwide milk production and is an important source of bioactive compounds. Buffalo milk has a great market in the Mediterranean area, and dairy products, such as Mozzarella and Ricotta di Bufala Campana, obtained with the Italian Mediterranean buffalo milk, are acknowledged with the Protected Designation of Origin (PDO). This study aimed to characterize, using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, the milk core microbiome of water buffalo rises in the Amaseno Valley included in the Mozzarella PDO region. The principal features of the core and the auxiliary buffalo milk microbiome are the predominance of Firmicutes and Lactococcus, one of the most important lactic acid bacteria (LAB) taxa in the dairy industry. The comparative analysis of the core microbiomes indicated that the milk of the Italian Mediterranean Buffalo and other mammals share the presence of Streptococcus-affiliated OTUs (operational taxonomic units). Our data also demonstrated that the core microbiome of milk samples collected from PDO and non-PDO regions differ in the number and type of taxa. KEY POINTS: • Buffalo milk and their derivate products are becoming more popular worldwide. • Dairy locations and practice management affect the structure of the milk microbiota. • Next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis allows to identify the features of the Italian Buffalo milk microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Luziatelli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Francesca Melini
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.,Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Grazia Ficca
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Valentina Melini
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Nardilli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ruzzi
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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Pateiro M, Vargas-Ramella M, Franco D, Gomes da Cruz A, Zengin G, Kumar M, Dhama K, Lorenzo JM. The role of emerging technologies in the dehydration of berries: Quality, bioactive compounds, and shelf life. Food Chem X 2022; 16:100465. [PMID: 36225212 PMCID: PMC9550524 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Berries comprise essential nutrients necessary for healthy living. Convective, vacuum, microwave, and freeze-drying are the most common methods. Pre-treatments improve permeability, accelerate drying, and inactivate oxidation. Combined methods are recommended to assure high quality of dehydrated berries.
Berries are among the fruits with the highest nutritional and commercial value. This paper reviews the conventional and emerging dehydration methods most commonly used as postharvest treatment and discusses their efficacy in maintaining and/or improving the nutritional and functional qualities of dried berries. The characteristics of the conventional methods (e.g., convective drying, freeze-drying, spray-drying, osmotic dehydration), their pre-treatments, their combination, and intermittent drying, as well as their potential disadvantages are discussed. The use of emerging dehydration techniques (e.g., electromagnetic radiation drying, explosion puffing drying, heat pump drying, low-pressure superheated steam drying, microwave drying) allows to improve the quality of the dried berries compared to conventional techniques, in addition to reducing drying times, increasing drying speed and energy efficiency. Finally, the use of pre-treatments and the combination of technologies can enhance the quality of the final product as a result of the improvement in the effectiveness of the dehydration process.
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Abid S, Farid A, Abid R, Rehman MU, Alsanie WF, Alhomrani M, Alamri AS, Asdaq SMB, Hefft DI, Saqib S, Muzammal M, Morshedy SA, Alruways MW, Ghazanfar S. Identification, Biochemical Characterization, and Safety Attributes of Locally Isolated Lactobacillus fermentum from Bubalus bubalis (buffalo) Milk as a Probiotic. Microorganisms 2022; 10:954. [PMID: 35630398 PMCID: PMC9144466 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand of functional foods is on the rise, and researchers are trying to develop nutritious dairy products by using well-characterized strains of bacteria. In this study, we identified locally isolated strains of Lactobacillus fermentum from Bubalus bubalis (Nilli Ravi buffalo) milk and evaluated their potential as probiotics in food products like fermented milk. Fifteen Lactobacillus strains were initially isolated, and only four strains (NMCC-2, NMCC-14, NMCC-17, and NMCC-27) were examined for morphological and biochemical characterizations due to their ability of gas production in Durham tubes. Moreover, these strains were selected for further probiotic characterizations due to their extreme morphological resemblance with lactic acid bacteria for their antimicrobial activity, enzymatic potential, autoaggregation capability, hydrophobicity, and acid and bile tolerance. All selected isolates showed significant probiotic potential. However, NMCC-14 and NMCC-17 strains showed maximum probiotic potential. The isolates (NMCC-2, NMCC-14, NMCC-17, and NMCC-27) were identified as Lactobacillus fermentum utilizing 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The in vivo safety study of NMCC-14 (dose: 1010 CFU/day/mice; 21 days, orally) showed no histological dysfunctions in a mouse model. Pathogenic bacterial enzymes reduced the beneficial bacterial load in the host gastrointestinal tract. These results suggest that the NMCC-14 strain is safe and can be potentially used as a probiotic. Moreover, fermented milk was prepared by using the NMCC-14 strain. The results revealed that NMCC-14 strain-based fermented milk had significantly (p < 0.05) higher protein content (4.4 ± 0.06), water-holding capacity (WHC), and dynamic viscosity as compared to non-fermented milk. The results suggest that L. fermentum NMCC-14 is safe and nontoxic; hence, it can be a beneficial supplement to be used for the development of dairy products to be subjected to further clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Abid
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science & Technology, Virtual University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Arshad Farid
- Gomal Centre of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, D.I.Khan 29050, Pakistan; (A.F.); (M.M.)
| | - Rameesha Abid
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Sialkot, Sialkot 51310, Pakistan;
- National Institute of Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), National Agricultural Research Centre, Park Road, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan
| | - Mujeeb Ur Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan;
| | - Walaa F. Alsanie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Al Hawiyah 21944, Saudi Arabia; (W.F.A.); (M.A.); (A.S.A.)
- Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Al Hawiyah 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majid Alhomrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Al Hawiyah 21944, Saudi Arabia; (W.F.A.); (M.A.); (A.S.A.)
- Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Al Hawiyah 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulhakeem S. Alamri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Al Hawiyah 21944, Saudi Arabia; (W.F.A.); (M.A.); (A.S.A.)
- Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Al Hawiyah 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Daniel Ingo Hefft
- Reaseheath College, University Centre Reaseheath, Nantwich CW5 6DF, UK;
| | - Saddam Saqib
- Department of Biotechnology, Mohi- ud-Din Islamic University, Nerian Sharif 12080, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Muzammal
- Gomal Centre of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, D.I.Khan 29050, Pakistan; (A.F.); (M.M.)
| | - Sabrin Abdelrahman Morshedy
- Fish and Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt;
| | - Mashael W. Alruways
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Shaqra 15273, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Shakira Ghazanfar
- National Institute of Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), National Agricultural Research Centre, Park Road, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan
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