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Yadav AK, Ma W, Abi Younes P, Ciatto G, Gauthier N, Skopin E, Quadrelli EA, Schneider N, Renevier H. Quantitative in situ synchrotron X-ray analysis of the ALD/MLD growth of transition metal dichalcogenide TiS 2 ultrathin films. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:1853-1864. [PMID: 38167682 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04222g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
We present the results of a full quantitative analysis of X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) performed in situ during the growth of ultrathin titanium disulfide (TiS2) films via an innovative two-step process, i.e. atomic layer deposition/molecular layer deposition (ALD/MLD) followed by annealing. This growth strategy aims at separating the growth process from the crystallization process by first creating an amorphous Ti-thiolate that is converted later to crystalline TiS2via thermal annealing. The simultaneous analysis of Ti and S K-edge XAS spectra, exploiting the insights from density functional theory calculations, allows us to shed light on the chemical and structural mechanisms underlying the main steps of growth. The nature of the bonding at the base of the interface creation with the SiO2 substrate is disclosed in this study. Evidence of a progressive incorporation of S in the amorphous Ti-thiolate is given. Finally, it is shown that the annealing step plays a critical role since the transformation of the Ti-thiolate into nanocrystalline TiS2 and the loss of S are simultaneously induced, validating the two-step synthesis approach, which entails distinct growth and crystallization steps. These observations contribute to a deeper understanding of the bonding mechanism at the interface and provide insights for future research in this field and the generation of ultra-thin layered materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok-Kumar Yadav
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Beamline SIRIUS, Saint-Aubin, F-91192, Gif sur Yvette, France.
| | - Weiliang Ma
- IPVF (UMR 9006), Institut Photovoltaïque d'Ile-de-France, F-91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Petros Abi Younes
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble-INP, LMGP, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Gianluca Ciatto
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Beamline SIRIUS, Saint-Aubin, F-91192, Gif sur Yvette, France.
| | | | - Evgeniy Skopin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble-INP, LMGP, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | | | - Hubert Renevier
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble-INP, LMGP, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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Lombard CJ, van Sittert CGCE, Mugo JN, Perry C, Willock DJ. Computational investigation of α-SiO 2 surfaces as a support for Pd. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:6121-6130. [PMID: 36752082 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04722e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The properties of a supported metal catalyst depend crucially on the interaction between the active metal and the support. A case in point is Pd supported on silica, Pd/SiO2, which is widely used in oxidation catalysis. There is a need for a broad range of computational models that describe the interaction of Pd with silica surfaces so that active site models can be proposed and tested. In this work, we create well-defined, reproducible, periodic models of SiO2 surfaces and investigate their interaction with Pd using dispersion-corrected DFT. We use crystalline α-SiO2 as a useful starting point for creating and estimating the adsorption properties of metals on SiO2 surfaces, which can represent the specific isolated functional groups present on more complex amorphous silica surfaces. We have modelled α-SiO2 (001), (100) and (101) surfaces containing isolated siloxane and silanol functional groups and estimated their affinity towards the adsorption of Pd atoms regarding an isolated gaseous Pd atom and the fcc Pd solid. This provides additional information on the ease with which Pd can be dispersed on the surfaces in question. From our model, we characterise the surface energies of the α-SiO2 (hkl) surfaces and calculate the geometries of the Pd1/α-SiO2 (hkl) adsorption site on each surface. We estimate that Pd1(g) will prefer to adsorb close to strained four-membered siloxane rings or on a vicinal silanol group of α-SiO2 (101).
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Lombard
- Laboratory for Applied Molecular Modelling, Research Focus Area: Chemical Resource Beneficiation, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 252, South Africa.
| | - C G C E van Sittert
- Laboratory for Applied Molecular Modelling, Research Focus Area: Chemical Resource Beneficiation, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 252, South Africa.
| | - J N Mugo
- Johnson Matthey Technology Center, Belasis Avenue, Billingham TS23 1LH, UK
| | - C Perry
- Johnson Matthey Technology Center, Blount's Court, Sonning Common, Reading RG4 9NH, UK
| | - D J Willock
- Max Planck-Cardiff Centre on the Fundamentals of Heterogeneous Catalysis FUNCAT, Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
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Zhang H, Sun W, Chen D, Lin S, Zhang C. Effects of Interfacial Hydroxylation Microstructure on Quartz Flotation by Sodium Oleate. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:2182-2191. [PMID: 36716219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Quartz, a common inorganic nonmetallic mineral, is usually removed or purified by beneficiation, normally flotation. Given the strong polarity of the quartz surface, it is easy to hydrate to form a hydroxylation layer, which makes it impossible to float quartz with sodium oleate (OL) used alone. An ideal flotation method for quartz is preactivation with Ca2+, followed by collection with OL. Herein, the effects of surface hydroxylation on the adsorption of the anionic collector OL on the quartz surface before and after Ca2+ activation are systematically investigated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The results show that the displacement adsorption of surface hydroxyl substituted by OL- is not feasible in thermodynamics, and the OL- can only bind to the H atoms of the hydroxylated quartz surface via hydrogen bonds, namely, hydrogen binding adsorption. Due to the electrostatic repulsion and steric hindrance effect induced by the surface hydroxylation structure, the adsorption ability of OL- on the quartz surface mediated by hydroxyl bridges is very weak, which is insufficient to realize quartz floating. However, Ca2+ ions are easily adsorbed on the hydroxylated quartz surface, providing favorable active sites for subsequent adsorption of OL-, thus becoming a credible solution for the industrial flotation of the strong hydrophilic mineral quartz. These findings shed some new insights for accurately understanding the flotation mechanism of strongly hydrophilic oxide minerals and are beneficial to promoting the development of mineral flotation fundamentals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Zhang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha410083, China
| | - Wei Sun
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha410083, China
| | - Daixiong Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Complex Copper Lead Zinc Associated Metal Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Hunan Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals, Changsha410100, China
| | - Shangyong Lin
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha410083, China
| | - Chenyang Zhang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha410083, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Complex Copper Lead Zinc Associated Metal Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Hunan Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals, Changsha410100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming650093, China
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Sun J, Jiang S, Zhao Y, Wang H, Zhai D, Deng W, Sun L. First-principles study of CO 2 hydrogenation to formic acid on single-atom catalysts supported on SiO 2. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:19938-19947. [PMID: 35968889 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02225g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The hydrogenation of CO2 into valuable chemical fuels reduces the atmospheric CO2 content and also has broad economic prospects. Support is essential for catalysts, but many of the reported support materials cannot meet the requirements of accessibility and durability. Herein, we theoretically designed a series of single-atom noble metals anchored on a SiO2 surface for CO2 hydrogenation using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Through theoretical evaluation of the formation energy, hydrogen dissociation capacity, and activity of CO2 hydrogenation, we found that Ru@SiO2 is a promising candidate for CO2 hydrogenation to formic acid. The energy barrier of the rate-determining step of the entire conversion process is 23.9 kcal mol-1; thus, the reaction can occur under mild conditions. In addition, active and stable origins were revealed through electronic structure analysis. The charge of the metal atom is a good descriptor of the catalytic activity. The Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) between metal charge and its CO2 hydrogenation barrier is 0.99. Two solvent models were also used to investigate hydrogen spillover processes and the reaction path was searched by the climbing image nudged-elastic-band (CI-NEB) method. The results indicated that the explicit solvent model could not be simplified into a few solvent molecules, leading to a large difference in the reaction paths. This work will serve as a reference for the future design of more efficient catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jikai Sun
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China.
| | - Shuchao Jiang
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China.
| | - Yanliang Zhao
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China.
| | - Honglei Wang
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China.
| | - Dong Zhai
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China.
| | - Weiqiao Deng
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China. .,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Lei Sun
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China.
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Luo Y, Ou L, Chen J, Zhang G, Xia Y, Zhu B, Zhou H. Effects of defects and impurities on the adsorption of H2O on smithsonite (101) surfaces: Insight from DFT-D and MD. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Fioroni M, DeYonker NJ. Complex Organic Matter Synthesis on Siloxyl Radicals in the Presence of CO. Front Chem 2021; 8:621898. [PMID: 33598449 PMCID: PMC7882687 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.621898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneous phase astrochemistry plays an important role in the synthesis of complex organic matter (COM) as found on comets and rocky body surfaces like asteroids, planetoids, moons and planets. The proposed catalytic model is based on two assumptions: (a) siliceous rocks in both crystalline or amorphous states show surface-exposed defective centers such as siloxyl (Si-O•) radicals; (b) the second phase is represented by gas phase CO molecules, an abundant C1 building block found in space. By means of quantum chemistry; (DFT, PW6B95/def2-TZVPP); the surface of a siliceous rock in presence of CO is modeled by a simple POSS (polyhedral silsesquioxane) where a siloxyl (Si-O•) radical is present. Four CO molecules have been consecutively added to the Si-O• radical and to the nascent polymeric CO (pCO) chain. The first CO insertion shows no activation free energy with ΔG200K = −21.7 kcal/mol forming the SiO-CO• radical. The second and third CO insertions show ΔG200K‡ ≤ 10.5 kcal/mol. Ring closure of the SiO-CO-CO• (oxalic anhydride) moiety as well as of the SiO-CO-CO-CO• system (di-cheto form of oxetane) are thermodynamically disfavored. The last CO insertion shows no free energy of activation resulting in the stable five member pCO ring, precursor to 1,4-epoxy-1,2,3-butanone. Hydrogenation reactions of the pCO have been considered on the SiO oxygen or on the carbons and oxygens of the pCO chains. The formation of the reactive aldehyde SiO-CHO on the siliceous surface is possible. In principle, the complete hydrogenation of the (CO)1−4 series results in the formation of methanol and polyols. Furthermore, all the SiO-pCO intermediates and the lactone 1,4-epoxy-1,2,3-butanone product in its radical form can be important building blocks in further polymerization reactions and/or open ring reactions with H (aldehydes, polyols) or CN (chetonitriles), resulting in highly reactive multi-functional compounds contributing to COM synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fioroni
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Nathan J DeYonker
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
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A Theoretical Study on the Electronic Structure and Floatability of Rare Earth Elements (La, Ce, Nd and Y) Bearing Fluorapatite. MINERALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/min9080500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Calcium atoms are often replaced by rare earth elements (REEs) in the lattice of fluorapatite (Ca10F2(PO4)6), making the phosphate ore an important potential rare earth resource. In this paper, the electronic properties of REEs (La, Ce, Nd and Y) bearing fluorapatite crystals have been investigated by density functional theory. Results of calculation indicated that the existence of REEs increased the cell parameters of fluorapatite in varying degrees. The REEs substitution made the Fermi level of fluorapatite to move to higher energy levels, making it easier to accept electrons. Except for Y, all the other REEs (La, Ce and Nd) showed that the electronic state mainly exists in the valence band. The Fermi level of REEs were mainly contributed by La5d, Ce4f, Nd4f and Y4d, respectively. The Mulliken values of REE–F and REE–O bonds in REEs-bearing fluorapatites were larger than those of Ca–F and Ca–O bonds in the perfect crystal, and the values of Y–F and Y–O bonds were the largest. The results of interaction between fluorapatite and oleic acid by frontier molecular orbital analysis suggested that the substitution of REEs can improve the reactivity of fluorapatite with oleic acid.
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Novel Insights into the Hydroxylation Behaviors of α-Quartz (101) Surface and its Effects on the Adsorption of Sodium Oleate. MINERALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/min9070450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A scientific and rigorous study on the adsorption behavior and molecular mechanism of collector sodium oleate (NaOL) on a Ca2+-activated hydroxylated α-quartz surface was performed through experiments and density functional theory (DFT) simulations. The rarely reported hydroxylation behaviors of water molecules on the α-quartz (101) surface were first innovatively and systematically studied by DFT calculations. Both experimental and computational results consistently demonstrated that the adsorbed calcium species onto the hydroxylated structure can significantly enhance the adsorption of oleate ions, resulting in a higher quartz recovery. The calculated adsorption energies confirmed that the adsorbed hydrated Ca2+ in the form of Ca(H2O)3(OH)+ can greatly promote the adsorption of OL− on hydroxylated quartz (101). In addition, Mulliken population analysis together with electron density difference analysis intuitively illustrated the process of electron transfer and the Ca-bridge phenomenon between the hydroxylated surface and OL− ions. This work may offer new insights into the interaction mechanisms existing among oxidized minerals, aqueous medium, and flotation reagents.
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Zhang H, Han C, Liu W, Hou D, Wei D. The chain length and isomeric effects of monohydric alcohols on the flotation of magnesite and dolomite by sodium oleate. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.11.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
Gold is mainly present in the form of [Au(CN)2]− during the cyanide leaching process, and this [Au(CN)2]− can be adsorbed by graphite in carbonaceous gold ore resulting in preg-robbing gold. In order to clarify the adsorption mechanism between the [Au(CN)2]− and graphite, the interaction between the [Au(CN)2]− and graphite (0001) surface was studied using density functional theory (DFT). The distance between [Au(CN)2]− and graphite (0001) decreased from (4.298–4.440 Å) to (3.123–3.343 Å) after optimization, and the shape of [Au(CN)2]− and graphite (0001) obviously changed from straight to curved, which indicated that the [Au(CN)2]− had been adsorbed on the graphite (0001) surface. A partial densities of state (PDOS) analysis revealed that there was little change in the delocalization and locality of the PDOS on the graphite (0001) surface after adsorption. However, the valence bands of the Au 5d orbital, C 2p orbital, and N 2p orbital near the Fermi level moved slightly towards lower energy levels; therefore, the adsorption configuration was stable. An analysis of the Mulliken charge population indicated that the Au, N, and C in [Au(CN)2]− obtained 0.26, 0.18, 0.04 electrons after adsorption, respectively, while C(surf) lost 0.03 electrons. [Au(CN)2]− changed to a conductor from an insulator after adsorption. Taking into account the surface electrical properties of [Au(CN)2]− and graphite (0001), there was still a slight electrostatic adsorption between them. The analysis of adsorption energy, electronic structure, PDOS, electron density, Mulliken charge population, and Mulliken bond population revealed that [Au(CN)2]− could be adsorbed to the graphite (0001) surface; the adsorption was a type of physical adsorption (including electrostatic adsorption) and mainly occurred on the two C≡N. These results contributed to the understanding of the mechanisms involved in preg-robbing gold formation by graphite and the optimization of this process during cyanide leaching.
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