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Yin H, Zhou C, Wang J, Yin M, Wu Z, Song N, Song X, Shangguan Y, Sun Z, Zong Q, Hou H. Fe-CGS Effectively Inhibits the Dynamic Migration and Transformation of Cadmium and Arsenic in Soil. TOXICS 2024; 12:273. [PMID: 38668496 PMCID: PMC11054586 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12040273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The iron-modified coal gasification slag (Fe-CGS) material has excellent performance in purifying heavy-metal-contaminated water due to its good surface properties and adsorption capacities. However, it is unclear whether it can provide long-term simultaneous stabilization of Cd and As in composite-contaminated soils in extreme environments. This study investigated the long-term stabilization of Cd and As in acidic (JLG) and alkaline (QD) soils by simulating prolonged heavy rainfall with the addition of Fe-CGS. Multiple extraction methods were used to analyze the immobilization mechanisms of Cd and As in soil and their effects on bioavailability. The results indicate that the stabilization efficiency was related to the dosage of Fe-CGS. The concentrations of Cd and As in the JLG soil leachate were reduced by 77.6% (2.0 wt%) and 87.8% (1.0 wt%), respectively. Additionally, the availability of Cd and As decreased by 46.7% (2.0 wt%) and 53.0% (1.0 wt%), respectively. In the QD soil leachate, the concentration of Cd did not significantly change, while the concentration of As decreased by 92.3% (2.0 wt%). Furthermore, the availability of Cd and As decreased by 22.1% (2.0 wt%) and 40.2% (1.0 wt%), respectively. Continuous extraction revealed that Fe-CGS facilitated the conversion of unstable, acid-soluble Cd into oxidizable Cd and acid-soluble Cd. Additionally, it promoted the transformation of both non-specifically and specifically adsorbed As into amorphous iron oxide-bound and residual As. Fe-CGS effectively improved the soil pH, reduced the bioavailability of Cd and As, and blocked the migration of Cd and As under extreme rainfall leaching conditions. It also promoted the transformation of Cd and As into more stable forms, exhibiting satisfactory long-term stabilization performance for Cd and As.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Yin
- School of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (H.Y.); (N.S.); (X.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; (C.Z.); (J.W.); (M.Y.); (Z.W.)
| | - Changzhi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; (C.Z.); (J.W.); (M.Y.); (Z.W.)
| | - Junhuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; (C.Z.); (J.W.); (M.Y.); (Z.W.)
| | - Mengxue Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; (C.Z.); (J.W.); (M.Y.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zhihao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; (C.Z.); (J.W.); (M.Y.); (Z.W.)
| | - Ningning Song
- School of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (H.Y.); (N.S.); (X.S.)
| | - Xin Song
- School of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (H.Y.); (N.S.); (X.S.)
| | - Yuxian Shangguan
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China;
| | - Zaijin Sun
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agricultural and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China;
| | - Quanli Zong
- School of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (H.Y.); (N.S.); (X.S.)
| | - Hong Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; (C.Z.); (J.W.); (M.Y.); (Z.W.)
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Suleimenova M, Zharylkan S, Mekenova M, Mutushev A, Azat S, Tolepova A, Baimenov A, Satayeva A, Tauanov Z. Fusion-Assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis of Technogenic-Waste-Derived Zeolites and Nanocomposites: Synthesis, Characterization, and Mercury (II) Adsorption. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11317. [PMID: 37511078 PMCID: PMC10379650 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study presents the synthesis of zeolites derived from coal fly ash (CFA) using the fusion-assisted alkaline hydrothermal method. The zeolites were synthesized by combining CFA and NaOH at a molar ratio of 1:1.2 under fusion temperatures of 500, 600, and 700 °C. Subsequently, the obtained zeolites were subjected to further modifications through the incorporation of magnetic (Fe3O4) and silver (Ag0) nanoparticles (NPs). The Fe3O4 NPs were introduced through co-precipitation of Fe(NO3)2 and FeCl3 at a molar ratio of 1:1, followed by thermal curing at 120 °C. On the other hand, the Ag0 NPs were incorporated via ion exchange of Na+ with Ag+ and subsequent reduction using NaBH4. The synthesized porous materials exhibited the formation of zeolites, specifically analcime and sodalite, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Additionally, the presence of Fe3O4 and Ag0 NPs was also confirmed by XRD analysis. The elemental composition analysis of the synthesized nanocomposites further validated the successful formation of Fe3O4 and Ag0 NPs. Nitrogen porosimetric analysis revealed the formation of a microporous structure, with the BET surface area of the zeolites and nanocomposites ranging from 48.6 to 128.7 m2/g and pore sizes ranging from 0.6 to 4.8 nm. The porosimetric characteristics of the zeolites exhibited noticeable changes after the modification process, which can be attributed to the impregnation of Fe3O4 and Ag0 NPs. The findings of this research demonstrate the effectiveness of the fusion-assisted method in producing synthetic zeolites and nanocomposites derived from CFA. The resulting composites were evaluated for their potential application in the removal of mercury ions from aqueous solutions. Among the samples tested, the composite containing Ag0 NPs exhibited the highest adsorption capacity, reaching 107.4 mg of Hg2+ per gram of composite. The composites modified with Fe3O4 NPs and Ag/Fe3O4 nanocomposites displayed adsorption capacities of 68.4 mg/g and 71.4 mg/g, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madina Suleimenova
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
- LLP Scientific Production Technical Center "Zhalyn", Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan
| | - Saule Zharylkan
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
- LLP Scientific Production Technical Center "Zhalyn", Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan
| | - Meruyert Mekenova
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
- LLP Scientific Production Technical Center "Zhalyn", Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan
| | - Alibek Mutushev
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
- LLP Scientific Production Technical Center "Zhalyn", Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan
| | - Seytkhan Azat
- LLP Scientific Production Technical Center "Zhalyn", Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan
- Laboratory of Engineering Profile, Satbayev University, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan
| | - Aidana Tolepova
- LLP Scientific Production Technical Center "Zhalyn", Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan
| | - Alzhan Baimenov
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Aliya Satayeva
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhandos Tauanov
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
- LLP Scientific Production Technical Center "Zhalyn", Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan
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Shu R, Bai J, Guo F, Mao S, Qiao Q, Dong K, Qian L, Bai Y. Synthesis of carbon/P-zeolite composites from coal gasification fine slag and studies on adsorption characteristics for methylene blue. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-022-1344-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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Xylene and n-Hexane Adsorption Performance of a Waste Methanol-to-Propylene Catalyst under Acid-Base Treatment. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12091028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spent methanol-to-propylene (MTP) catalysts have a large specific surface area and high porosity but are usually directly disposed of in landfills, and recycling is rare. In this study, spent MTP catalyst was moderately dealuminized with acids and etched with an alkali solvent to increase its specific surface area. A novel adsorbent was obtained. XRD, SEM, FT-IR, XRD, XRF, and MAS-NMR characterization shows that the adsorbent maintains a typical ZSM-5 zeolite structure, and the dealumination effect of H2C2O4 is better than that of HCl. HCl mainly removes the framework aluminum of the molecular sieve; H2C2O4 not only removes the framework aluminum but also dissolves some of the nonframework aluminum, which increases the BET-specific surface area and pore diameter. The spent catalyst maintains an irregular ellipsoidal shape. After alkali treatment, the surface of the spherical particles becomes rough. With increasing alkali concentration, the damage degree increases. After treatment with 4 mol/L H2C2O4 and 0.1 mol/L NaOH, the p-xylene and n-hexane adsorption capacities reach the maximum, with values of 141.04 mg/g and 106.87 mg/g, respectively, 20.7% and 16.2% greater than those before treatment. These findings indicate that modified spent MTP catalyst has the potential for application in the removal of VOCs from the air.
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Ma Z, Zhang X, Lu G, Guo Y, Song H, Cheng F. Hydrothermal synthesis of zeolitic material from circulating fluidized bed combustion fly ash for the highly efficient removal of lead from aqueous solution. Chin J Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2021.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Pei Y, Mo S, Xie Q, Chen N, Yang Z, Huang L, Ma L. Stellerite-seeded facile synthesis of zeolite X with excellent aqueous Cd2+ and Ni2+ adsorption performance. Chin J Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2022.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Yuan N, Zhao A, Hu Z, Tan K, Zhang J. Preparation and application of porous materials from coal gasification slag for wastewater treatment: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132227. [PMID: 34826920 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, coal gasification has been gradually promoted as clean technology, and coal gasification slag (CGS) emissions have increased accordingly. CGS, including coarse slag and fine slag, is rich in SiO2 and Al2O3 and has pozzolanic activity, and thus CGS can be regarded as a cheap source of aluminosilicate. Also, CGS, especially the fine slag, usually contains higher contents of residual carbon which has a large specific surface area and low volatility and hence can be considered as a favorable precursor of activated carbon. Benefiting from these characteristics, CGS can be used to prepare high value-added porous materials, such as zeolite, mesoporous silica, carbon-silicon composite, and porous ceramics, and the obtained structures accommodate both sufficient adsorption capacity and low cost. Here, we review the research advances in characteristics of CGS and preparation methods of CGS-based porous materials, as well as their adsorption performance of heavy metal ions, organic dyes, ammonia nitrogen, and other water pollutants. The current studies indicate that CGS-derived adsorbents are effective and economical alternatives for removing aqueous pollutants. In addition, further research prospects on CGS-based porous materials are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yuan
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Aijing Zhao
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zekai Hu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Kaiqi Tan
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100090, China
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Zhang Y, Wang R, Qiu G, Jia W, Guo Y, Guo F, Wu J. Synthesis of Porous Material from Coal Gasification Fine Slag Residual Carbon and Its Application in Removal of Methylene Blue. Molecules 2021; 26:6116. [PMID: 34684697 PMCID: PMC8538715 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A large amount of coal gasification slag is produced every year in China. However, most of the current disposal is into landfills, which causes serious harm to the environment. In this research, coal gasification fine slag residual carbon porous material (GFSA) was prepared using gasification fine slag foam flotation obtained carbon residue (GFSF) as raw material and an adsorbent to carry out an adsorption test on waste liquid containing methylene blue (MB). The effects of activation parameters (GFSF/KOH ratio mass ratio, activation temperature, and activation time) on the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of GFSA were investigated. The total specific surface area and pore volume of GSFA with the highest CEC were 574.02 m2/g and 0.467 cm3/g, respectively. The degree of pore formation had an important effect on CEC. The maximum adsorption capacity of GFSA on MB was 19.18 mg/g in the MB adsorption test. The effects of pH, adsorption time, amount of adsorbent, and initial MB concentration on adsorption efficiency were studied. Langmuir isotherm and quasi second-order kinetic model have a good fitting effect on the adsorption isotherm and kinetic model of MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Coal Preparation and Purification, China University of Mining and Technology, No. 1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou 221116, China;
- Shandong Xuanyuan Scientific Engineering and Industrial Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Longgu, Juye, Heze 274918, China
| | - Rumeng Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, No. 1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou 221116, China; (R.W.); (G.Q.); (W.J.); (Y.G.)
| | - Guofeng Qiu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, No. 1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou 221116, China; (R.W.); (G.Q.); (W.J.); (Y.G.)
| | - Wenke Jia
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, No. 1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou 221116, China; (R.W.); (G.Q.); (W.J.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yang Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, No. 1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou 221116, China; (R.W.); (G.Q.); (W.J.); (Y.G.)
| | - Fanhui Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, No. 1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou 221116, China; (R.W.); (G.Q.); (W.J.); (Y.G.)
| | - Jianjun Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, No. 1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou 221116, China; (R.W.); (G.Q.); (W.J.); (Y.G.)
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Effects of acid treatment on physicochemical properties and gasification reactivity of fine slag from Texaco gasifier. Chem Eng Res Des 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2021.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Advances in Methods for Recovery of Ferrous, Alumina, and Silica Nanoparticles from Fly Ash Waste. CERAMICS-SWITZERLAND 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/ceramics3030034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fly ash or coal fly ash causes major global pollution in the form of solid waste and is classified as a “hazardous waste”, which is a by-product of thermal power plants produced during electricity production. Si, Al, Fe Ca, and Mg alone form more than 85% of the chemical compounds and glasses of most fly ashes. Fly ash has a chemical composition of 70–90%, as well as glasses of ferrous, alumina, silica, and CaO. Therefore, fly ash could act as a reliable and alternative source for ferrous, alumina, and silica. The ferrous fractions can be recovered by a simple magnetic separation method, while alumina and silica can be extracted by chemical or biological approaches. Alumina extraction is possible using both alkali- and acid-based methods, while silica is extracted by strong alkali, such as NaOH. Chemical extraction has a higher yield than the biological approaches, but the bio-based approaches are more environmentally friendly. Fly ash can also be used for the synthesis of zeolites by NaOH treatment of variable types, as fly ash is rich in alumino-silicates. The present review work deals with the recent advances in the field of the recovery and synthesis of ferrous, alumina, and silica micro and nanoparticles from fly ash.
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Zhang Y, Zhou L, Chen L, Guo Y, Guo F, Wu J, Dai B. Synthesis of zeolite Na-P1 from coal fly ash produced by gasification and its application as adsorbent for removal of Cr(VI) from water. Front Chem Sci Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-020-1926-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Synthesis of Hydroxy-Sodalite/Cancrinite Zeolites from Calcite-Bearing Kaolin for the Removal of Heavy Metal Ions in Aqueous Media. MINERALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/min9080484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A hydroxy-sodalite/cancrinite zeolite composite was synthesized from low-grade calcite-bearing kaolin by hydrothermal alkali-activation method at 160 °C for 6 h. The effect of calcite addition on the formation of the hydroxy-sodalite/cancrinite composite was investigated using artificial mixtures. The chemical composition and crystal morphology of the synthesized zeolite composite were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and N2 adsorption/desorption analyses. The average specific surface area is around 17–20 m2·g−1, whereas the average pore size lies in the mesoporous range (19–21 nm). The synthesized zeolite composite was used as an adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals in aqueous solutions. Batch experiments were employed to study the influence of adsorbent dosage on heavy metal removal efficiency. Results demonstrate the effective removal of significant quantities of Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn from aqueous media. A comparative study of synthesized hydroxy-sodalite and hydroxy-sodalite/cancrinite composites revealed the latter was 16–24% more efficient at removing heavy metals from water. The order of metal uptake efficiency for these zeolites was determined to be Pb > Cu > Zn > Ni. These results indicate that zeolite composites synthesized from natural calcite-bearing kaolin materials could represent effective and low-cost adsorbents for heavy metal removal using water treatment devices in regions of water shortage.
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Tsai CK, Doong RA, Hung HY. Sustainable valorization of mesoporous aluminosilicate composite from display panel glasses waste for adsorption of heavy metal ions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 673:337-346. [PMID: 30991323 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The recycling of the huge amount of thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) glass wastes has become one of the worldwide environmental issues. Herein, a novel and cost-effective synthesis method for the fabrication of mesoporous aluminosilicate composite (M-ANC) from the TFT-LCD waste has been developed to serve as the environmentally benign adsorbent for the removal of metal ions including Cu2+, Zn2+ and Ni2+. After melting at 1000 °C in the presence of Na2CO3 for phase separation, nanoparticles with average particle size of 12 nm appear on the surface of M-ANC, and subsequently results in the production of mesoporous structure with a surface area of 175 m2 g-1. The tailored M-ANC shows negatively charged and functional groups, which exhibits an excellent adsorption capacity toward metal ion removal in the pH range of 1.5-7.0. The maximum Langmuir adsorption capacity of Cu2+, Zn2+ and Ni2+ are determined to be 64.5, 34.0 and 23.1 mg g-1, respectively, at pH 3.5. Moreover, the environmental applicability of M-ANC is evaluated by column experiment in the presence of real electroplating wastewater. M-ANC can effectively remove Ni2+ in the electroplating wastewater with the adsorption capacity of 18.7 mg g-1. Results obtained in this study clearly indicate that M-ANC recycled from TFT-LCD is a novel environmentally friendly adsorbent toward metal ion removal, which can open a gateway to fabricate mesoporous aluminosilicate materials through the recycling of other electronic wastes for real environmental application to remove metal ions and other emerging pollutants in the contaminated water and wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Kuo Tsai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-An Doong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Huan-Yi Hung
- Department of Chemical Analysis, Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI), Hsinchu, Taiwan
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